TENNESSEE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 
BULLETIN  1 

Geological  Work  in  Tennessee 

By  GEO.  m ASHLEY,  and  others 

;/,***■ 

BULLETIN  2 

Preliminary  Papers  on  the  Mineral 

Resources  of  Tennessee 

% 

By  GEO.  H.  ASHLEY, ^ and  Others 


THE  UNIVERSITY 


OF  ILLINOIS 


LIBRARY 


SST 


GEOLOGY, 


ihntory 

Return  this  book  on  or  before  the 
Latest  Date  stamped  below.  A 
charge  is  made  on  all  overdue 
books.  ,,  r T T u 

U.  of  I.  Library 


17625-S 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2017  with  funding  from 

University  of  Illinois  Urbana-Champaign  Alternates 


https://archive.org/details/establishmentpur1219ashl 


STATE  OF  TENNESSEE 

State  Geological  Survey 

CEO.  H.  ASHLEY,  State  Geologist 

Succeeded  by 

A.  H.  PURDUE 


BULLETIN  1 

(Geological  Work  in  Tennessee) 


A.  THE  ESTABLISHMENT,  PURPOSE,  SCOPE  AND  METHODS  OF  THE  STATE 
GEOLOGICAL  SURV  EY. 

By  Geo.  H.  Ashley  * 


B. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY,  SOILS,  DRAINAGE,  FORESTRY, 
ETC.  ! 


By  Elizabeth  Cockrill 


C.  HISTORY  OF  GEOLOGICAL  WORK  IN  TENNESSEE. 

( Published  in  THE  RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE.  Vol.  II.  No.  5,  under  the  title.  The  Growth 
of  Our  Knowledge  of  Tennessee  Geology.) 

By  L.  C.  Glenn. 


BULLETIN  2 

( Preliminary  Papers  on  the  Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee) 

A.  OUTLINE  INTRODUCTION  TO  THE  MINERAL  RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 

By  Geo.  H.  Ashley 

B.  THE  COAL  FIELDS  OF  TENNESSEE. 

(Published  in  THE  RESOURCES' OF  TENNESSEE.  Vol.  III.,  No.  1.  under  the  titles.  The  Gen- 
eral Features  of  the  Tennessee  Coal  Field  North  of  the  Tennessee  Central  Railroad,  and  the  Ten- 
nessee Coal  Field  South  of  the  Tennessee  Central  Railroad.) 

By  L.  C.  Glenn  and  Wilbur  A.  Nelson 

C.  THE  IRON  ORES  OF  TENNESSEE. 

(Published  in  THE  RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE.  Vol.  II..  No.  9.  under  the  title.  The  Valley 
and  Mountain  Iron  Ores  of  East  Tennessee.) 

By  Royal  P.  Jarvis 

D.  THE  MARBLES  OF  TENNESSEE. 

By  Chas.  H.  Gordon 

E.  PRELIMINARY  REPORT  UPON  THE  OIL  AND  GAS  DEVELOPMENT  IN 

TENNESSEE. 

By  Malcolm  J.  Munn 

F.  THE  PHOSPHATE  DEPOSITS  OF  TENNESSEE..  Not  yet  published. 

By  Lucius  P.  Brown 

G.  ZINC  MINING  IN  TENNESSEE. 

By  Samuel  W.  Osgood 


NASHVILLE 
Williams  Printing  Co. 
1913 


m 


TO 


PW 


l»v*  //'  ^Ay<|^' ■'•’•»*)■'  ' ' " ^ 

;'  k;-c.  i:  : . ■ . ' 


.‘m,. 

..-an,,  ’ '^Tj 


iMSLiEj 


i'- Vj  ■..,'{  .U'i-i'ifi' S 


.ifM^^fip . ^ f ' iTmr . fc.^1 


.»/  OiC W .4 


>-«■>!*  A-;'  •,■•'  . 

'')?? 


V*1^' 


•p-' 


w'^'  v:^m  ■ “ '.jgiL  . :-is^6^^H . r , 


^ ,,  \::k: 


o*-^ 


m 


1-A 

STATE  OF  TENNESSEE-STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 

GEO.  H.  ASHLEY.  Slate  Geologist 


THE 

ESTABLISHMENT,  PURPOSE,  SCOPE,  AND 
METHODS 

OF  THE  STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


BY  GEO.  H.  ASHLEY 


EXTRACT  (A)  FROM  BULLETIN  NO.  1.  GEOLOGICAL  WORK 
IN  TENNESSEE 


NASHVILLE 

McQUIDDY  PRINTING  COMPANY 

1910 


•'-I* . ' '•  'T  ,-  ‘ , i rm 


S 

. * f 1^' 


.4  V ^t>  . V 


'N  '.■  ■•/ 


-•  '•■■  1 


CU4 


CONTENTS, 


PAGE. 

The  Establishment  of  the  Survey 5 

The  Bill  7 

Organization  of  the  Survey 9 

Purpose  of  the  Survey 10 

Scope  of  Work  11 

General  Geology  12 

Geography  13 

Metals  and  Their  Ores 15 

Fuels  and  Fertilizers 16 

Structural  Materials  and  Materials  Used  in  the  Arts 17 

Water  and  Water  Power 18 

Soils  18 

Conservation  and  Reclamation  of  Land 19 

Forests,  Roads,  etc 20 

Work  of  the  Survey 22 

Field  Work  22 

Office  Work 24 

Laboratory  Work  26 

Exhibit  and  Educational  Work 27 

Publication  28 

Cooperation  30 

Relations  to  Public 32 


THE  ESTABLISHMENT,  PURPOSE,  SCOPE, 
AND  METHODS  OF  THE  STATE  . 
GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


By  Gko.  H.  Ashi,e:y. 


THE  ESTABLISHMENT  OF  THE  SURVEY. 

The  natural  resources  of  any  State  or  nation  form  the  basis  of 
its  material  advancement,  and  their  development  and  use  measure 
its  wealth  and  progress.  Tennessee  is  rich  in  mineral  and  other 
resources.  Extending  from  the  oldest  rocks  in  the  crest  of  the  Ap- 
palachians to  the  newest  rocks  forming  the  bottoms  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River,  there  is  embraced  within  its  borders  a variety  and  rich- 
ness of  soils,  of  climate,  of  rock  strata,  of  zones  of  ores  and  other 
minerals,  hardly  excelled  by  any  other  State  in  the  Union.  This  is 
reflected  in  the  fact  that  to-day  she  leads  every  other  Southern 
State,  except  Alabama,  in  mineral  production ; that  her  mineral 
production  in  1908  was  larger  than  that  of  North  Carolina,  South 
Carolina,  Georgia,  Mississippi,  and  Arkansas,  all  put  together ; more 
than  twice  as  large  as  that  of  Florida,  and  nearly  twice  as  large  as 
that  of  Louisiana,  but,  on  the  other  hand,  only  a little  more  than 
half  as  large  as  that  of  Alabama. 

And  yet,  with  a few  exceptions,  she  is 'making  relatively  little 
use  of  many  of  her  resources,  as  compared  with  some  other  States 
no  more  favored,  except  by  markets,  and  to  a large  degree  Tennes- 
see is  one  of  the  markets  of  those  other  States,  rather  than  sup- 
plying her  own  needs.  Thus,  with  probably  as  large  deposits  of 
clay  as  Ohio,  she  produces  to-day  only  about  one-twentieth  as  much 
value  in  clay  products,  and  goes  to  Ohio  and  other  States  to  supply 
more  or  less  of  her  own  needs.  With  probably  as  large  deposits  of 
suitable  material  for  the  manufacture  of  cement  as  Indiana,  she 
produces  only  one-eighteenth  as  much,  and  makes  a market  for 


6 


THE  ESTABLISHMENT,  PURPOSE,  SCOPE,  AND 


more  or  less  of  Indiana’s  supply.  With  many  times  as  much  iron 
ore  as  Pennsylvania,  she  produces  only  one-twenty-eighth  as  much 
pig  iron.  And  similar  examples  might  be  multiplied.  But  it  is  not 
alone  in  the  getting  out  of  the  materials  that  an  advance  is  possi- 
ble, but  as  much  or  more  in  their  use.  Every  pound  of  raw  mate- 
rial shipped  out  of  the  State  is  simply  supplying  some  other  State 
with  wealth-making  opportunities.  Michigan  supplies  raw  iron 
ore  worth,  in  1908,  $2.85  a ton,  and  Pennsylvania  works  it  up  into 
pig  iron  worth  about  $15  per  ton,  or  into  steel  rails  or  other  mate- 
rials worth  still  more.  To  how  large  an  extent  is  Pennsylvania’s 
wealth  based  on  the  natural  resources  of  other  States?  To  how 
large  an  extent  is  Tennessee  to-day  supplying  other  States  with 
their  wealth  ? 

In  the  industrial  awakening  which  for  the  last  ten  years  has 
been  going  on  in  the  South,  Tennessee  has  been  a leading  figure. 
The  whole  country  is  coming  to  a realization  that  to-day  the  South 
stands  for  opportunity  much  as  did  the  far  West  thirty  to  sixty 
years  ago.  This  is  strongly  reflected  in  the  increase  of  population 
of  the  Southern  cities;  in  the  multiplication  of  industrial  plants  of 
all  kinds ; in  the  reclamation  of  swamp  lands  and  abandoned  farms ; 
in  renewed  interest  in  education,  art,  and  literature ; and  in  a thou- 
sand minor  ways.  To-day  capitalists  looking  for  investments  and 
young  men  looking  for  opportunities  to  worthily  win  their  way 
have  their  faces  turned  toward  the  South,  and  the  young  men  of 
the  South  no  longer  feel  it  to  be  necessary  to  go  North  or  West  to 
And  the  larger  opportunity  they  desire. 

Under  these  circumstances  there  is  a growing  demand  for  in- 
formation. Men  will  go  where  they  know  the  things  they  desire 
exist.  The  clay  man  seeking  new  investments  will  hardly  come  to 
Tennessee  when  he  reads  in  Reis’  ‘‘  Clays — Occurrences,  Properties, 
and  Uses : ” “ Probably  less  is  known  regarding  the  clays  of  Ten- 
nessee than  of  any  other  Eastern  State.”  (Page  420.)  He  will 
go  to  some  place  where, he  has  learned  authoritatively  that  the  clays 
he  desires  exist,  and  under  the  conditions  of  transportation,  etc., 
he  needs.  Therefore,  if  Tennessee  is  to  maintain  the  preeminence 
she  has  held,  it  will  be  necessary,  not  alone  that  she  realize  more 
fully  the  extent  of  her  own  resources  and  the  possibilities  of  their 
use,  but  that  she  publish  these  facts  to  the  world.  Who  can  tell 
how  much  of  her  present  position  in  mineral  production  Alabama 
owes  to  the  labors  of  the  efficient  State  Geological  Survey  she  has 
so  long  maintained? 

It  was  a realization  of  these  facts  that  led  the  State  Legislature 


METHODS  OF  THE  STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


7 


of  Tennessee,  in  1909,  to  provide  for  the  establishment  of  a State 
Geological  Survey. 

THE  BILL. 

The  bill  establishing  the  Survey  reads  as  follows : 

CHAPTER  569. 

Senate  Bill  No.  300. 

(By  Messrs.  Greer,  Huffaker,  and  Neal.) 

A BILL  to  be  entitled  An  Act  to  establish  and  create  the  bureau  to  be  known 
as  the  State  Geological  Survey;  defining  its  objects,  powers,  and  duties;  pro- 
viding for  the  appointment  of  a State  Geologist,  and  defining  his  powers  and 
duties;  permitting  cooperation  with  Federal  and  State  bureaus  in  furthering 
the  objects  of  this  Act;  providing  for  the  publication  of  the  results  of  the 
" survey;  providing  for  the  collection  of  exhibits  of  the  natural  resources  of  the 
State,  and  for  the  final  disposition  of  the  equipment  and  property  of  the  sur- 
vey; authorizing  entrance  upon  private  lands  in  the  prosecution  of  the  work 
of  the  survey;  and  making  the  appropriations  for  the  enforcement  of  this  Act. 

Section  1.  Be  it  enacted  hy  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Tennessee, 
That  there  be,  and  is  hereby,  created  and  established  a bureau  to  be  known  as 
the  “ State  Geological  Survey,”  which  shall  be  under  the  direction  of  a Commis- 
sion to  be  known  as  the  “ State  Geological  Commission,”  composed  of  the  Gov- 
ernor (who  shall  be  ex-ofRcio  Chairman  of  said  Commission),  the  State  Commis- 
sioner of  Agriculture,  the  State  Mine  Inspector,  the  President  of  the  University 
of  Tennessee,  the  Chancellor  of  Vanderbilt  University,  and  the  Vice  Chancellor 
of  the  University  of  the  South. 

Sec.  2.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  said  Commission  shall  have  general 
charge  of  the  State  Geological  Survey  and  shall  appoint  as  Director  a Geologist 
of  established  reputation,  who  shall  be  known  as  the  “ State  Geologist,”  and  upon 
his  recommendation  such  associate  geologists,  assistants,  and  employees  as  may 
be  necessary  to  carry  out  successfully  and  speedily  the  work  of  the  survey. 

The  Director,  associates,  assistants,  and  employees  appointed  under  the  pro- 
visions of  this  Act  shall  receive  such  compensation  as  shall  be  determined  by 
the  Commission.  The  said  Commissioners  shall  serve  without  compensation, 
but  shall  be  reimbursed  for  actual  expenses  incurred  in  the  performance  of  their 
official  duties. 

Sec.  3.  Be  it  further  enacted.  That  the  said  Commissioners  shall  meet  for 
organization  within  thirty  days  after  the  passage  of  this  Act,  and  shall  appoint 
a Director  as  soon  thereafter  as  possible.  The  regular  meetings  of  the  Commis- 
sion shall  be  held  on  the  first  Wednesday  in  May  and  the  first  Wednesday  in 
November  of  each  year  in  such  place  as  the  Commission  shall  determine. 

Sec.  4.  Be  it  further  enacted.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  Geologist, 
subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Commission,  to  organize  and  direct  the  work  of 
the  State  Geological  Survey  in  field  and  office;  to  determine  the  character,  order, 
and  time  of  publication  of  the  reports  of  the  survey,  and  to  direct  the  prepara- 


8 


THE  ESTABLISHMENT,  PURPOSE,  SCOPE,  AND 


tion,  printing,  and  distribution  of  the  same;  to  arrange  for  co^iperative  work 
with  the  various  Federal  and  State  scientific  bureaus  where  such  work  shall 
redound  to  the  interest  of  the  people  of  the  State;  to  appoint  such  associates, 
assistants,  and  employees  as  may  be  necessary  to  carry  out  successfully  and 
speedily  the  work  of  the  survey;  to  procure  and  have  charge  of  the  necessary 
field  and  office  supplies  and  other  equipment,  and  supervise  the  acquisition,  care, 
and  distribution  of  the  collections  of  the  State  Geological  Survey;  and  to  per- 
form such  other  work  as  may  be  necessary  to  the  successful  conduct  of  the  sur- 
vey. He  shall  prepare  a report  to  the  General  Assembly  before  each  meeting  of 
the  same,  setting  forth  the  progress  and  condition  of  the  survey,  together  with 
such  other  information  as  the  Commission  may  deem  necessary  and  useful. 

Sec.  5.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  said  State  Geological  Survey  shall  have 
for  its  objects  and  duties  the  following: 

1.  A study  of  the  geological  formations  of  the  State,  with  especial  reference 
to  their  economic  products,  including  coal,  oil,  gas,  ores,  fertilizers,  building 
stones,  road-making  materials,  clays,  cement  materials,  sands,  soils,  forests,  min- 
eral and  artesian  waters,  drainage  of  swamps,  streams,  and  water  powers,  and 
other  natural  resources. 

2.  A study  of  the  character,  origin,  and  relations  of  the  soils  of  the  State, 
with  especial  reference  to  their  adaptability  to  particular  crops,  the  maintenance 
of  soil  fertility,  and  the  conservation  and  utilization  of  supplies  of  natural  fer- 
tilizers. 

3.  A study  of  the  road-making  materials  of  the  State,  with  reference  to  their 
character,  distribution,  and  the  best  methods  of  utilizing  the  same. 

4.  A study  of  the  occurrence  and  availability  of  underground  water  supplies. 

5.  An  investigation  of  the  forests,  streams,  and  water  powers  of  the  State, 
with  especial  reference  to  their  conservation  and  development  for  industrial  en- 
terprises. 

6.  A study  of  the  swamp  and  other  nontillable  lands  of  the  State,  with  refer- 
ence to  their  reclamation  for  agricultural  purposes. 

7.  A study  of  the  physical  features  of  the  State,  with  reference  to  their  bear- 
ing upon  the  occupations,  physical  welfare,  and  intellectual  pursuits  of  the  people. 

8.  The  preparation  of  special  reports,  with  necessary  illustrations  and  maps, 
which  shall  embrace  both  general  and  detailed  descriptions  of  the  geology,  topog- 
raphy, and  natural  resources  of  the  State. 

9.  The  preparation  of  special  geologic,  topographic,  and  economic  maps  to 
illustrate  the  structure,  relief,  and  natural  resources  of  the  State. 

10.  The  consideration  of  such  other  scientific  and  economic  questions  as  in 
the  judgment  of  the  Commission  shall  be  deemed  of  value  to  the  people  of  the 
State. 

Sec.  6.  Be  it  further  enacted.  That  the  regular  and  special  reports  of  the  State 
Geological  Survey,  with  proper  illustrations  and  maps,  shall  be  printed  and  dis- 
tributed and  sold  as  the  Commission  shall  deem  best  for  the  interest  of  the  peo- 
ple of  the  State  and  as  said  Commission  may  direct,  and  all  moneys  obtained  by 
the  sale  of  said  reports  shall  be  paid  into  the  State  treasury.  The  said  Commis- 
sion shall  cause  to  be  prepared  a report  to  the  General  Assembly  before  each 
meeting  of  the  same,  showing  the  progress  and  condition  of  the  survey,  together 
with  such  other  information  as  they  may  deem  necessary  and  useful,  or  as  the 
General  Assembly  may  require;  provided,  however,  that  the  Commission  shall 
have  the  right  to  print  and  distribute  said  reports. 


METHODS  OF  THE  STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


9 


Skc.  7.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  after  having  served  the  purpases  of  the 
Survey,  all  materials  collected  shall  be  distributed  by  the  Director  to  the  edu- 
cational institutions  of  the  State  in  such  manner  as  the  Commission  may  deter- 
mine to  be  of  advantage  to  the  educational  interests  of  the  State;  provided,  how- 
ever, that  if  deemed  advisable,  the  Commission  may  first  use  such  portion  as 
may  be  necessary  to  establish  a permanent  exhibit  of  the  natural  resources  of 
the  State.  On  the  completion  or  discontinuance  of  the  State  Geological  Survey, 
the  Commission  shall  cause  all  records,  notes,  books,  reports,  charts,  maps,  man- 
uscripts, instruments,  and  other  equipment  and  property  of  the  survey  to  be 
placed  in  charge  of  a suitable  custodian  to  be  held  subject  to  final  disposition 
by  the  General  Assembly;  provided,  however,  that  any  field  or  other  equipment 
which  the  Commission  shall  deem  it  undesirable  to  preserve  may  be  sold  as  the 
Commission  may  direct  and  the  money  turned  into  the  State  treasury;  and, 
provided,  further,  that  the  copies  of  the  reports  of  the  survey  left  om  hand  for 
distribution  shall  be  distributed  by  the  custodian  in  such  manner  as  shall  be  for 
the  best  interest  of  the  people  of  the  State. 

Sec.  8.  Be  it  further  enacted.  That  the  said  Commission  is  hereby  authorized 
to  enter  into  cooperation  with  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  and  other 
scientific  bureaus  of  the  Federal  and  State  governments  for  the  prosecution  at 
joint  expense  of  such  work  in  the  State  as  shall  be  deemed  of  mutual  interest 
and  advantage,  and  under  such  conditions  as  said  Commission  may  deem  to  be 
for  the  best  interest  of  the  people  of  the  State. 

Sec.  9.  Be  it  further  enacted.  That  in  order  to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  this 
Act,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  any  person  employed  hereunder  to  enter  and  cross  all 
lands  within  the  State;  provided,  that  in  so  doing  no  damage  is  done  to  private 
property. 

Sec.  10.  Be  it  fui'ther  enacted.  That  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  out  the  pro- 
visions of  this  Act,  fifteen  thousand  dollars  ($15,000)  annually  for  the  years 
1910  and  1911,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be  necessary,  is  hereby  appropriated 
out  of  any  money  in  the  State  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated,  and  the  State 
Treasurer  is  hereby  authorized  to  pay  out  the  same  on  the  warrants  of  the 
Comptroller  upon  the  presentation  of  the  proper  vouchers  by  the  Chairman  of 
said  State  Geological  Commission;  provided,  that  the  appropriation  made  herein 
shall  not  be  available  until  May  1,  1910. 

Sec.  11.  Be  it  further  enacted.  That  this  Act  take  effect  from  and  after  its 
passage,  the  public  welfare  requiring  it. 

Passed  April  30,  1909.  Wm.  Kinney, 

Speaker  of  the  Senate. 

M.  Hillsman  Taylor, 

. Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives. 

Approved  May  1,  1909.  Malcolm  R.  Patterson, 

Governor. 


ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  SURVEY. 

Under  the  terms  of  the  bill,  the  Geological  Commission  consists 
of  Malcolm  R.  Patterson,  Governor  of  Tennessee,  ex-officio  Chair- 
man; John  Thompson,  State  Commissioner  of  Agriculture;  R.  A. 


10 


THE  ESTABLISHMENT,  PURPOSE,  SCOPE,  AND 


Shiflett,  Chief  Mine  Inspector;  Brown  Ayres,  President  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Tennessee;  J.  H.  Kirkland,  Chancellor  of  Vanderbilt  Uni- 
versity; and  William  B.  Hall,  Vice  Chancellor  of  the  University  of 
the  South.  The  commission  held  its  first  meeting  on  February  7, 
at  which  time  an  organization  was  perfected  and  a committee  ap- 
pointed, consisting  of  President  Ayres  and  Chancellor  Kirkland,  to 
canvass  the  field  and  recommend  a suitable  man  for  the  position  of 
State  Geologist.  As  a result  of  their  recommendation,  at  a meet- 
ing held  on  March  16,  the  commission  elected,  as  State  Geologist, 
George  H.  Ashley,  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  at  the 
time  in  charge  of  work  in  the  eastern  coal  fields;  and  as  Associate 
Geologists,  Mr.  Charles  H.  Gordon,  Professor  of  Geology  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Tennessee,  and  Mr.  L.  C.  Glenn,  Professor  of  Geology  at 
Vanderbilt  University. 

On  May  1 the  Survey  began  active  operations.  An  office  in  the 
Capitol  Annex,  at  Nashville,  was  made  ready  and  properly  equipped 
with  the  apparatus  necessary  for  conducting  the  operations  of  the 
Survey.  Plans  for  the  first  season’s  work  were  made,  including 
many  for  cooperative  work  with  the  bureaus  of  the  United  States 
Government  at  Washington;  assistants  were  selected  and  work  be- 
gun. 

PURPOSE  OF  THE  SURVEY. 

The  purpose  of  the  Survey  may  be  briefly  stated : The  Geological 
Survey  of  Tennessee  exists  to  obtain  and  publish  accurate,  definite, 
and  unbiased  information  on  the  State’s  natural  resources  for  the 
purpose  of  increasing  the  wealth  and  well-being  of  the  State  and 
its  citizens  through  a larger  and  better  use  of  those  resources. 

The  Survey  will  be  of  direct  value  to  the  State  in  several  ways : 
(1)  By  serving  as  the  State’s  expert  in  determining  the  value,  etc., 
of  the  State’s  present  large  holdings  of  mineral  lands,  or  of  any 
proposed  additional  purchases  or  sales;  (2)  by  supplying  the  facts 
and  information  necessary  to  intelligent  legislation  concerning  the 
State’s  resources;  (3)  by  conserving  the  State’s  resources  through 
leading  to  better  methods  of  obtaining  and  using  them ; (.4)  by  help- 
ing to  bring  into  the  State  new  capital  for  investment  and  the  im- 
migration of  new  citizens;  (5)  by  keeping  money  in  the  State 
through  aiding  in  the  establishment  of  local  industries  to  supply 
local  needs,  and  by  bringing  additional  money  in  by  enlarging  the 
output  of  farms,  mines,  and  factories;  (6)  by  leading  to  added 
sources  of  income  for  the  State. 

The  Survey  will  be  of  indirect  value  to  the  State  through  its  value 
to  the  individual  citizens  for  whose  welfare  the  State  exists. 


METflODS  OF  THE  STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


11 


It  is  of  value  to  the  landowner  by  showing  what  ores,  minerals, 
rocks,  or  other  resources  underlie  his  land;  their  depth,  volume, 
character,,  and  value,  and  to  that  extent  it  affects  the  possible  sale 
value  of  his  land;  and,  second,  by  suggesting  such  use  of  his  land 
as  will  make  it  yield  the  largest  possible  return.  It  is  of  value  to 
those  having  capital  to  invest  by  supplying  unbiased  information 
upon  which  investments  may  be  made  or  industries  established.  It 
is  of  value  to  transportation  interests  by  increasing  the  volume  of 
both  crude  and  manufactured  materials  to  be  moved,  through  an 
increased  production  and  an  increased  demand.  It  is  of  value  to 
the  purchasing  public,  which  includes  most  of  us,  by  reducing  costs 
through  the  production  in  the  State  of  things  that  must  otherwise 
be  obtained  from  without,  and  through  increasing  the  supply  of 
those  things.  It  is  of  value  to  the  man  without  work  by  increas- 
ing the  demand  for  labor  through  the  starting  of  new  or  enlarging 
of  old  industries. 

In  so  far  as  the  Survey  may  aid  in  the  abating  of  the  smoke  nui- 
sance in  the  cities,  in  obtaining  cheaper  light  and  power  through  a 
larger  use  of  our  water  powers,  in  aiding  and  making  effective 
plans  for  the  drainage  of  the  bottom  lands,  in  converting  poor  farm 
lands  into  good  farm  lands,  and  in  a thousand  other  ways,  it  may 
make  it  possible  for  all  citizens  to  have  more  of  the  comforts  and 
luxuries  of  life. 

SCOPE  OF  WORK. 

The  Survey  is  primarily  a bureau  of  information  on  certain  sub- 
jects. This  implies,  first,  the  collecting  of  the  information;  second, 
the  study,  systematizing,  filing,  or  preparation  of  that  information ; 
and,  third,  the  supplying  of  that  information. 

The  subjects  on  which  the  Survey  is  to  serve  as  a bureau  of  in- 
formation have  already  been  outlined  in  Section  5 of  the  Act  under 
which  the  Survey  is  established.  They  may  be  grouped  as  follows : 

1.  General  geology,  mineralogy,  physics,  and  chemistry,  so  far 
as  they  relate  to  the  natural  resources  of  this  State. 

2.  Geography  of  the  State. 

3.  Metals  and  their  ores. 

4.  Fuels  and  fertilizers. 

5.  Structural  materials  and  materials  used  in  the  arts. 

6.  Water  and  water  power. 

7.  Soils. 

8.  Reclamation  of  land. 

9.  Forests,  roads,  etc. 

10.  Miscellaneous  materials  and  products. 


12 


THE  ESTABLISHMENT,  PURPOSE,  SCOPE,  AND 


The  scope  of  the  work  may  be  suggested  by  running  over  briefly 
the  subjects  just  listed,  pointing  out  a few  of  the  lines  of  informa- 
tion about  which  experience  has  shown  questions  are  asked. 

General  Geology. — General  geology  tells  what  the  rocks  are  com- 
posed of,  how  they  were  formed,  how  they  came  to  be  found  in  their 
present  position,  how  they  have  been  changed  from  their  first  con- 
dition, what  animals  and  plants  lived  at  the  time  they  were  de- 
posited, the  cause  and  action  of  earthquakes,  mountain  building 
and  other  geological  activities,  the  history  of  the  earth’s  surface, 
of  its  climate,  and  a thousand  other  questions.  Sometimes  ques- 
tions are  asked  about  these  things  for  themselves  by  those  desiring 
to  know  something  of  the  why  and  wherefore  of  the  world  about 
them.  More  often  a knowledge  of  those  things  is  desired  because 
such  a knowledge  is  absolutely  essential  to  any  scientific  study  of 
the  economic  products  of  the  earth.  It  is  a matter  of  common 
knowledge  that  the  valuable  ores,  minerals,  rocks,  fuels,  etc.,  are 
not  uniformly  distributed  in  nature,  nor,  on  the  other  hand,  do 
they  occur  with  entire  irregularity,  or  as  though  by  mere  chance. 
The  experience  of  men  all  over  the  world,  when  brought  together, 
shows  certain  relationships  between  the  occurrences  of  these  ma- 
terials and  the  occurrence  of  other  materials,  or  of  other  conditions 
and  forces.  These  facts,  when  all  brought  together,  make  up  the 
science  of  geology. 

When,  for  example,  the  geologist  draws  a line  around  a certain 
area  in  the  Cumberland  Mountains  and  says,  “ Within  this  line  there 
is,  or  may  be,  bituminous  coal,  but  outside  of  it  there  is  none,”  he 
bases  his  statement  on  a whole  volume  of  “ theoretical  ” informa- 
tion. Thus  it  implies  that  he  knows  the  age  of  the  rocks  within 
that  line  and  of  all  the  rocks  outside  of  that  line,  involving  in  turn 
an  intimate  knowledge  of  the  fossils  in  these  rocks  through  which 
their  age  is  determined,  and  the  general  meaning  and  relations  of 
these  fossils.  But  it  implies  also  that  he  knows  the  approximate 
age  of  every  workable  bed  of  coal  in  the  world,  and  the  fact  that 
experience  has  shown  that  no  workable  coal  ever  has  been  found  in 
the  rocks  of  the  early  ages  to  which  the  rocks  outside  of  the  line 
he  has  drawn  belong.  So,  too,  when  he  draws  certain  belts  across 
and  around  the  State,  and  says,  “ If  you  are  interested  in  zinc,  look 
within  the  areas  indicated,  but  not  outside,”  he  is  again  basing  his 
statement  on  the  experience  of  men  in  mining  zinc  everywhere  and 
on  his  knowledge  of  that  experience.  To-day  there  are  several 
thousand  geologists,  mining  engineers,  and  others  who  are  con- 
stantly studying  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  deposits  of 


MKTIIODS  OF  THE  STATE  GEOLOCJK^AL  SURVEY. 


1:5 


ores  and  other  economic  minerals  and  rocks  and  describing  them  in 
hundreds  of  reports  and  journals  that  are  printed  each  year.  But 
there  are,  in  addition,  others  who  devote  much  of  their  time  to 
bringing*  together  all  of  these  facts  relating  to  any  one  subject  and 
drawing  therefrom  general  conclusions  based  on  experience  from 
all  over  the  world.  Those  general  conclusions  form  the  science  of 
geology.  It  is  this  science  that  the  trained  geologist  must  know 
and  must  apply  if  his  work  is  to  have  any  value  to  the  State  em- 
ploying him. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  geologists  and  mining  men,  not  only  in 
this  State,  but  all  over  the  world,  expect  that,  with  the  establish- 
ment of  a Geological  Survey  in  Tennessee,  they  in  turn  will  receive 
from  that  Survey  descriptions  of  all  the  conditions  surrounding  the 
occurrence  of  the  various  economic  deposits  of  this  State,  forming 
a contribution  by  the  State  to  the  general  science  of  geology.  It  is, 
therefore,  planned  that,  in  addition  to  the  so-called  “ theoretical  ” 
geology  which  may  accompany  the  detailed  description  of  ores  or 
other  deposits,  there  may  be  published  from  time  to  time  general 
theoretical  papers  that  bring  together  all  or  a large  part  of  the  facts 
in  this  State  along  such  lines,  as : the  description  of  fossils,  the 
structure  or  “ lay  ” of  the  rocks,  of  the  origin  of  various  deposits,  of 
the  extent  and  history  of  any  group  of  rocks,  or  of  any  part  of  the 
present  surface  of  the  State,  and  of  many  other  similar  subjects. 

Fortunately,  for  the  rapid  prosecution  of  the  present  work,  a 
large  share  of  the  theoretic  geology  of  the  State  had  already  been 
studied  out  and  published  by  Troost,  Safford,  Killebrew,  Hayes, 
Campbell,  Keith,  David  White,  Glenn,  Ulrich,  and  others;  but  in 
the  detailed  work  to  be  done  by  this  Survey  many  other  problems 
will  doubtless  be  met  with  and  will  have  to  be  worked  out  and  pub- 
lished as  a basis  for  future  investigations. 

Geography. — The  National  and  State  Geological  Surveys  have  al- 
ways been  looked  to  for  the  preparation  of  maps  showing  the  geog- 
raphy of  their  respective  domains,  as  well  as  the  geology  of  its 
rocks  and  deposits.  This  work  may  take  on  several  forms. 

One  phase  of  the  work  is  the  setting  of  meridian  lines.  Just  as 
the  geologist,  in  his  travels  through  the  mountains,  is  constantly 
being  asked  to  make  on  the  floor  of  some  woodman’s  porch  a north 
and  south  line  to  serve  as  a noon  mark  in  lieu  of  a clock,  so  the 
Geological  Survey  is  looked  to  by  county  surveyors  to  establish  at  the 
county  seats  accurate  meridian  lines.  It  is  well  known  that  the 
compass  points  not  to  the  north  pole,  but  to  the  magnetic  north  pole, 
and  that  this  magnetic  north  pole  is  constantly  shifting  from  year 


14 


THE  ESTABLISHMENT,  PURPOSE,  SCOPE,  AND 


to  year,  so  that  the  land  line  described  by  the  points  of  the  compass 
in  1850  will  not  agree  with  the  same  points  of  the  compass  in  1910. 
In  securing  these  meridian  lines,  the  State  Survey  will  cooperate 
with  the  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey. 

The  making  of  maps  will  form  no  small  part  of  the  work  of  the 
Survey.  These  will  range  from  small  scale  maps  of  the  State, 
showing  only  the  county  seats,  to  large  scale  detailed  maps  of  small 
areas,  showing  all  of  the  roads,  trails,  houses,  streams,  the  exact 
shape  of  the  hills  and  valleys,  the  location  of  the  mines,  quarries, 
springs,  etc.  Some  of  the  more  detailed  maps  will  show  every  five- 
foot  change  of  level  in  the  ground.  These  maps  may  be  published 
simply  as  geographical  maps  for  the  use  of  engineers,  surveyors, 
travelers,  landowners,  prospectors,  or  other  people;  or  they  may 
form  a basis  on  which  are  placed  facts  about  the  geology  or  soils 
or  timber,  the  roads,  water  supply,  markets,  or  any  one  of  those 
things  with  which  the  Survey  is  to  deal. 

High-grade,  plain,  geographic  maps,  showing  the  topography,  are 
much  studied  and  used,  where  they  exist,  for  the  location  of  steam 
and  electric  railways,  of  State  and  county  highways,  of  schools, 
telegraph  and  telephone  lines,  for  the  laying  of  water  pipes,  aque- 
ducts and  sewerage  systems,  for  the  drainage  or  irrigation  of  land, 
for  the  position  of  county  and  township  lines,  for  selecting  the  best 
routes  for  automobile  tours  or  tramps,  in  planning  maneuvers  of 
the  National  Guard,  in  connection  with  the  purchase  or  sale  of  land, 
in  gaining  exact  knowledge  of  the  country,  elevation  of  places,  dis- 
tances and  directions  between  places,  and  for  a multitude  of  other 
uses. 

In  the  early  days  the  geologists  made  their  own  maps  as  they 
went,  and  in  reconnoissance  work  that  is  often  still  necessary;  but 
where  detailed  work  is  to  be  done,  requiring  detailed  topographic 
maps  on  which  to  publish  the  geologic  results,  it  has  been  found  much 
more  economical  to  train  men  for  the  specific  purpose  of  map  mak- 
ing. To  obtain  such  maps,  there  is  required  accurate  primary  and 
secondary  triangulation,  traverses,  and  leveling  work.  The  prep- 
aration of  such  maps  is  expensive,  costing  from  $4  to  $50  per  square 
mile,  according  to  the  scale  of  the  map  and  the  character  of  the 
country.  It  has  been  the  practice  of  most  of  the  States  needing 
such  maps  to  ask  the  cooperation  of  the  Topographic  Branch  of  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey,  which  stands  ready  within  the 
limits  of  its  funds  to  make  such  maps  where  requested,  the  State 
and  national  governments  sharing  alike  in  the  cost  of  the  field  and 
office  work,  but  the  national  government  assuming  the  entire  cost 


METHODS  OF  THE  STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


15 


of  engraving  and  printing  the  maps.  At  present  forty-eight  per 
cent  of  Tennessee,  mostly  in  the  eastern  and  central  parts  of  the 
State,  has  been  covered  by  such  mapping,  which,  in  most  cases,  has 
been  followed  by  geologic  mapping.  The  early  maps,  both  topo- 
graphic and  geologic,  were  done  rapidly  and  at  small  cost.  Grad- 
ually the  grade  of  such  work  has  been  improving,  until  to-day  the 
United  States  Government  frankly  labels  later  editions  of  the  early 
maps  as  reconnoissance  ” maps.  As  the  grade  of  geologic  work 
has  risen,  it  has  been  found  necessary  to  have  better  and  better 
topographic  maps  in  order  to  adequately  represent  the  geologic  facts 
obtained.  This  has  continued  until  to-day  the  older  topographic 
maps  are  entirely  inadequate  for  the  representation  of  geologic  facts 
as  obtained  by  modern  methods.  The  first  step  in  geologic  work 
has,  therefore,  been  the  securing  of  adequate  topographic  maps. 

Fortunately,  for  the  beginning  of  the  new  work  in  Tennessee,  a 
few  of  such  up-to-date  topographic  maps  have  been  made  in  this 
State  within  the  last  few  years.  The  recent  topographic  maps  on 
hand  will  suffice  for  the  geologic  work  for  the  first  season  or  two, 
but  soon  active  steps  must  be  taken  to  secure  similar  good  maps  of 
other  areas  on  which  the  Survey  desires  to  do  work.  Efforts  to  se- 
cure additional  modern  topographic  maps  in  Tennessee  by  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey  will  be  made. 

The  present  funds  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Tennessee  do  not 
warrant  seeking  such  cooperation,  except  to  a very  limited  extent. 
It  is  hoped  in  the  future  that  more  funds  will  be  available  for  that 
specific  object. 

Metals  and  Their'  Ores. — In  their  occurrences  the  ores  of  the 
metals  may  be  divided  into  two  classes : those  which  occur  as  orig- 
inal bedded  deposits,  as  the  Clinton  iron  ore  of  Tennessee,  and  those 
which,  in  a sense,  are  secondary  in  their  occurrence — that  is,  have 
been  brought  together  after  the  deposition  of  the  containing  rocks  by 
segregation,  replacement,  or  otherwise,  and  occur  in  veins  or  other 
irregularly  shaped  deposits.  Deposits  of  the  first  class  would  be 
studied  very  much  as  are  the  beds  of  coal,  as  described  in  the  fol- 
lowing section.  In  the  study  of  ores  of  the  second  class,  the  Sur- 
vey will  attempt  to  find  out  for  each  of  the  metals  just  what  for- 
mations may  contain  its  ores,  to  delimit  these  formations  on  the 
map  so  as  to  show  in  just  what  parts  of  the  State  the  ores  of  that 
metal  may  or  do  occur.  Then  it  will  try  to  determine  under  just 
what  conditions  or  combinations  of  conditions  the  ores  do  or  may 
occur,  and  to  point  out  where  these  conditions  exist,  using  large- 
scale  detailed  maps  for  the  purpose.  This  will  involve  a study  of 


16 


THE  ESTABLISHMENT,  PURPOSE,  SCOPE,  AND 


the  occurrence  and  origin  of  all  of  the  known  deposits  in  the  State, 
combined  with  a knowledge  of  similar  deposits  elsewhere.  In  brief, 
the  aim  will  be  to  study  the  occurrence  and  origin,  the  character, 
extent,  and  value  of  all  of  the  known  deposits  in  the  State  of  the 
metallic  ores,  first,  in  order  to  secure  or  extend  their  development; 
second,  to  point  out  just  where  else  they  may  occur  and  how  they 
may  be  recognized;  and,  third,  to  tell  how  they  are  mined  and 
marketed  and  to  what  uses  they  are  or  may  be  put. 

Fuels  and  Fertilizers. — Most  fuels  and  fertilizers  have,  in  com- 
mon, an  origin  from  living  forms,  either  plants  or  animals,  and  are 
deposited  in  beds  often  of  considerable  lateral  extent,  but  of  small 
vertical  extent.  In  many  ways  the  same  methods  will  be  followed 
in  tracing  phosphates  as  in  tracing  coal  beds. 

Thus,  in  studying  the  coal  of  the  State,  the  Survey  will  seek  to 
determine  the  exact  limits  of  the  coal  field,  the  series  of  rocks  in 
that  field,  the  number  of  coal  beds  and  their  position  in  that  series 
of  rocks.  Of  each  bed  it  will  try  to  determine  the  average  thick- 
ness and  the  variations  of  thickness  from  place  to  place;  its  analy- 
sis, quality,  purity,  freedom  from  shale  partings,  binders,  etc.;  the 
character  of  its  roof,  floor,  etc.,  as  affecting  its  workability ; its  dis- 
tance above  or  below  some  conspicuously  outcropping  rock,  so  that, 
by  reference  to  it,  the  coal  bed  may  be  found;  the  position  of  the 
bed  in  the  hill;  its  probable  extent  and  character  in  any  direction 
or  under  any  given  area;  its  dip  or  lay,  giving  very  closely  its  ex- 
act depth  at  any  point;  the  total  tonnage  that  should  be  recovered 
from  it;  the  methods  of  working,  preparing,  and  marketing  the 
coal ; and,  finally,  the  various  uses  to  which  it  can  be  put,  and  espe- 
cially the  more  recent  advances  that  have  been  made  in  the  use  of 
coal.  In  this  work,  again,  it  will  be  attempted  to  show  on  the  map 
accurately  the  position  of  each  principal  coal  bed,  so  that  any  one 
with  the  map  in  hand  could  go  at  once  to  the  position  of  its  outcrop- 
ping and,  by  prospecting,  determine  its  presence  and  local  character. 

The  occurrence  of  oil  does  not  lend  itself  so  readily  to  accurate 
description  and  forecast.  It  is  a common  idea  outside  of  the  oil 
fields  that  the  discovery  of  oil  is  the  result  of  hunting  over  the  sur- 
face for  oil  seepage  or  other  visible  evidence  of  oil.  It  is  true  that 
in  a few  cases  the  discovery  of  an  oik  seepage  has  been  followed  by 
striking  oil  in  a well  bored  on  that  evidence ; but  it  is  probably  also 
true  that  not  one  successful  oil  well  in  a thousand  has  been  located 
on  such  evidence ; while,  on  the  other  hand,  of  all  the  oil  wells  drilled 
on  such  evidence,  probably  four-fifths  have  never  paid  back  the 
cost  of  drilling.  The  successful  oil  men  have  always  followed 


METHODS  OF  THE  STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


17 


“ leads  ” consisting  of  lines  of  structure,  water  conditions,  etc.  Oil, 
like  water,  runs  down  hill,  and,  if  it  is  not  associated  with  water, 
will  accumulate  in  the  lowest  part  of  a fold  in  the  rocks  containing 
it.  If  it  is  associated  with  water,  it  will,  on  account  of  its  light- 
ness, tend  to  rise  to  the  top  of  the  water,  which  may  be  along  the 
top  of  the  fold  if  the  rock  is  full  of  water,  or  along  the  flank  of  the 
fold  if  the  rock  is  only  partially  saturated.  These  are  a few  of  the 
most  simple  elements  of  the  many  that  control  the  occurrence  of  oil. 
Within  certain  broad  limits  it  is  possible  that  oil  may  be  found  any- 
where in  the  rocks.  Actual  experience  in  any  given  territory  shows 
that  certain  beds  are  more  likely  to  contain  oil  than  others,  and  un- 
der certain  conditions  of  structure,  water  content,  and  other  factors. 

It  is  the  office  of  the  Geological  Survey  to  seek  to  determine  what 
beds  of  rock  have  been  shown,  by  experience,  are  most  likely  to  con- 
tain oil  and  gas,  and  under  what  conditions,  and  to  determine  where 
else  those  beds  occur  under  those  conditions  in  this  State.  In  this 
work  cooperation  with  the  experts  of  the  Federal  Survey  will  be 
sought,  in  order  to  gain  the  advantage  of  their  intimate  knowledge  of 
the  conditions  holding  in  the  large  developed  oil  fields  of  the  country. 

Phosphate  rocks  form  one  of  the  most  valuable  assets  of  this 
State.  Work  already  done  on  them  has  shown  that  they  occur  at 
a few  very  definite  horizons  or  as  secondary  deposits  made  by  the 
weathering  of  the  original  deposits  and  the  redeposition  of  the 
phosphates.  It  will  be  the  aim  of  the  Survey  to  determine  accu- 
rately just  what  the  limiting  conditions  are  under  which  the  phos- 
phates of  this  State  occur,  and  then  to  trace,  in  detail,  the  occurrence 
of  these  conditions,  testing  the  rocks  chemically  in  the  field  as  the 
work  progresses,  and  showing  the  position  of  the  rocks  that  are 
found  to  be  phosphatic  on  detailed  maps. 

Structural  Materials  and  Materials  Used  in  the  Arts. — Under  this 
heading  will  come  a large  variety  of  substances,  some  of  them  of 
the  first  rank  in  importance,  others  of  only  minor  importance. 
Thus  it  will  include  marble,  limestone,  cement  rocks,  lithographic 
stone,  sandstone,  clays,  shales,  slates,  barytes,  pyrites,  fiuor  spar, 
whetstone,  glass  sand,  salt,  nitre,  silica  rock,  and  many  other  rocks 
and  minerals  of  greater  or  less  value.  For  the  present  purpose  it 
will  suffice  to  point  out  some  of  the  lines  of  study  connected  with 
one  or  two  of  the  substances  listed,  as,  for  example,  marble  and 
clay  rocks. 

• Marble  is  a crystallized  limestone  suitable  for  fine  structural  work. 
The  limestones  are  among  the  regularly  bedded  rocks,  and  their 
general  outcrop  has  already  been  mapped.  It  is  probably  true  that 


18 


THE  ESTABLISHMENT,  PURPOSE,  SCOPE,  AND 


only  a few  of  the  many  beds  of  limestone  in  this  State  are  ever  found 
in  the  condition  of  marble.  It  will  be  the  purpose  of  the  Survey 
to  determine  which  of  these  beds  contain  marble  and  to  follow  their 
outcrops  wherever  they  occur  in  the  State,  examining  the  rock  at 
every  exposure,  and  showing  by  detailed  maps  just  where  they  ap- 
pear to  be  of  sufficiently  high  grade  to  serve  as  commercial  marble. 
This  will  include  a detailed  study  of  the  stratigraphy  or  position 
among  the  rock  strata,  of  all  of  the  known  marble  deposits,  of  the 
fossils  by  which  these  particular  beds  may  be  recognized,  and,  after- 
wards, the  detailed  tracing  and  mapping  of  these  beds  with  close 
scrutiny  for  marble. 

The  clay  rocks,  from  which  bricks,  tile,  terra-cotta,  China  ware, 
etc.,  are  made,  occur  in  the  earth  as  regularly  deposited  beds  of  clay 
or  shale,  or  they  occur  as  surface  deposits,  having  been  derived 
from  older  rocks  by  decomposition  and  water  transportation. 
Where  they  are  regularly  bedded,  it  is  possible  to  determine  just 
their  stratigraphic  position  in  the  rocks.  The  preliminary  work 
will  consist  of  a study  of  the  developed  deposits  and  the  determina- 
tion of  their  position,  character,  etc.,  and  that  will  then  be  followed 
by  the  detailed  tracing,  testing,  and  mapping  over  the  State  of  the 
beds  that  experience  or  examination  shows  to  contain  deposits  of 
commercial  character. 

The  surface  deposits  are  more  irregular  in  their  character  and 
disposition,  but,  aside  from  those  found  in  the  bottoms  along 
streams  and  rivers,  will  usually  be  found  associated  with  certain 
rocks  under  certain  conditions.  The  Survey  will  seek  to  discover 
what  these  associations  and  conditions  are,  and  then  to  trace  and 
map  wherever  these  associations  and  conditions  exist. 

Water  and  Water  Potver. — The  lines  of  inquiry  in  regard  to  wa- 
ter (aside  from  rainfall,  which  is  looked  after  by  the  National 
Weather  Bureau)  deal  with  run-off  of  the  surface  streams,  condi- 
tions affecting  it,  and  the  results  under  different  conditions,  as  well 
as  possible  modifications  of  the  present  conditions  so  as  to  give  bet- 
ter control  of  the  run-off ; surface  springs,  both  clear  and  mineral ; 
underground  water  supplies,  artesian  well  areas,  water-bearing 
levels  or  strata;  possible  sources  of  water  power,  with  minimum 
and  maximum  derivable  power,  and  the  problem  of  its  use  and 
transportation ; navigation  of  rivers,  water  for  irrigation,  etc. 

Soils. — After  all  is  said  and  done,  the  soil  is  the  earth’s  great 
storehouse,  furnishing  man  with  his  most  fundamental  necessities 
— food,  clothing,  and  shelter — and,  when  properly  cared  for,  con- 
tinuing to  do  this  from  century  to  century  with  undiminished  gen- 


METHODS  OF  THE  STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


19 


erosity.  The  soil  presents  two  problems:  First,  the  maintenance 
or  conservation  of  its  physical  and  chemical  substances ; second,  the 
increase  of  its  efficiency  to  the  highest  possible  point.  In  a large 
measure,  the  soil  is  a factory  or  place  in  which  raw  materials  are 
worked  up  into  finished  products.  Essentially  it  is  composed  of 
insoluble  sand  or  other  substances  that  do  not  enter  at  all  into  the 
finished  product.  Into  this  factory  come  the  raw  materials — some 
to  be  stored  until  needed,  and  some,  as  the  water,  to  come  and  go, 
except  as  they  are  used.  The  conservation  of  the  soil  is  mainly  an 
engineering  problem,  and  is  considered  under  the  next  head.  The 
increase  in  the  efficiency  of  the  soil  is  a subject  of  almost  unlimited 
possibilities.  It  will  be  the  aim  of  the  State  Survey,  working  in 
conjunction  with  the  other  departments  already  in  the  field,  to  make 
a detailed  study  of  every  type  of  soil  in  the  State ; to  learn  its  origin, 
physical  structure,  and  chemical  food  contents ; to  determine  to  what 
crops  or  use  it  is  best  adapted  in  its  present  condition ; to  see  if  its 
physical  condition  cannot  be  improved  by  some  different  handling, 
or  by  tiling,  or  in  some  other  manner ; to  see  if  it  is  not  lacking  in 
some  essential  element;  to  learn  from  the  best  farmers  now  living 
on  that  soil  what  its  possibilities  are,  sometimes  noting  the  experi- 
ence of  farmers  from  other  States  on  similar  soils,  or  the  result  of 
the  experiment  station  studies.  These  studies  having  been  made 
largely  with  the  aid  of  the  agencies  already  in  the  field,  it  will  be 
the  special  province  of  the  Geological  Survey  to  trace,  in  detail,  the 
extent  of  each  type  of  soil  and  to  prepare  maps  of  th'e  same.  Here 
again,  as  elsewhere,  arises  the  necessity  for  detailed  topographic 
maps,  if  this  work  is  to  be  done  in  sufficient  detail  to  be  worth  while. 

Conservation  and  Reclamation  of  Lands. — While  it  must  needs 
be  that  the  hills  shall  be  worn  down  and  carried  away  to  the  sea, 
it  is  of  the  uttermost  importance  that  this  movement  should  be  as 
slow  as  possible.  As  long  as  the  soil  is  washed  from  the  hills  no 
faster  at  any  point  than  the  forces  of  weathering  can  break  up  the 
rock  underneath  into  new  soil,  there  will  be  no  permanent  harm 
done;  but  when  it  exceeds  that  rate,  the  erosion  does  damage  that 
is  likely  to  grow  worse  with  time,  until  land  that  should  have  been 
fruitful  for  ages  becomes  barren  for  all  time.  Again,  if  this  ma- 
terial washes  into  the  streams  faster  than  it  can  be  carried  off,  it 
will  serve  to  produce  floods  on  the  bottom  lands  and  to  hinder  navi- 
gation. The  problem  of  the  conservation  of  soils  and  the  preven- 
tion of  hillside  wash  will,  therefore,  form  one  subject  of  study  by 
the  Survey. 

Steps  are  actively  being  taken  for  the  reclamation  of  the  bottom 


20 


THE  ESTABLISHMENT,  PURPOSE,  SCOPE,  AND 


lands  of  parts  of  West  Tennessee.  This  is  being  done  by  districts 
organized  under  the  drainage  law  of  1909.  (See  Bulletin  No.  3, 
Part  C.)  These  drainage  districts  are  usually  organized  to  cover 
the  portion  of  any  valley  lying  in  one  county.  This  may  include 
the  whole  valley.  Usually  it  will  not.  Experience,  too  often  dis- 
astrous, has  shown  the  necessity  that  all  drainage  work  be  planned 
with  a knowledge  of  all  of  the  factors  and  conditions  in  the  case  if 
the  work,  when  completed,  is  to  be  efficient  and  economical.  That 
it  may  be  both,  requires  a knowledge  of  many  factors  that  it  may 
be  difficult  to  get  in  any  one  district,  or  which  have  already  been 
obtained  in  some  other  district.  It  is,  therefore,  felt  to  be  the  spe- 
cial province  of  the  Geological  Survey  in  aiding  in  this  work  to  first 
take  such  parts  of  the  work  as  are  general  in  their  nature,  bringing 
to  the  districts  such  necessary  data  as  that  on  rainfall,  run-off,  etc., 
carrying  on  observations  and  experiments  where  necessary  and 
drawing  on  the  experience  of  other  districts  in  this  and  other  States 
where  possible. 

Again,  where  there  are  several  drainage  districts  on  the  same 
stream  in  different  counties,  it  is  most  desirable  that  there  be  some 
way  of  coordinating  the  plan  of  construction  in  one  district  with 
that  in  the  districts  above  and  below.  Otherwise,  as  has  sometimes 
happened,  the  construction  in  one  district  may  follow  a different 
plan  from  that  in  the  other  districts,  resulting  locally  in  a worse 
condition  than  at  first — endless  lawsuits,  injunctions,  etc.  It  is, 
therefore,  the  hope  of  the  Survey  to  lend  its  friendly  aid,  as  far  as 
possible,  in  securing  coordination  of  plans  along  any  one  stream. 

The  work  will  include  not  only  reclamation  of  land  rendered  non- 
tillable  because  of  flooding,  but  the  reclamation  of  lands  from  which 
the  soil  has  been  allowed  to  wash  away,  or  which,  for  any  other 
reason,  has  been  allowed  to  become  barren  and  nontillable. 

Forests,  Roads,  Etc. — The  forest,  like  the  soil,  is  one  of  those 
things  that,  if  properly  cared  for,  will  continue  itself  indefinitely. 
It  is,  however,  usually  treated  as  one  of  the  things  to  be  extermi- 
nated. Over  large  areas  the  forest  has  had  to  give  way  to  fields 
and  pastures,  but  there  still  remain  large  areas  not  suited  to  the 
cultivation  of  crops  or  the  raising  of  cattle.  Too  often  from  these 
areas  the  native  growth  of  timber  has  been  removed  and  no  effort 
made  to  grow  a new  crop  of  timber.  In  the  past  it  has  been  the 
general  tendency  to  look  upon  timber  as  one  might  upon  rabbits, 
or  bears,  or  buffaloes — as  a part  of  nature’s  “ wild  stuff,”  to  be 
gotten  while  it  lasts ; for  when  it  is  gone,  it  is  gone.  Of  late  years 
there  has  been  a growing  appreciation  that  just  as  we  no  longer 


METHODS  OF  THE  STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


21 


think  of  depending:  on  wild  strawberries  or  wild  rice  for  our  supply, 
so  will  we  not  much  longer  depend  on  wild  timber  for  our  supply. 
With  that  appreciation  is  a growing  demand  for  information  about 
the  proper  way  to  cultivate  timber;  the  general  conditions  of  soil, 
topography,  and  climate  best  adapted  to  timber  raising;  the  kinds 
of  trees  best  adapted  to  any  given  soil,  or  other  factors,  etc.  As  it 
is  at  once  recognized  that  the  raising  of  timber  will  be  vastly  easier 
where  there  is  already  some  of  the  desired  timber  on  the  land,  there 
will  be  three  lines  along  which  inquiry  will  be  made : First,  the  facts 
concerning  the  present  supply  of  timber — its  location,  kinds, 
amount,  etc.;  second,  how  to  conserve  the  present  forests  so  as  to 
make  them  a source  of  future  and  continuing  supply  (how  many 
lumbermen  now  think  of  selecting  and  preserving  seed  trees,  as  the 
stockman  will  preserve  and  care  for  his  brood  stock?)  ; third,  a re- 
forestation of  areas  better  adapted  to  the  raising  of  trees  than  of 
anything  else  and  that  never  should  have  been  deforested.  These 
are  the  lines  along  which  the  Survey  plans  to  gather  and  publish 
information. 

What  the  railroads  have  been  in  the  building  up  of  the  country 
at  large,  good  roads  may  be  in  the  building  up  of  smaller  divisions 
of  the  country.  There  are  three  factors  of  cost  of  farm  products 
or  lumber — cost  of  production,  of  transportation,  of  distribution. 
Every  dollar  saved  in  any  of  these  three  points  is  a dollar  earned. 
If  it  costs  the  farmer  twenty  cents  a bushel  to  haul  his  wheat  to 
market  over  a poor  road  and  ten  cents  over  a good  road,  and  he 
raises  one  thousand  bushels,  the  poor  road  has  cost  him  just  one 
hundred  dollars  for  the  moving  of  that  one  crop  alone. 

The  Geological  Survey  hopes  to  be  able  to  aid  in  the  building  of 
good  roads  in  at  least  three  ways:  First,  through  the  detailed  to- 
pographic maps,  which  will  aid  in  showing  the  amount  of  rise  or 
fall  a road  will  have  to  have  in  going  from  any  one  point  to  another, 
and  then  showing  where  it  can  be  placed  so  as  to  keep  within  the 
maximum  grade  decided  on,  for  as  the  strength  of  a chain  is  de- 
termined by  its  weakest  link,  so  the  hauling  efficiency  of  a road  is 
measured  by  its  steepest  grade;  second,  it  may  help  by  locating, 
testing,  and  mapping  materials  suitable  for  the  building  of  roads; 
third,  in  connection  with  the  last  in  cooperation  with  the  Good  Roads 
Division  of  the  Federal  Agricultural  Department,  it  may  point  out 
and  illustrate  methods  of  road  building,  use  of  materials,  etc.,  in  ad- 
dition to  what  it  may  do  by  publication  of  road  maps  and  general 
information  about  roads. 


22 


THE  ESTABLISHMENT,  PURPOSE,  SCOPE,  AND 


WORK  OF  THE  SURVEY. 

The  work  of  the  Survey  will  fall  under  the  following  heads : 

1.  Field  work. 

2.  Office  work. 

3.  Laboratory  work. 

4.  Exhibit  and  educational  work. 

5.  Publication. 

Field  Work. — The  field  work  will  vary  in  character  and  methods 
in  accordance  with  the  objects  sought.  While  the  great  bulk  of  the 
work  will  consist  of  detailed  studies  and  mapping,  in  most  cases 
this  will  have  to  be  preceded  by  preliminary  studies.  These  pre- 
liminary studies  will  be  made  at  the  points  at  which  any  given  min- 
eral resource  is  or  has  been  developed.  Such  work  will  consist  of 
personal  visits  to  the  various  active  plants  by  some  member  of  the 
Survey,  the  examination  and  measurement  of  the  deposits  to  deter- 
mine their  origin,  age,  relationships,  mode  of  occurrence,  size, 
quantity,  quality,  character,  methods  of  extraction,  the  process  of 
smelting  or  recovery,  etc.  These  reports  will  usually  be  accompa- 
nied by  sections  and  maps.  The  facts  obtained  will  be  of  value  in 
showing  the  present  condition  of  the  industry  involved,  the  kind 
of  material  used,  how  it  occurs,  etc.  These  facts  will  also  be  used 
and  be  necessary  for  determining  the  condition  of  occurrence  on 
which  the  future  detailed  studies  and  mapping  will  be  based. 

In  some  cases  this  work  will  consist  of  excursions  to  examine 
some  locality  at  which  it  has  been  reported  there  occurs  some  ore 
or  mineral  of  wide  interest  or  value;  or  the  work  may  be  a recon- 
noissance  study  of  all  of  the  known  occurrences  of  some  resource, 
as  of  coal,  oil,  or  phosphate. 

The  detailed  work  will  be  of  two  kinds — areal  work  and  the 
tracing  and  study  of  some  one  resource.  In  many  cases  the  areal 
work  will  be  done  in  connection  with  the  study  of  the  principal 
resource  of  that  area.  In  the  areal  work  a set  of  traverse  lines  is 
run  all  over  the  area,  some  of  them  following  the  streams  and  gul- 
lies, some  the  roads,  some  the  hillsides,  following  along  the  out- 
cropping of  a bed  of  rock  or  mineral,  others  filling  in  the  spaces  be- 
tween, as  it  may  be  necessary  in  order  to  complete  the  mapping 
or  to  examine  some  prospect  or  mine.  As  these  traverses  are  run 
a record  is  made,  by  means  of  a double  system  of  notes  on  field  maps 
and  in  notebooks,  of  every  geologic  fact,  including  a graphic  de- 
scription of  every  outcrop  of  rock,  its  thickness,  color,  grain,  bed- 
ding, dip,  etc.;  if  possible,  its  stratigraphic  position  is  determined 


METHODS  OF  THE  STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


23 


or  noted,  if  known;  fossils  are  collected  wherever  necessary;  sam- 
ples and  specimens  are  collected  for  analysis,  study,  or  exhibit. 
The  notes  are  made  in  such  a way  as  to  show  accurately  the  hori- 
zontal and  vertical  relations  of  all  of  the  facts  collected.  In  this 
way,  no  matter  how  fragmentary  the  facts  may  be,  they  are  fitted 
at  once  into  their  proper  place,  and,  as  the  work  progresses,  data 
lacking  at  one  point  may  be  supplied  from  some  other  point.  Grad- 
ually it  becomes  possible  to  fill  in  the  lacking  information  to  a 
greater  or  less  degree,  just  as  it  becomes  possible  to  fill  in  a picture 
of  a partially  set  up  puzzle,  even  though  most  of  the  pieces  are  still 
lacking,  for,  wherever  these  traverses  may  go,  all  are  so  tied  to- 
gether that  the  relations  of  any  fact  obtained  on  one  becomes  ob- 
vious to  all  of  the  facts  on  any  other  line. 

If  beds  or  deposits  of  known  or  suspected  economic  importance 
are  encountered,  they  are  examined  in  more  minute  detail  follow- 
ing certain  more  or  less  well-defined  lines  of  procedure;  if  desir- 
able or  necessary,  efforts  are  made  to  secure  better  exposure  of 
some  economic  deposits.  Wherever  possible,  the  information  ob- 
tained directly  by  the  geologist  in  the  field  is  supplemented  by  re- 
ports of  drilling  and  prospecting  made  by  mining  and  prospecting 
companies,  by  observations  made  by  those  residing  in  the  district, 
or  by  any  other  data  obtainable. 

In  the  detailed  study  of  any  selected  economic  resource,  all  of  the 
conditions  of  its  occurrences,  its  character,  quantity,  etc.,  are  de- 
termined by  the  preliminary  study.  The  main  work  will  include 
the  detailed  tracing  of  the  occurrence  of  these  conditions  wherever 
the  general  conditions  make  it  possible  for  them  to  exist. 

From  what  has  just  been  said  and  from  what  was  said  under 
“ Scope  of  Work,’’  it  is  evident  that  all  of  the  detailed  mapping 
will  require  detailed  topographic  maps.  It  is  not  enough  to  say  that 
such  and  such  a coal  bed  outcrops  within  a mile  to  the  east  of  such 
and  such  a town,  or  that  it  underlies  between  one  hundred  thousand 
and  two  hundred  thousand  acres.  Its  outcrop  should  be  shown  with- 
in at  least  a few  hundred  feet  horizontally  and  a very  few  (twenty) 
feet  vertically  (generally  much  nearer)  ; the  area  it  underlies  should 
be  known  within  at  least  a few  hundred  acres.  It  will  not  always 
be  possible  to  secure  such  accurate  results,  but  results  as  close  or 
closer  will  always  be  aimed  at. 

To  do  detailed  work  in  the  oil  and  gas,  phosphates,  soils,  cement 
work,  clays,  and  most  other  materials,  will  require  the  same  de- 
tailed topographic  base  maps  as  in  working  the  coal  or  iron,  if  the 
results  obtained  in  the  field  are  to  be  adequately  represented. 


24 


THE  ESTABLISHMENT,  PURPOSE,  SCOPE,  AND 


It  is  hardly  necessary  to  outline  all  of  the  various  methods 
adopted  in  the  field  work  where  various  results  are  to  be  secured. 
The  methods  used  by  the  several  Federal  bureaus,  which  will  co- 
operate in  topographic  mapping,  soil  mapping,  oil  and  gas  work, 
forest  mapping,  etc.,  have  been  described  in  detail  in  publications 
issued  by  these  several  bureaus,  and  in  many  cases  will  be  given  in 
connection  with  reports  on  their  work  to  be  published  by  this  Sur- 
vey in  the  future.  Different  methods  from  these  described  will 
have  to  be  used  in  the  study  of  road  materials  or  underground  wa- 
ters or  water  powers  or  of  many  other  such  subjects. 

Office  Work. — The  office  work  will  consist,  first,  of  the  corre- 
spondence and  other  work  necessary  in  the  planning  and  carrying 
on  of  the  work  of  the  Survey ; second,  in  the  identification  of  speci- 
mens sent  in  or  brought  in;  third,  in  supplying  information  about 
any  of  the  subjects  with  which  the  Survey  is  concerned,  especially 
as  to  the  location  of  deposits  of  desired  materials,  etc. ; fourth,  the 
collection  and  tabulation  of  information  about  mines,  drillings,  etc., 
partly  to  meet  the  demand  under  the  third  clause  and  partly  in 
preparation  for  future  field  work  or  publication ; fifth,  the  working 
up  of  the  material  obtained  in  the  field  and  the  preparation  of  the 
reports;  sixth,  the  study  of  the  literature  relating  to  the  natural 
resources  of  the  State,  and  the  preparation  of  preliminary  circulars 
of  information  and  of  a bibliography  of  the  literature. 

A few  words  of  further  explanation  may  be  made  of  some  of  the 
lines  of  work  just  listed.  One  of  the  first  lines  taken  up  is  that 
mentioned  last.  In  the  course  of  the  prosecution  of  previous  Na- 
tional, State,  and  private  geologic  and  other  surveys  and  studies,  a 
large  amount  of  valuable  information  has  already  been  gathered. 
This  is  scattered  in  a great  many  publications  of  many  kinds,  some 
of  which  are  out  of  print,  many  of  which  can  be  obtained  only  with 
difficulty,  and  in  most  cases  the  information  on  any  one  subject 
or  about  any  one  locality  is  scattered  through  a dozen  or  a score  of 
publications. 

As  a preliminary  to  the  reports  on  the  detailed  studies  to  be  made 
by  the  Survey,  many  of  which  cannot  be  ready  for  some  years,  pre- 
liminary circulars  of  information  will  be  prepared  as  rapidly  as 
possible,  drawn  from  all  sources  of  information  available  at  the 
time.  This  information  must  necessarily  be  gathered  for  the  use 
of  the  Survey,  and,  if  published  in  brief,  summarized  form,  will 
serve  for  answering  inquiries  until  the  reports  of  the  detailed  work 
become  available. 

The  office  work  of  preparing  the  field  material  for  publication 


METHODS  OF  THE  STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


25 


will  vary  s^Teatly  according  to  the  character  of  the  work.  Where 
the  subject  of  the  study  lies  entirely  at  the  surface,  the  report  may 
consist  simply  of  a transcript  of  the  field  notes  properly  arranged, 
condensed,  and  edited,  accompanied  usually  with  a map,  and  the 
time  involved  is  usually  short  as  compared  with  the  time  required 
for  the  field  work.  More  often  the  notes  themselves  are  used  as 
the  basis  for  certain  general  conclusions,  and  these  must  first  be 
reached,  often  involving  complicated  computations,  reaching  con- 
clusions that  must  then  be  interpreted  in  terms  of  the  map,  etc.  In 
still  other  cases  dealing  with  materials  almost  or  entirely  under- 
ground, as  with  the  coal,  oil,  gas,  and  other  such  resources,  the  data 
is  apt  to  be  mostly  of  such  indirect  character,  and  often  so  incom- 
plete that  the  working  up  of  such  data  is  a long,  slow  job,  involving 
endless  plotting  out  of  well  records,  the  projecting  of  surface  dips 
to  the  depth  of  the  deposit  being  studied,  with  all  of  the  necessary 
calculations  to  allow  for  the  differences  in  the  dip  due  to  the  chang- 
ing thickness  in  the  intervening  beds;  the  constant  application  of 
the  law  of  probabilities,  based  on  the  known  conditions  occurring 
elsewhere  in  developed  territory.  Where  doubt  exists  as  to  the 
identity  of  any  bed  outcropping  at  the  surface,  it  may  be  necessary 
to  make  a series  of  possible  assumptions  and  carry  the  full  set  of 
calculations  through  with  each  to  determine  the  bed’s  most  prob- 
able identity  and  the  probable  depth,  etc.,  of  the  subject  of  study. 
This  statement  is  given  in  explanation  of  the  seeming  long  delay 
that  experience  has  shown  is  apt  to  ensue  between  the  field  work 
and  the  appearance  of  the  report  wherever  these  underground  de- 
posits are  concerned. 

The  collection  and  tabulating  of  data  to-day  forms  no  small  part 
of  the  work  of  the  office.  The  success  of  a given  piece  of  field  work 
often  depends  on  having  copies  of  records  of  wells  or  prospects. 
If  the  collection  of  these  is  left  until  the  field  work  is  to  be  done, 
too  often  it  is  impossible  to  get  all  of  the  records.  Experience  has 
shown  that  the  best  way  is  to  get  them  when  they  are  available. 
Having  gotten  them,  they  are  of  no  use  unless  properly  classified 
and  filed,  so  as  to  be  available  whenever  wanted.  The  same  thing 
is  true  of  a large  amount  of  data  about  the  mines  and  quarries,  of 
analyses,  of  the  results  of  prospecting,  and  of  information  received 
through  correspondence  or  from  office  callers.  The  Survey  will 
employ  the  usual  business  methods  in  filing  and  caring  for  this  ma- 
terial. 

While  the  published  reports  and  circulars  will  be  depended  on 
in  the  main  in  answering  inquiries,  the  Survey  always  stands  ready 


26 


THE  ESTABLISHMENT,  PURPOSE,  SCOPE,  AND 


to  supplement  the  reports  with  any  personal  explanation  that  may 
be  necessary.  It  is  intended  that  in  any  case  the  report  will  give 
all  of  the  information  possessed  by  the  Survey  (except  confidential 
data)  ; but  the  writer  realizes  that,  in  applying  the  conclusions  of 
a report  to  any  particular  locality,  it  is  not  always  easy  to  see  or 
understand  just  what  the  result  of  the  application  will  be  locally. 

The  identification  of  specimens  brought  or  sent  to  the  Survey  has 
always  been  recognized  as  one  of  its  legitimate  functions.  While 
it  is  true  that  it  is  only  rarely  that  specimens  so  received  by  the 
Survey  have  any  wide  interest  or  value,  and  that  a large  share  of 
the  specimens  prove  to  contain  only  mica  or  pyrite  (fool’s  gold)  or 
other  substance  that  is  of  no  value  in  the  form  in  which  it  occurs 
in  the  specimen,  yet  it  is  as  much  the  function  of  the  Survey  to  pre- 
vent the  useless  expenditure  of  money  on  noncommercial  projects 
as  to  encourage  its  expenditure  on  other  projects. 

The  correspondence  and  other  work  necessary  to  the  planning 
and  carrying  on  of  the  work  of  the  Survey  may  be  judged  by  the 
success  or  otherwise  of  the  work  itself. 

Laboratory  Work. — In  accordance  with  the  general  plan  of  not 
duplicating  plants  in  existence  or  work  already  being  done,  the  Sur- 
vey does  not  plan  to  establish  elaborate  chemical  or  physical  labo- 
ratories at  this  time.  On  the  other  hand,  it  plans  to  make  use,  as 
far  as  it  may,  of  the  laboratories  already  in  existence,  such  as  those 
of  the  State  Chemist,  the  State  Agricultural  Experimental  Station, 
the  new  Federal  Bureau  of  Mines,  and  the  several  laboratories  of 
the  Federal  Agricultural  Department.  In  this  way  it  will  be  pos- 
sible not  only  to  avoid  the  large  expense  of  equipping  full  labora- 
tories, but  in  many  cases  it  may  be  possible  to  secure  cooperation 
in  the  laboratory  work  so  as  to  obtain  a division  of  the  expense. 

In  most  cases  it  will  be  possible  to  secure  such  cooperative  lab- 
oratory work  only  where  the  work  being  done  is  of  interest  to  the 
cooperating  bureau  or  department.  There  will  doubtless  arise  from 
time  to  time  many  minor  chemical  questions  which  will  make  it  de- 
sirable that  the  Survey  be  equipped  to  make  simple  qualitative  tests 
in  the  prosecution  of  its  work,  and  it  will  be  so  equipped.  In  an- 
other part  of  this  bulletin  a statement  is  made  of  the  Survey’s  policy 
in  regard  to  doing  analytical  work  for  private  parties. 

In  addition  to  the  chemical  analysis  of  the  various  materials  con- 
stituting the  resources  of  the  State,  there  are  to-day  many  experi- 
ments being  carried  on  looking  to  the  better  utilization  or  prepara- 
tion of  the  mineral  resources  of  the  State.  The  Technologic  Branch 
of  the  Federal  Geological  Survey,  which  now  forms  part  of  the  new 


METHODS  OF  THE  STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


27 


National  Bureau  of  Mines,  has  for  several  years  been  carrying  on 
extensive  experiments  in  the  better  utilization  of  coal  and  other 
substances,  and  there  are  to-day  a number  of  experimental  labora- 
tories, such  as  that  connected  with  the  University  of  Illinois,  that 
are  doing  work  of  a very  high  grade.  While  this  Survey  does  not 
anticipate  undertaking  any  such  work  at  this  time,  it  will  plan  to 
keep  in  close  touch  with  results  of  such  work  being  carried  on  else- 
where, and  to  call  attention  to  such  results  through  the  medium  of 
its  reports  wherever  such  results  have  a direct  bearing  on  the  utili- 
zation of  the  resources  of  this  State.  In  addition  to  that  work,  it 
will  attempt  to  follow  the  practical  application  of  any  of  those  sug- 
gested better  methods  as  they  may  be  applied  in  this  State,  or  of 
any  other  experiments  that  are  being  carried  on  within  the  State 
by  the  producers  or  large  consumers. 

Success  in  the  business  world  to-day  is  spelled  in  good  manage- 
ment and  good  methods.  The  first  is  mainly  a matter  for  the  indi- 
vidual to  work  out  for  himself,  but  the  second  point  comes  as  a 
matter  of  experience  based  on' experiment.  In  the  mining,  metal- 
lurgy, or  preparation  and  utilization  of  nature’s  resources,  there  is 
much  to  be  learned. 

To  take  the  case  of  coal  again.  In  many  districts  but  little  more 
than  one-half  of  the  coal  in  the  bed  is  obtained  by  mining ; in  others 
ninety-five  per  cent  of  the  coal  is  gotten.  It  has  often  happened 
that  by  some  change  in  the  methods  of  preparing  the  coal  for 
market,  a gain  of  five  per  cent  or  ten  per  cent  may  be  made  in  the 
amount  of  marketable  coal  obtained,  or  in  the  price  obtainable  for 
the  coal  as  a whole  without  the  mining  of  an  additional  ton.  The 
ordinary  steam  engine  does  not  obtain  more  than  five  per  cent  to  ten 
per  cent  of  the  power  available  in  the  coal.  Power  equipments  are 
now  being  built  that  obtain  from  twenty  per  cent  to  thirty  per  cent 
or  more  of  the  coal’s  power  from  the  same  amount  of  coal  by  first 
converting  the  coal  into  producer  gas  and  the  use  of  that  in  a gas 
engine.  Indeed,  it  seems  possible  to  look  forward  to  a day  when  all 
of  the  power  being  used  in  at  least  Eastern  and  Middle  Tennessee 
that  is  not  derived  from  water  power  will  be  generated  at  the  mines 
in  the  coal  fields  and  transmitted  electrically  to  where  it  is  to  be 
used.  The  smokeless  combustion  of  fuel  is  another  item  of  large 
interest  to  the  cities. 

Exhibit  and  Educational  Work. — This  work  will  consist,  first,  of 
the  collection  of  specimens  showing  the  various  ores,  minerals, 
rocks,  and  fossils  occurring  in  the  State,  with  specimens  illustrating 
the  several  steps  in  the  processes  of  refining,  smelting,  screening. 


28 


THE  ESTABLISHMENT,  PURPOSE,  SCOPE,  AND 


or  otherwise  preparing  for  market;  second,  of  the  preparation  of 
a State  exhibit  properly  labeled  and  displayed;  third,  of  the  prep- 
aration of  suitable  exhibits  of  the  State’s  resources  at  the  exposi- 
tions that  are  held  from  time  to  time ; fourth,  of  the  preparation  of 
school  collections  from  the  surplus  material  collected  by  the  Sur- 
vey to  be  distributed  to  such  schools  of  the  State  as  give  courses 
along  the  lines  of  the  Survey’s  work ; fifth,  the  preparation  of  “ pop- 
ular ” bulletins  in  untechnical  language  of  the  origin  and  mode  of 
occurrence  of  the  deposits  constituting  the  mineral  resources  of  the 
State,  of  the  history  of  the  mountain  ranges  of  East  Tennessee,  of 
the  Cumberland  Plateau,  of  the  basin  of  Middle  Tennessee,  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley,  of  the  State’s  caves  and  other  objects  of  special 
interest,  of  the  nature  and  development  of  soils,  of  the  simple  prin- 
ciples of  erosion  and  deposition,  etc.;  sixth,  of  the  giving  of  talks 
and  lectures  by  the  State  Geologist  and  other  members  of  the  Sur- 
vey on  the  State’s  resources  or  geology ; seventh,  of  the  preparation 
of  special  magazine  articles  on  Tennessee  and  its  resources  for  out- 
side popular  and  technical  magazines,  calling  attention  to  the  op- 
portunities the  State  offers  for  business  enterprises  or  profitable 
employment,  the  beauty  of  its  scenery,  its  advantages  as  a place  of 
residence,  its  educational,  climatic,  and  other  advantages. 

Publications. — The  results  of  the  Survey’s  work  are  to  be  pub- 
lished as  bulletins,  to  be  issued  as  rapidly  as  they  are  prepared,  and 
numbered  serially.  In  the  case  of  some  of  the  first  bulletins,  which 
will  be  largely  a review  and  gathering  together  of  our  present 
knowledge  of  the  geology  and  resources  of  the  State,  the  bulletin  may 
consist  of  several  distinct  papers,  and  a small  edition  of  the  indi- 
vidual papers  will  be  issued  as  fast  as  ready  to  supply  the  demand 
for  such  information.  The  individual  papers  will  be  treated  as 
preliminary  papers  or  as  “ circulars  of  information.” 

As  the  cost  of  publishing  the  bulletins  must  come  from  the  ap- 
propriation for  the  Survey,  the  editions  will  be  kept  as  small  as  pos- 
sible, and  every  effort  made  to  distribute  them  with  care  in  order 
that  they  may  fall  into  the  hands  of  those  having  a real  interest 
in  the  subjects  treated.  For  that  reason  no  widespread  distribution 
of  the  bulletins  will  be  made  as  they  appear.  They  will  be  sent  free 
to  libraries,  educational  institutions,  the  press.  State  officials,  for- 
eign officials  connected  with  geology,  mining,  agriculture,  and  for- 
estry, and  to  such  persons  as  are  in  active  cooperation  with  the  de- 
partment or  have  rendered  tangible  service  in  the  work  in  hand. 
Notices  will  be  sent  to  such  as  by  inquiry  or  otherwise  have  ex- 
pressed an  interest  in  the  particular  subject  treated,  and  they  and 


METHODS  'OF  THE  STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


29 


any  other  persons  interested  may  obtain  copies  of  the  bulletins  upon 
request  by  inclosing  necessary  postage. 

In  many  States  it  has  been  the  experience  that  long  after  the  edi- 
tion of  a report  has  been  exhausted  there  continue  to  come  reque^sts 
for  that  report,  often  from  persons  having  large  interests  in  the 
matter  treated  of,  or  who  are  considering  local  investments,  and 
the  fact  that  no  copies  are  to  be  had  may  result  in  a distinct  loss 
to  the  State.  To  meet  that  difficulty,  five  hundred  copies  of  each 
edition  will  be  reserved  for  sale  at  the  cost  of  publication.  This 
small  supply  should  serve  to  meet  the  need  of  late  comers,  who,  if 
they  have  a real  interest  in  the  matter  of  the  report,  can  hardly  ob- 
ject to  the  small  cost  necessary  to  obtain  the  information  they  de- 
sire. In  accordance  with  the  bill  establishing  the  Survey,  all  funds 
obtained  in  this  way  are  returned  directly  to  the  State  Treasury. 

As  many  of  the  Survey’s  bulletins  will  be  small,  and  as  it  is  often 
difficult  in  a large  library  to  properly  care  for  small  bulletins,  the 
plan  will  be  tried  of  reserving  a part  of  each  bulletin  unbound  until 
the  end  of  the  year  and  then  to  bind  all  these  parts  together  into  a 
library  edition.  Under  this  plan  the  distribution  of  bulletins  to 
the  libraries  will  not  be  made  until  the  end  of  the  year. 

In  subject-matter,  the  bulletins  will  fall  into  five  classes: 

A.  General  Information, 

This  will  include  bulletins  that  contain  such  information  as  would 
be  desired  by  a citizen  having  only  a general  interest  in  the  sub- 
ject in  question,  or  by  people  outside  of  the  State  making  general  in- 
quiries. It  will  include  bulletins  on  broad  subjects  involving  the 
State  as  a whole,  and  general  and  preliminary  papers  on  such  large 
subjects  as  coal  or  iron  (in  which  the  detailed  descriptions  will  fill 
many  bulletins),  where  they  will  be  used  until  the  study  of  any 
given  area  is  completed. 

B.  Detailed  or  Local  Descriptions, 

This  will  include  the  bulletins  giving  the  results  of  detailed  stud- 
ies of  a given  deposit  or  of  a limited  area,  as  of  a county.  The  bul- 
letins on  the  several  counties  will  be  included  under  this  head.  As 
requests  are  mainly  for  information  relating  to  some  subject  rather 
than  to  some  county,  as  such,  the  detailed  studies  of  the  counties 
will  be  taken  up  in  connection  with  the  study  of  the  principal  re- 
sources they  contain.  Preliminary  papers  on  the  various  counties 
may  be  issued  to  meet  immediate  requirements. 

C.  Technological  Bulletins, 

These  bulletins  will  deal  not  with  the  geologic  descriptions  of  de- 
posits, but  with  the  technique  of  their  use  or  mining,  or  other  mat- 


30 


THE  ESTABLISHMENT,  PURPOSE,  SCOPE,  AND 


ters  of  that  kind,  such  as  the  smokeless  combustion  of  coal,  the  elec- 
trical transmission  of  water  power,  the  prevention  of  hillside  wash, 
etc. 

D,  Educational  and  Scientific  Bulletins. 

These  include  bulletins  describing  the  minerals  or  rocks  of  the 
State,  its  stratigraphy,  paleontology,  physiography,  etc. 

E.  Progress  Reports. 

This  will  include  the  biennial  administrative  report  of  the  di- 
rector of  the  Survey  to  the  State  Legislature,  reports  of  partial  re- 
sults of  long-continued  investigations,  etc. 


COOPERATION. 

In  formulating  the  policy  of  the  Survey,  it  has  been  the  idea  of 
the  State  Geologist  that  the  desire  of  the  people  of  Tennessee  was 
not  so  much  to  build  up  a strong  State  Survey  as  to  secure  certain 
results  with  the  least  possible  delay  and  at  the  smallest  possible 
cost.  The  experience  of  many  of  the  States  has  shown  that  by  co- 
operating with  the  Federal  bureaus,  which  are  thoroughly  equipped 
with  the  necessary  instruments,  with  specialists  who  have  been 
trained  by  years  of  work,  ready  to  take  the  field  at  once,  that  any 
piece  of  work  can  be  done  with  much  less  cost  to  the  State  than  for 
the  State  to  attempt  to  do  that  work  for  itself. 

Accordingly  cooperative  agreements  have  been  entered  into  with 
several  branches  of  the  Federal  Geological  Survey  and  with  several 
of  the  bureaus  of  the  Agricultural  Department,  in  addition  to  co- 
operative arrangements  with  several  of  the  other  departments  of 
this  State.  Under  these  cooperative  agreements,  as  a rule,  the 
work  is  done  under  the  direction  of  a government  expert,  the 
expense  and  the  results  being  shared  equally.  In  many  cases 
the  Federal  Government  pays  salaries  and  the  State  Govern- 
ment pays  the  field  expenses,  which,  as  a rule,  will  not  amount  to 
as  much  as  the  salaries.  In  some  cases,  as  in  the  cooperation  with 
the 'United  States  Geological  Survey,  two  types  of  reports  are  pre- 
pared— an  economic  report,  which  goes  to  the  State,  and  a scientific 
report,  which  is  published  by  the  national  government.  As  a rule, 
the  State  Survey  determines  the  amount  and  grade  of  work  to  be 
done,  and  where  it  is  to  be  done,  provided  such  proposed  work  will 
fit  into  the  general  plans  of  the  Federal  bureaus  concerned.  So 
many  of  the  States  have  entered  into  cooperative  agreements  with 
the  bureaus  of  the  Federal  departments  that  the  funds  of  some  of 
these  Federal  bureaus  go  largely  into  cooperative  work,  so  that 


METHODS  OF  THE  STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


31 


States  not  cooperating?  have  very  little  work  done  in  them  by  these 
bureaus. 

Some  of  the  advantages  to  the  State  with  these  cooperative  agree- 
ments may  be  cited:  In  the  first  place,  the  amounts  of  such  work 
done  in  this  State  and  made  available  to  its  citizens  is  nearly  twice  as 
large  as  the  State  Geological  Survey  could  do  alone;  in  the  second 
place,  the  State  reaps  the  advantage  of  having  the  work  done  by 
trained  specialists  without  having  to  build  up  or  train  a corps  of 
high-salaried  men  for  possibly  small  amounts  of  work  in  each  of 
their  lines;  in  the  third  place,  the  national  bureaus  usually  have 
facilities  for  engraving  and  printing  the  maps  showing  the  results 
of  the  surveys,  and  transfers  of  such  maps  may  be  obtained  by  the 
State  for  its  own  use  at  a small  fraction  of  what  the  engraving 
costs;  in  the  fourth  place,  many  of  the  geologic  and  other  features 
occurring  in  this  State  are  parts  of  large  provinces  extending  over 
many  adjacent  States,  and  the  members  of  the  Federal  bureaus 
bring  to  the  work  in  this  State  a knowledge  of  the  conditions  in 
other  States  in  which  the  same  formation  is  found. 

There  are,  of  course,  many  phases  of  work  in  which  the  State 
Survey  has  a vital  interest,  in  which  the  Federal  bureaus  do  not 
have  an  interest,  and  in  which  they  will  not,  therefore,  cooperate. 
In  many  respects  their  interest  is  more  of  a general  nature  than 
a purely  economic,  whereas  the  State  Survey  is  primarily  economic 
and  only  secondarily  deals  with  matters  of  general  interest.  The 
State  Survey  is,  in  a sense,  an  advertising  agency  for  the  State’s 
resources,  and  in  that  line  naturally  the  Federal  surveys  can  take 
no  part.  There  are  many  types  of  reports  that  must  be  gotten  out 
by  the  State  Survey  in  pursuance  of  the  particular  objects  it  has 
in  view,  in  which  it  cannot  cooperate  with  the  Federal  surveys. 

In  general,  in  planning  cooperative  work,  the  attempt  is  made  to 
secure  such  cooperation  for  the  most  detailed  and  expensive  lines  of 
work,  while  reconnoissance  work  and  other  studies  dealing  with 
purely  local  matters  will  be  taken  up  by  the  State  Survey. 

For  the  first  season  cooperative  agreements  have  been  made  with 
the  Geologic  and  Topographic  Branches  of  the  United  States  Geo- 
logical Survey,  and  with  the  Bureau  of  Soils,  the  Public  Roads  Di- 
vision, and  Drainage  Investigations  of  the  Federal  Department  of 
Agriculture,  and  tentative  plans  have  been  made  with  several  other 
bureaus  and  departments  for  cooperative  work  in  the  future.  As 
a rule,  the  Federal  bureaus  pay  salaries  and  the  State  pays  expenses, 
so  that  its  money  does  not  go  out  of  the  State.  Where  the  work  is 
largely  of  purely  local  interest,  as  in  the  drainage  surveys,  a large 
part  of  the  expense  is  borne  by  the  local  interests. 


32 


THE  ESTABLISHMENT,  PURPOSE,  SCOPE,  AND 


RELATIONS  TO  THE  PUBLIC. 

In  common  with  all  of  the  national  and  State  Surveys,  the  Geo- 
logical Survey  of  Tennessee  has  certain  rules  and  regulations  which 
prohibit  the  director  or  any  member  of  the  Survey  from  having  any 
personal  or  private  interest  in  any  of  the  lands  or  mineral  wealth 
of  a region  under  survey  or  from  executing  any  surveys  or  exami- 
nations for  private  parties  or  corporations  in  this  State.  This  is 
absolutely  necessary  if  the  reports  of  the  Survey  are  to  be  kept  free 
from  any  suspicion  of  bias  or  willful  misrepresentation. 

Except  where  the  results  will  be  of  large  public  interest,  the  Sur- 
vey will  not  undertake  the  examination  of  property  for  private  par- 
ties, as  that  work  properly  belongs  to  the  mining  geologist  or  min- 
ing engineer. 

Rocks  or  minerals  properly  packed  and  sent,  postpaid,  to  the  di- 
rector will  be  examined  without  cost,  providing  an  assay  or  chemical 
analysis  is  not  necessary.  Exception  to  the  latter  rule  may  be  made 
if  the  director  believes  the  specimen  to  contain  valuable  mineral, 
the  determination  of  which  will  be  of  value  to  the  work  of  the  Sur- 
vey and  an  aid  in  the  study  of  the  resources  of  the  State.  When 
requested,  names  of  reliable  parties  will  be  given,  who  may  be  em- 
ployed to  furnish  assays  or  chemical  analyses.  The  Survey  reserves 
the  right  to  publish,  at  any  time,  any  assay  or  analysis  made  at  its 
expense. 

Two  of  the  regulations  are  of  such  character  that  they  had  best 
be  quoted  in  full: 

“ Members  of  the  survey  are  expressly  forbidden  to  give  individuals  or  corpo- 
rations, in  advance  of  publication,  the  results  arrived  at  in  the  course  of  gecrlog- 
ical  examination  in  a district  or  area.  They  are  at  liberty,  however,  to  commu- 
nicate orally  to  the  owner  or  manager  of  a mineral  property,  during  the  progress 
of  its  investigation,  such  information  with  regard  to  the  geology  of  that  prop- 
erty as  may  be  of  value  to  him  in  its  development;  but  written  statements  must 
be  avoided,  lest  they  be  used  for  promoting  or  unduly  enhancing  values.” 

“ Information  of  a confidential  character,  such  as  mine  maps,  drill  records, 
statistics  of  production,  etc.,  supplied  by  private  parties  or  corporations,  must  be 
carefully  guarded  and  used  in  the  preparation  of  reports  for  publication  strictly 
in  accordance  with  the  conditions  stipulated  by  the  persons  furnishing  it.” 

In  general,  in  planning  the  work  for  each  season,  the  plans  are 
largely  influenced  by  the  volume  and  character  of  inquiries  for  in- 
formation that  have  been  received,  modified  by  the  existence  of  ade- 
quate base  maps  or  other  limiting  factors.  As  already  explained, 
it  will  not  pay  to  attempt  to  do  detailed  geological  work  in  a region 


METHODS  OF  THE  STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


33 


where  no  adequate  base  map  exists,  and  before  work  of  that  char- 
acter can  be  done  in  such  a region,  such  an  adequate  base  map  must 
be  prepared.  It  will,  however,  often  be  possible  to  make  reconnois- 
sance  surveys  in  regions  which  have  not  as  yet  been  topographically 
mapped.  At  the  present  time,  with  the  small  number  of  up-to-date 
base  maps  available,  that  factor,  more  than  any  other,  will  deter- 
mine where  the  detailed  work  is  to  be  done.  In  the  beginning,  how- 
ever, a large  amount  of  reconnoissance  work  will  be  desirable  in  or- 
der to  prepare  preliminary  general  bulletins. 

It  may  often  happen  that  residents  of  a district  believe  that  dis- 
trict to  contain  deposits  of  economic  value,  and  under  these  cir- 
cumstances the  director  would  be  very  glad  to  have  his  attention 
called  to  the  matter,  and,  subject  to  the  limitations  imposed  by  the 
facilities  of  the  Survey,  would  gladly  comply  with  requests  for  such 
examination,  provided  a sufficient  number  of  people  are  interested 
in  the  matter  to  justify  the  expenditure  of  the  State  appropriation 
and  provided  that  such  requests  are  made  early  enough  in  the  year 
so  that  advance  plans  may  be  made  for  the  doing  of  such  work  at 
the  time  that  plans  are  made  for  the  season’s  work. 


/ I. 

* . • • ‘ . ^ 


i ^ •!?>.  ;,  ■ •. 

^ ■•:  '■  -'7 

ti^  . : :■  - 

'i  <.:i.  ■ ,'.  • 

.:;iy '^1  j''  , ; 

.rC^.Vi-)'77  '■■- 


' v:4ii 

-ttr,; 

■ ■ t 

• 


';  ■ .jr.’^ 


r‘  • 7“T  Hi:-- 


r>i 


^ ■ rt 
» :ti. 


- ' '■> 


'■•Al 


BULLETIN  1-B 


1-H 


STATE  OP  TENNESSEE— STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 

(;K0R(JE  H.  ASHLEY,  State  (Jeolo^rist 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 

■ OF 

Tennessee  Geology,  Soils,  Drain 
age.  Forestry,  Etc. 

With  Subject  Index  . 


ELIZABETH  COCKRILL 


EXTRACT  (B)  FROM  BULLETIN  No.  1.  “GEOLOGICAL  WORK 
IN  TENNESSEE.” 


NASHVILLE 

FOLK-KEELIN  PRINTING  COMPANY 
1911 


CONTENTS 


Introduction  3 

Bibliography  5 

Index  : 81 

Classified  key  to  the  index 113 

List  of  Survey  publications 


119 


INTRODUCTION 


The  following  bibliogriiphy  was  prepared  by  Miss  Cockrill,  first  as  a card 
catalogue  and  cross  reference  index  for  the  use  of  the  Survey,  and  then  for 
publication  for  general  use. 

As  is  readily  seen,  a large  amount  of  geologic  work  has  already  been  done 
in  Tennessee.  While  many  of  these  reports  and  papers  are  out  of  print  or 
can  be  obtained  only  with  difficulty,  on  the  other  hand,  many  of  them  can 
be  obtained  for  the  asking  or  at  a relatively  small  cost. 

It  is  the  purpose  of  the  present  State  Survey  to  prepare  a series  of  bul- 
letins summarizing  all  that  is  now  known  of  the  different  mineral  resources, 
and  the  different  counties,  and  in  many  cases,  these  summaries  will  cover 
all  of  the  facts  presented  in  the  earlier  reports,  and  to  that  extent  will,  for 
practical  purposes,  entirely  superseded  those  reports;  but  no  attempt  to  du- 
plicate the  detailed  earlier  reports  will  be  made  until  such  time  as  the  Sur- 
vey’s own  detailed  work  shall  have  covered  that  area,  resource  or  problem. 

For  example,  the  Columbia  folio  by  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  is  a beau- 
tiful piece  of  work  and  mapping,  describing  the  phosphate  rocks  occurring 
in  that  region,  the  rocks  in  which  the  phosphates  occur,  their  probable 
origin,  their  general  distribution,  their  general  chemical  character,  but  no 
details  are  given.  In  the  progress  of  its  detailed  study  of  the  phosphate 
rocks,  the  State  Survey  will  ultimately  hope  to  publish,  not  only  detailed 
maps  of  the  phosphate  deposits,  but  detailed  descriptions  of  all  the  deposits, 
giving,  as  far  as  possible,  detailed  sections,  description  of  extent,  analyses, 
etc.  But  meanwhile  many  people  may  want  to  refer  to'  the  Columbia  folio 
if  they  know  of  its  existence.  So,  too,  the  Columbia  folio  describes  some 
interesting  embayment  deposits.  Ultimately  the  State  Survey  hopes  to  trace 
those  deposits  to  their  natural  limits,  but  it  may  be  some  years  before  that 
can  be  done,  and  in  the  meanwhile  many  people  would  be  interested  in  the 
facts  brought  out  even  in  as  limited  an  area  as  that  covered  by  the  Col- 
umbia folio. 

Therefore,  it  has  been  felt  that  it  would  be  a distinct  service  to  publish 
a list  of  the  reports  and  papers  that  have  been  written  on  the  geology,  soils, 
drainage  and  forestry  of  Tennessee.  The  bibliography  makes  no'  pretense 
to  being  complete,  especially  in  the  cross  indexing  (as  many  of  the  earlier 
papers,  especially,  are  not  contained  in  the  State  Geologist’s  private  library, 
which,  for  the  time  being,  must  serve  the  needs  of  the  new  Survey). 

But  it  wa^  felt  it  would  be  of  more  value  to  bring  the  list  out  without 
delay,  rather  than  to  wait  the  several  years  that  are  usually  necessary  to 
search  out  the  few  additional  titles  to  make  it  complete. 

In  preparing  the  bibliography.  Miss  Cockrill  has  made  use  of  the  various 
bibliographies  on  geology  issued  by  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  and  has 
supplemented  that  by  lists  kindly  furnished  by  the  several  bureaus  of  the 
Agricultural  Department,  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  etc.,  and  by  such 
other  titles  as  could  be  learned  of  from  the  people  in  the  State.  In  this 
work  she  has  received  a large  amount  of  assistance  from  Professor  Glenn, 


4 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


who  has  gone  through  all  of  the  geological  library  of  Vanderbilt  University, 
including  Professor  Safford’s  books,  so  that  including  a large  number  of 
titles  from  the  reports  of  the  Chief  of  Engineers,  State  Board  of  Health, 
and  similar  publications,  he  added  nearly  a .thousand  titles  to  those  pre- 
viously obtained.  Mr.  Nelson  has  aided  in  preparing  the  index  and  in  the 
l)roof  reading. 

The  government  reports  are  usually  to  be  obtained  by  request  from  the 
heads  of  the  several  bureaus,  thus  letters  for  such  reports  should  be  ad- 
dressed to:  The  Director,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Washington,  D.  C.;  The 
Superintendent  of  the  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  Washington,  D.  C.;  The 
Director,  Office  of  Public  Roads,  Agricultural  Department,  Washington,  D. 
C.;  Chief  of  Bureau  of  Soils,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C.; 
Chief  Forester,  Forest  Service,  Washington,  D.  C.,  etc.  A few  of  the  pub- 
lications are  sale  publications,  such  as  the  topographic  atlas  sheets,  and  the 
folios  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  In  these  cases,  the  charges  made  are 
simply  to  cover  the  cost  of  printing  and  binding.  The  topographic  atlas 
sheets  can  be  obtained  at  a cost  of  five  cents  each,  and  the  folios  for  twenty- 
five  cents  each  (stamps  not  accepted).  In  some  cases  the  supply  of  these 
publications  for  distribution  for  the  several  bureaus  will  be  found  to  have 
been  exhausted.  Application  should  then  be  made  to  the  Superintendent 
of  Documents,  Washington,  D.  C.,  from  whom  they  may  be  purchased  at 
the  cost  of  publication.  If  the  supply  of  that  official  is  exhausted,  they  can 
only  be  obtained  from  second  hand  book  dealers,  or  from  people  to  whom 
they  were  previously  sent.  Many  of  these  publications  can  be  consulted  at 
the  libraries,  as  most  of  the  libraries  receive  full  sets  of  the  government 
publications. 

Nashville.  GEORGE  H.  ASHLEY. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE. 
GEOLOGY,  SOIL,  DRAINAGE,  FORESTRY,  ETC. 


By  Elizabeth  Cockrill. 


A. 

Anonymous. 

1.  Resources  of  Tennessee. 

(In  Southern  Lumberman,  Nov.  15,  1901,  vol.  40,  No.  458:4.) 

2.  State  Forestry  Association  for  Tennessee  (organization). 

(In  Forester,  Aug-.,  Sept.,  1901,  vol.  7:208,  230-31;  Forest  Leaves,  Oct.,  1901, 
.vol.  8:78;  Southern  Lumberman,  Aug.  15,  1901,  vol.  40,  452:5.) 

3.  Tennessee  Forests. 

(In  .Southern  Lumberman,  July  15,  1901,  vol.  39,  No.  450:4-5.) 

4.  What  can  the  State  do  in  the  matter  of  forestry? 

(In  Southern  Lumberman,  April  15,  1900,  vol.  36,  No.  420:  4.) 

5.  Hardwood  bottom  lands  in  two  Southern  States. 

6.  A brief  description  of  the  forests  of  Tennessee. 

7.  Descriptive  report  of  various  tracts  of  mineral  lands  in  Kentucky  and 

Tennessee  adjacent  to  and  on  the  lines  of  the  Cincinnati  Southern  and 
Knoxville  & Ohio  railways; 

12  pp.  n.  p.  (1873). 

8;  The  copper  mines  of  Tennessee; 

Mining  Mag.,  vol.  6,  p.  193,  1866.  Reprinted  from  the  Union  and  American. 
0.  Prospectus  of  the  Southern  Zinc  Company,  with  a report  upon  the  com- 
pany’s mines,  Union  County,  Tennessee. 

19  pp.,  800;  1860. 

10.  Joint  Conference  Coal  Miners  and  Operators  of  District  Nineteen,  Knox- 

ville, Tenn. 

• Contains  proceedings  of  special  convention  of  Coal  Operators  Association 
and  United  Mine  Workers  of  America  of  District  No.  19,  held  at  Knox- 
ville, Tenn.,  Aug.  27-31,  1907,  on  pp.  131-251. 

August  6 to  9,  1907,  pp.  251,  Knoxville  (1907). 

11.  Mountain  regions  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee. 

DeBow’s  Rev.,  vel.  26,  pp.  702-706,  1859. 

12.  Resurvey  of  the  Tennessee  River  from  Brown’s  Ferry  to  Florence,  Ala. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1872,  pp.  495-501. 

13.  Drainage  Law  of  Tennessee. 

Senate  Bill  No.  229.  Extract  from  Acts  of  Tennessee,  1909,  Chapter  185. 
Tenn.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  No.  3,  extract  C,  pp.  48-74,  1910. 

Abbott  (H.  L.)  and  Humphreys  (A.  A.) 

Report  upon  the  physics  and  hydraulics  of  the  Mississippi  River,  upon 
the  protection  of  the  alluvial  regions  against  overflow,  and  upon  the 
deepening  of  the  mouths.  Based  upon  surveys  and  investigations,  etc. 
U.  S.  Army,  Corps  of  Topographic  Engineers,  prof.  Papers,  No.  4,  XIII, 
456,  147  pages,  20  plates,  4°,  Philadelphia,  1861.  Also  Washington,  1861. 
Again,  214,  pp.  1 pi.,  Washington,  1867.  With  additions,  691  pp.  25  pi. 
(Prof.  Paper,  No.  13.)  Washington,  1876. 

Reviewed  by  J,  B-  Eads,  Van  NOvStrand’s  Eng.  Mag.,  voh  19,  pp.  211-229, 
1878. 


6 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Adams  (M.  B.) 

1.  Improvement  of  Obion  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng-.  Kept.,  1901,  pt.  3,  pp.  2403-2405. 

2.  Improvement  of  Forked  Deer  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1901,  pt.  3,  pp.  2405-2407. 

3. . Improvement  of  Cumberland  River,  Tennessee  and  Kentucky. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1901,  pt.  3,  pp.  2407-2416. 

4.  Improvement  of  Obion  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1900,  pt.  4,  pp.  2887-2889.  ' 

5.  Improvement  of  Forked  Deer  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1900,  pt.  4,  pp.  2889-2891. 

6.  Improvement  of  Cumberland  River,  Tennessee  and  Kentucky. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1900,  pt.  4,  pp.  2891-2906. 

7.  Improvement  of  Obion  and  Forked  l3eer  Rivers,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1902,  pt.  2,  pp.  1693-1695. 

8.  Improvement  of  Cumberland  River,  Tennessee  and  Kentucky,  below  Nash- 

ville, Tenn. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1902,  pt.  2,  pp.  1695-1706. 

5).  Improvement  of  Obion  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1899,  pt.  3,  pp.  2233-2235. 

10.  tm])rovement  of  Forked  Deer  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1899,  pt.  3,  pp.  2235-2238. 

11.  Improvement  of  Cumberland  River,  Tennessee  and  Kentucky. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1899,  pt.  3,  pp.  2238-2249. 

Andrews  (E.  B.) 

A comparison  between  the  Ohio  and  West  Virginia  sides  of  the  Allegheny  ' 
coal  fields. 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  10,  pp.  283-290,  1875. 

Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  Proc.,  vol.  24,  pt.  2,  pp.  84-92,  1875. 

Ansted  (D.  T.) 

On  the  copper  lodes  of  Ducktown  in  East  Tennessee. 

Geol.  Soc.  Quart.  Jour.,  vol.  13,  pp.  245-254,  1857. 

Ashburner  (Charles  A.) 

Coal. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Mineral  Resources,  1887,  pp.  1^8-382,  Washington,  1888. 

Ashley  (George  Hall). 

1.  Cumberland  coal  fields  and  its  creators. 

J.  C.  Tipton,  Middlesborough,  Ky.,  1905. 

2.  The  Cumberland  Gap  coal  fields  of  Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Bull.  No.  225,  pp.  259-275,  1904.  Describes  location,  strati- 
graphy and  geologic  structure  of  the  field,  the  character  and  geologic 
relations  of  the  coal  seams,  and  the  mining  development. 

3.  The  Cumberland  Gap  coal  field. 

Mg.  Mag.,  vol.  10,  pp.  94-100,  1 pi.,  5 figs.,  1904.  Describes  the  location 
and  general  geologic  structure  of  the  coal  basin  occupying  parts  of  Ken- 
tucky and  Tennessee,  and  the  occurrence,  chai-acter  and  mining  of  the 
coal. 

4.  The  establishment,  purpose,  scope  and  methods  of  the  State  Geological 

Survey. 

Tenn.  Geo.  Survey,  Bull.  No.  1,  extract  A,  p.  33,  1910. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


7 


Ashley  (George  Hall) — Continued. 

5.  Outline  introduction  to  the  Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee. 

Teiin.  Gool.  Suiv('y.  Hull.  No.  1,  extract  A,  pp.  1910. 

().  Drainage  problems  in  Tennessee. 

Tenn.  Geol.  Surv.,  Bull.  No.  3,  extract  A,  pp.  7-15,  1910. 

Ashley  (George  H.)  and  Glenn  (Leonidas  C.) 

Geology  and  mineral  resources  of  part  of  the  Cumberland  Gap  coal  field, 
Kentucky. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Prof,  paper  No.  49,  239  pp.,  40  pLs.,  13  1906.  De- 

scribes the  physiography,  stratigraphy  and  geological  structure  of  the 
region,  and  in  detail  the  occurrence,  character,  geological  relations  and 
correlations  of  the  coal  seams.  * 

Ashe  (W.  W.) 

See  Ayres  (H.  B.)  and  Ashe  (W.  W.) 

See  Foster  (H.  D.)  and  Ashe  (W.  W.) 

See  Greeley  (W.  B.)  and  Ashe  (W.  W.) 

Ayres  (H.  B.)  and  Ashe  (W.  W.) 

1.  The  Southern  Appalachian  forests. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Prof.  Paper,  No.  37,  291  pp.,  maps,  Washington,  1905. 

2.  Forests  and  forest  conditions  in  the  Southern  Appalachians. 

Sen.  Ex.,  Doc.  84,  57th  Cong.,  1st  Ses.,  pp.  45-110. 

Ayrs  (O.  L.)  and  Hill  (D.  H.). 

Soil  Survey  of  Giles  County,  Tennessee. 

Field  Operations  of  the  Bureau  of  Soils,  1907,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agri- 
culture. 

Ayrs  (O.  L.)  and  Gray  (M.  W.) 

Soil  survey  of  Overton  County,  Tennessee. 

Field  Operations  of  the  Bureau  of  Soils,  1908,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agri- 
culture. 

Ayrs  (O.  L.) 

See  Mooney  (Charles  N.)  and  Ayrs  (O.  L.),  1,  2,  3. 

B.  (R.) 

B. 

View  of  the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi. 

341  pp.,  maps,  12  mo.,  Philadelphia,  1832. 

Tennessee  described  with  frequent  references  to  her  mineral  resources, 
pp.  186-199. 

Barden  (W.  J.) 

1.  Improvement  of  Cumberland  River,  Tennessee  and  Kentucky. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1903,  pt.  — , pp.  1581-1588. 

2.  Improvement  of  Obion  and  Forked  Deer  Rivers,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1903,  pt.  2,  pp.  1279-1581. 

3.  Improvement  of  Clinch,  Hiwassee  and  Holston  Rivers,  Tennessee  and 

Virginia. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept,  1903,  pt.  2,  pp.  1619-1625. 

4.  Improvement  of  French  Broad  and  Little  Pigeon  Rivers,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1903,  pt.  2,  pp.  1616-1618. 

5.  Operating  and  care  of  Muscle  Shoals  canal,  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1903,  pt.  2,  pp.  1605-1616. 


8 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Barden  (W.  J.) — Continued. 

G.  Improvement  of  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1903,  pt.  2,  pp.  1.591-1604. 

Barlow  (J.  W.) 

1.  Preliminary  examination  of  Little  Pigeon  River,  Tennessee,  from  mouth 

to  Sevierville. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1891,  pt.  4,  pp.  2287-2288. 

Also  H.  Ex.  Doc.  No.  159,  51  Cong.  2 Ses. 

2.  Improvement  of  Hiwassee  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng,  Kept.,  1891,  pt.  4,  pp.  2259-2261. 

3.  Improvenient  of  French  Broad  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1891,  pt.  4,  pp.  2261-2264. 

4.  Improvement  of  Clinch  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1891,  pt.  4,  pp.  2264-2266. 

5.  Improvement  of  Tennessee  River. 

•Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1891,  pt.  4,  pp.  2252-2259. 

6.  Improvement  of  Cumberland  River,  Tennessee  and  Kentucky. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1891,  pt.  4,  pp.  2267-2283. 

7.  Improvement  of  Caney  Fork  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1891,  pt.  4,  pp.  2284-2285. 

8.  Improvement  of  South  Fork  of  Cumberland  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1891,  pt.  4,  p.  2286. 

9.  Preliminary  examination  of  Obion  River,  Tennessee,  from  its  mouth  to 

the  crossing  of  the  Louisville  and  Memphis  Railroad  in  Obion  County. 
Chief  of  Eng.  Kept,,  1891,  pt.  4,  pp.  2292-2301. 

10.  Improvement  of  Caney  Fork  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1890,  pt.  3,  pp.  2149-2151. 

11.  Preliminary  examination  of  Lower  Cumberland  River,  Tennessee,  from 

Nashville  to  its  mouth,  to  ascertain  if  necessary  to  establish  locks  and 
dams. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1890,  pt.  3,  pp.  2151-2161. 

12.  Improvement  of  South  Fork  of  Cumberland  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1890,  pt.  3,  pp.  2148-2149. 

13.  Improvement  of  Cumberland  River,  Tennessee  and  Kentucky. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1890,  pt.  3,  pp.  2133-2148. 

14.  Improvement  of  Clinch  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1890,  pt.  3,  pp.  2131-2133. 

15.  Improvement  of  Hiwassee  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1890,  pt.  3,  pp.  2130-2131. 

16.  Improvement  of  French  Broad  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1890,  pt.  3,  pp.  2127-2129. 

17.  Improvement  of  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1890,  pt.  3,  pp.  2111-2127. 

18.  Improvement  of  Caney  Fork  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1889,  pt.  3,  pp.  1847-1849. 

19.  Improvement  of  South  Fork  of  Cumberland  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1889,  pt.  3,  pp.  1846-1847. 

20.  Improvement  of  Cumberland  River,  Tennessee  and  Kentucky, 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1889,  pt.  3,  pp.  1837-1845, 


lUHLlOCRArilY  Ol'  TI'.NN luSSlCIC  GEOLOGY. 


[) 


Barlow  (J.  W.) — Continued. 

21.  Improvement  of  Clinch  River,  Teniressee. 

Chief  of  Kept.,  ISSi),  pt.  3,  pp.  1335-1837. 

22.  Improvement  of  Hiwassee  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Kng-.  Rept,  1889,  pt.  3,  pp.  1833-1834. 

23.  Improvement  of  French  Broad  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng-.  Kept.,  1889,  pt.  3,  pp.  1831-1833. 

24.  Improvement  of  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1889,  pt.  3,  pp.  1819-1830. 

25.  Preliminary  examination  of  Obeil’s  (Obey’s)  River  from  the  point  where 

improvements  have  been  heretofore  made  to  the  mouth  of  the  West 
Fork,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1888,  pt.  3,  pp.  1636-1638. 

26.  Improvement  of  Caney  Pork  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1888,  pt.  3,  pp.  1634-1635. 

27.  Improvement  of  South  Fork  of  Cumberland  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1888,  pt.  3,  pp.  1633-1634. 

28.  Improvement  of  Cumberland  River,  Tennessee  and  Kentucky. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1888,  pt.  3,  pp.  1611-1632. 

29.  Improvement  of  Duck  Rkver,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1888,  pt.  3,  pp.  1610-1611. 

30.  Improvement  of  Clinch  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1888,  pt.  3,  pp.  1606-1609. 

31.  Improvement  of  Hiwassee  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1888,  pt.  3,  pp.  1605-1606. 

32.  Improvement  of  Little  Tennessee  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1888,  pt.  3,  pp.  1604-1605. 

33.  Improvement  of  French  Broad  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1888,  pt.  3,  pp.  1602-1603. 

34.  Improvement  of  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1888,  pt.  3,  pp.  1591-1601. 

35.  Improvement  of  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1887,  pt.  3,  pp.  1737-1751. 

36.  Improvement  of  French  Broad  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1887,  pt.  3,  pp.  1751-1752. 

37.  Improvement  of  Little  Tennessee  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1887,  pt.  3,  pp.  1752-1753. 

38.  Improvement  of  Hiwassee  Jliver,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1887,  pt.  3,  pp.  1754-1755. 

39.  Improvement  of  Clinch  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1887,  pt.  3,  pp.  1755-1757. 

40.  Improvement  of  Duck  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1887,  pt.  3,  pp.  1757-1758. 

41.  Improvement  of  Cumberland  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1887,  pt.  3,  pp.  1758-1765. 

42.  Improvement  of  South  Fork  of  Cumberland  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1887,  pt.  3,  pp.  1765-1766. 

43.  Improvement  of  Caney  Fork  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1887,  pt.  3,  pp.  1766-1768. 


10 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Barlow  (J.  W.) — Continued. 

44.  Examination  of  Caney  Fork  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1887,  pt.  3,  pp.  1768-1772. 

45.  Examination  of  Holston  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1887,  pt.  3,  pp.  1772-1779. 

4G.  Improvement  of  South  Fork  of  the  Cumberland  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1886,  pt.  3,  p.  1525. 

47.  Improvement  of  Little  Tennessee  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1886,  pt.  3,  pp.  1524-1525. 

48.  Improvement  of  Caney  Fork  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1886,  pt.  3,  pp.  1523-1524. 

49.  Improvement  of  Duck  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1886,  pt.  3,  p.  1523. 

50.  Improvement  of  Clinch  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1886,  pt.  3,  pp.  1521-1523. 

51.  Improvement  of  French  Broad  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1886,  pt.  3,  pp.  1520-1521. 

52.  Improvement  of  Hiwassee  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1886,  pt.  3,  pp.  1519-1520. 

53.  Improvement  of  Cumberland  River,  Tennessee  and  Kentucky. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1886,  pt.  3,  pp.  1515-1519. 

54.  Improvement  of  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1886,  pt.  3,  pp.  1509-1514. 

Battle  (H.  B.). 

Analyses  comparing  the  bituminous  coals  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee. 

Elisha  Mitch.  Sci.  Soc.,  Jour.  vol.  3,  pp.  51-53,  1886. 

Battle  (R.  H.). 

The  preservation  of  the  Appalachian  forests  in  a national  park. 

Tennessee  Forest  Association,  1902-03,  p.  34. 

Barrande  (J.). 

Document  anciens  et  nouveaux  sur  la  faune  primordiale  et  le  systeme 
taconique  en  Amerique. 

Soc.  Geol.,  France,  Bull.,  2d  series,  vol.  18,  pp.  203-321,  1861.  Includes  notes 
by  Logan,  pp.  309-314. 

Reviewed* by  T.  S.  Hunt,  Canadian  Nat.,  vol.  6,  pp.  374-383,  1861. 

Bassler  (Ray). 

See  Pate  and  Bassler. 

Bauer  (L.  A.). 

1.  Terrestrial  magnetism. 

Results  of  magnetic  observations  made  by  the  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey 
between  July  1,  1903,  and  June  30,  1904.  Department  of  Commerce  and 
Labor,  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  Appendix  No.  3,  report  for  1904,  pp. 
250-254. 

2.  Terrestrial  magnetism. 

Results  of  magnetic  observations  made  by  the  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey 
between  July  1,  and  June  30,  1906.  Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor, 
Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey.  Appendix  No.  3.  Report  for  1906,  pp.  191 
and  192. 

Belden  (A.  W.). 

See  Holmes,  J.  A, 


RIBLIOCRAIMIY  Ol'  TKNNILSSRE  (i I'lOLOC.V. 


11 


Bell  (T.  A.). 

See  Hilder,  Arthur;  et  al. 

Bennett  (P.). 

See  Carr  (M.  E.)  and  Bennett  (F.)- 
Bennett  (H.  H.). 

See  Smith  (William  G.)  and  Bennett  (H.  H.). 

Benyaurd  (W.  H.  H.) 

1.  Improvement  of  Big  Hatchie  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1882,  pt.  2,  pp.  1555-1556. 

2.  Improvement  of  Big  Hatchie  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1881,  pt.  2,  pp.  1415-1416. 

3.  Examination  of  Obion  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  pt.  2,  pp.  1486-1489. 

4.  Examination  of  North  Forked  Deer  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1881,  pt.  1,  pp.  1492-1497. 

5.  Examination  of  South  Forked  Deer  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1881,  pt.  2,  pp.  1489-1492. 

6.  (Examination  and)  Improvement  of  Big  Hatchie  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1880,  pt.  2,  pp.  1330-1332. 

Bergland  (Eric). 

1.  Improvement  of  South  Forked  Deer  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1886,  pt.  2,  pp.  1367-1368. 

2.  Improvement  of  Big  Hatchie  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1886,  pt.  2,  pp.  1366-1367. 

3.  Improvement  of  South  Forked  Deer  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1885,  pt.  2,  pp.  1529-1532. 

4.  Improvement  of  Big  Hatchie  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1885,  pt.  2,  pp.  1527-1529. 

Biddle  (John). 

1.  Improvement  of  Forked  Deer  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1897,  pt.  3,  pp.  2217-2220. 

2.  Improvement  of  Cumberland  River,  Tennessee  and  Kentucky. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1897,  pt.  3,  pp.  2220-2234. 

3.  Survey  of  North  Fork  of  Forked  Deer  River,  Tennessee,  from  Dyersburg 

to  the  main  stream,  and  thence  to  Obion  River,  with  a view  of  deep- 
ening the  channel  and  improving  navigation  from  Dyersburg  to  the 
Mississippi  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1897,  pt.  3,  pp.  2234-2242. 

Also,  H.  Doc.  No.  282,  54th  Cong.,  2d  ses. 

4.  Improvement  of  Obion  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1897,  pt.  3,  pp.  2215-2217. 

5.  Survey  of  Forked  Deer  River  from  Dyersburg,  Tenn.,  to  its  junction  with 

the  Obion  River,  an&  thence  to  the  Mississippi  River,  so  as  to  make  said 
stream  navigable  all  the  vear. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1895,  pt.  3,  pp.  2265-2275. 

Also,  H.  ex.  Doc.  No.  156,  53d  Cong.,  3d  ses. 

6.  Improvement  of  Obion  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1896,  pt.  3,  pp.  1897-1900, 


12 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Biddle  (John)— Continued, 

7.  Improvement  of  Forked  Deer  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1896,  pt.  3,  pp.  1900-1904. 

8.  Improvement  of  Cumberland  River,  Tennessee  and  Kentucky, 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1896,  pt.  3,  pp.  1905-1918. 

9.  Improvement  of  Obion  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1895,  pt.  3,  pp.  2245-2247. 

10.  Improvement  of  Forked  Deer  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1895,  pt.  3,  pp.  2247-2250. 

11.  Improvement  of  Cumberland  River,  Tennessee  and  Kentucky. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1895,  pt.  3,  pp.  2250-2264. 

12'  Improvement  of  Caney  Fork  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1895,  pt.  3,  pp.  2264-2265. 

13.  Improvement  of  Obion  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1894,  pt.  3,  pp.  1785-1787. 

14.  Improvement  of  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1894,  pt.  3,  pp.  1787-1795. 

15.  Improvement  of  Hiwassee  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1894,  pt.  3,  pp.  1795-1797. 

16.  Improvement  of  French  Broad  River,  and  Little  Pigeon  River,  Tennessee 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1894,  pt.  3,  pp.  1797-1801. 

17.  Improvement  of  Clinch  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1894,  pt.  3,  pp.  1801-1804. 

18.  Improvement  of  Cumberland  River,  Tennessee  and  Kentucky. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1894,  pt.  3,  pp.  1804-1818. 

19.  Improvement  of  Caney  Fork  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1894,  pt.  3,  pp.  1818-1820. 

20.  Improvement  of  Hiwassee  River,  Tennessee, 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1893,  pt.  3,  pp.  2381-2383. 

21.  Improvement  of  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1893,  pt.  3,  pp.  2330-2381. 

22.  Improvement  of  Obion  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1893,  pt.  3,  pp.  2327-2329. 

23.  Improvement  of  Caney  Fork  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1893,  pt.  3,  pp.  2402-2403. 

24.  Improvement  of  Cumberland  River,  Tennessee  and  Kentucky. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1893,  pt.  3,  pp.  2389-2402. 

25.  Improvement  of  French  Broad  River  and  IJttle  Pigeon  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1893,  pt.  3,  pp.  2383-2386. 

26.  Improvement  of  Clinch  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1893,  pt.  3,  pp.  2387-2389. 

Bingham  (Theo  A.). 

1.  Improvement  of  Clinch  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1895,  pt.  3,  pp.  2318-2320. 

2.  Improvement  of  French  Broad  River  and  Little  Tennessee  River,  Ten- 

nessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1895,  pt.  3,  pp.  2313-2318. 

3.  Improvement  of  Hiwassee  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1895,  pt.  3,  pp.  2311-2313. 


BIBLIOCRAPIIY  C)l<  TKNNKSSKK  (lEOLOGY. 


13 


Bingham  (Tlioo.  A.) — Continued. 

4.  Operating  and  car(>  of  Muscle  Shoals  canal,  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Kng.  Rept.,  ISOf),  pt.  i)p.  1. 

r>.  Tmprovement  of  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng-.  Kept.,  ISDf),  pt.  2,  pi>.  22S2-2:i0r>,  2 maps. 

Blake  (William  P.). 

1.  Notes  and  recollections  concerning  the'  mineral  resources  of  northern 

Georgia  and  western  North  Carolina. 

Am.  Inst.  Mg.  Engrs.,  Trans.,  vol.  XXC,  pp.  796-Sll,  1896. 

Describes  the  occurrence  of  gold  in  Georgia,  and  copper  in  Tennessee,  and 
mentions  the  occurrence  of  certain  minerals  in  the  Southern  Appalach- 
ians. 

2.  Note  on  zircons  in  Unaka  magnetite.  • 

Amer.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  Trans.,  vol.  7,  p.  76,  1878.  ' • 

Blake  (William  P.). 

See  Hitchcock  (C.  H.)  and  Blake  (William  P.). 

Bolster  (R.  H.) 

See  Horton  (A.  H.),  Hall  (M.  R.)  and  Bolster  (R.  H.). 

See  Leighton  (M.  O.),  Hall  (M.  R.)  and  Bolster  (R.  H.). 

Bokum  (Herman). 

The  Tennessee  Handbook  and  Immigrants’  Guide, 
p.  164,  1 map,  Philadelphia,  1868. 

Bowron  (W.  M.). 

1.  The  cost  of  a ton  of  pig  iron  in  the  Sequatchie  valley. 

Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  Trans.,  vol.  17,  pp.  45-50,  1888-89. 

2.  The  iron  ores  of  the  Chattanooga  district. 

Chattanooga  Chamber  of  Commerce,  November,  1903,  p.  4 (private  publi- 
cation). 

3.  The  geology  and  mineral  resources  of  Sequatchie  Valley,  Tennessee. 

Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  Trans.,  vol.  14,  pp.  172-181,  May,  1886. 

Boyd  (C.  R.). 

1.  The  utilization  of  the  iron  and  copper  sulphides  of  Virginia,  North  Caro- 

lina and  Tennessee. 

Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  Trans.,  vol.  14,  pp.  81-84,  1885. 

2.  The  economic  geology  of  the  Bristol  and  Big  Stone  Gap  section  of  Ten- 

nessee and  Virginia. 

Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  Trans.,  vol.  15,  pp.  114-121,  1887. 

Boyd  (S.  B.). 

The  medical  topography  of  the  valley  of  East  Tennessee. 

Second  report  State  Board  of  Health,  pp.  380-385,  Nashville,  1885. 

Bradley  (Frank  H.). 

1.  On  Unakyte,  an  epidotic  rock  from  the  Unaka  range,  on  the  borders  of 

Tennessee  and  North  Carolina. 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  7,  pp.  519-520,  (Vz  p.),  1874. 

2.  Geological  chart  of  the  United  States  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and 

of  Canada. 

16  by  24  inches  in  12°,  folder.  New  York,  1875. 


14 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  tENNESSFE  GEOLOGY. 


Bradley  (Prank  H.) — Continued. 

3.  On  a “geological  chart  of  the  United  States  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains 

and  of  Canada.” 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  12,  pp.  286-291,  1876. 

Reviewed  by  A.  R.  C.  Selwyn,  ib.,  p.  461  (V2  P-),  1876. 

4.  On  the  Silurian  age  of  the  southern  Appalachians. 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  9,  pp.  279-288,  370-383,  1875. 

5.  Report  of  Coal  Creek  Mining  and  Manufacturing  Company,  1872. 

Quoted  ill  Killebrew's  Resources  of  Tennessee,  pp.  206-210. 

Breckenridge  (L.  P.). 

See  Holmes  (J.  A.). 

Brewer  (William  H.). 

Warren’s  New  Physical  Geography. 

144  pages,  4°,  Philadelphia,  1890. 

Brewer  (William  M.). 

1.  Ducktown,  Tenn.,  copper  mining  district. 

Png.  and  Mg.  Jour.,  vol.  lix,  p.  271,  1895. 

Describes  the  occurrence  of  copper  ore  in  the  southwestern  portion  of 
Tennessee. 

2.  Mineral  resources  along  the  line  of  the  East  Tennessee,  Virginia  and 

Georgia  division  of  the  Southern  Railway. 

Eng.  and  Mg.  Jour.,  vol.  Ixi,  pp.  65-66,  1896. 

Includes  general  remarks  on  the  occurrence  of  bauxite,  iron,  lead  and 
zinc  ores  in  this  region. 

Britton  (N.  L.). 

Geological  notes  in  western  Virginia,  North  Carolina  and  eastern  Tennes- 
see. 

New  York  Acad.  Sci.,  Trans.,  vol  5,  pp.  215-223,  1887. 

Broadhead  (G.  C.). 

Report  of  the  geological  survey  of  Missouri. 

Including  field  work  of  1873-1874,  734,  XLIX,  4 pages,  plates,  atlas,  Jefferson 
City,  1874. 

Includes  notes  by  Norwood,  report  on  lead  region  by  Schmidt  and  Leonhard 
’ Gage  and  Moore,  and  appendices  by  various  persons. 

Abstract,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  9,  pp.  148-150,  1875. 

Brown  (Calvin  S.). 

Contributions  to  the  coal  flora  of  Tracy  City. 

32  pp.,  800,  Washington  (1892). 

Brown  (Lucius  P.). 

1.  The  phosphate  rock  deposits  of  Tennessee  during  1897. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  19th  Ann.  Rept.,  pt.  (continued),  pp.  547-555,  1898. 
Describes  the  character  and  origin  of  the  Tennessee  phosphate  deposits. 

2.  Phosphate  mining  in  Tennessee. 

Mineral  Industry,  1896,  pp.  453-456,  1897. 

Describes  the  character  and  occurrence  of  phosphate  rocks  in  certain 
parts  of  the  State. 

3.  Phosphate  deposits  of  the  Southern  States. 

Eng.  Assn,  of  the  South,  Transactions,  1904,  vol.  xv,  pp.  53-128. 

4.  The  clay  deposits  of  Tennessee. 

Handbook  of  Tennessee,  pp.  50-55,  Nashville,  1903. 


BlHLlOCikAPllY  .TlONNJ'SSIvl*:  (iiCOlAX; Y.  I5 


Brown  (l.iiciiis  P.) — Continued. 

5.  An  inquiry  into  the  present  quality  of  the  publi'c  water  supply  of  Nash- 
ville. 

Eng:.  Assn,  of  the  South,  Trans.,  vol.  16,  pp.  124-140. 

(>.  Tennessee  phosphate  mining  during  1896. 

Sixth  Ann.  Kept,  llureau  of  Enbor,  Statistics  and  Mines,  pp.  2.34-248,  1 map, 
Nashville,  1897. 

7.  The  Tennessee  phosphate  fields. 

Fifth  Ann.  Kept.,  Ilureau  of  Labor,  Statistics  and  Mines,  pp.  268-281,  1 map, 
Nashville,  1896. 

8.  The  Tennessee  phosphate  mines  during  1897. 

Seventh  Ann.  Kept.  Bureau  of  Labor,  Statistics  and  Mines,  pp.  233-245, 
Nashville,  1898. 

Brown  (Lytle). 

See  Meadows  (T.  C.)  and  Brown  (Lytle). 

Bryant  (Louis  E.). 

Mineral  resources  of  the  Brushy  Mountain  coal  field. 

Expert  Repts.  on  the  mineral  properties  of  the  East  Tennessee  Land  Co., 
pp.  5-14,  New  York,  1891. 

Buckley  (S.  B.). 

Mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee. 

Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  27,  pp.  286-294,  1859. 

Burchard  (Ernest  F.). 

1.  Southern  red  hematic  as  an  ingredient  of  metallic  paint. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  No.  315,  pp.  430-434,  1907. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  geologic  relations  of  hematite  ores  in  Geor- 
gia and  Tennessee. 

2.  Tonnage  estimates  of  Clinton  iron  ore  in  the  Chattanooga  district  of  Ten- 

nessee, Georgia  and  Alabama. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  No.  380-E,  1909. 


C. 

Campbell  (Marius  R.). 

1.  Standingstone  folio,  Tennessee. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Atlas  of  U.  S.,  folio  No.  53,  1899. 

Describes  the  general  physiographic  and  geologic  features,  the  character 
and  occurrence  of  the  Silurian,  Devonian  and  Carboniferous  rocks,  and 
the  occurrence  of  coal  in  the  quadrangle.  Includes  topographic,  geologic 
and  economic  maps  and  structure  section. 

2,  Bristol  folio,  Virginia-Tennessee. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Geol.  Atlas  of  U.  S.,  folio  No.  59,  1899. 

Describes  the  general  relations  of  the  region,  the  physiography,  the  oc- 
currence and  character  of  the  Cambrian,  Silurian,  Devonian  and  Carbon- 
iferous strata,  the  geological  structure,  and  the  economic  resources. 


3.  Estille  folio,  Virginia,  Kentucky,  Tennessee. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Geol.  Atlas  of  U.  S.,  folio,  12,  1894. 

Describes  the  physiography  and  drainage  of  the  region,  the  character  and 
occurrence  of  the  Cambrian,  Cambro-Silurian,  Silurian,  Devonian  and 
Carboniferous  strata,  and  the  geologic  structure,  and  the  coal  deposits 
included  in  the  area  of  the  sheet.  Gives  the  section  of  several  coal  out- 
crops, and  a table  of  coal  analyses.  Includes  topographic  colored  areal 
geologic,  economic  geologic,  and  structure  section  maps,  and  a sheet  of 
columnar  sections. 


16 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  l ENNFSSEE  GEOLOGY. 

*■ 

Campbell  (M.  R.).  : 

See  Hayes  (C.  W.)  and  Campbell  (M.  R.)., 

Carpenter  (William  M.), 

Remarks  on  some  fossil  bones  recently  brought  to  New  Orleans  from 
Tennessee  and  from  Texas. 

Arner.  Jour.  Kci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  1,  jip.  244-250,  JSKI. 

Carr  (M.  E.)  and  Bennett  (P.). 

Soil  survey  of  Henderson  County,  Tennessee. 

Field  operations  of  the  Bureau  of  Soils,  1005,  U.  S.  Dept,  of  Agriculture. 
Chamberlain  (T.  C.)  and  Salisbury  (R.  D.). 

On  the  relationship  of  the  Pleistocene  to  the  pre-Pleistocene  formations  of 
the  Mississippi  basin  south  of  the  limits  of  the  glaciation. 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  41,  pp.  350-77,  1891.  Also  in  part  in  Arkansas 
Geol.  Surv.,  Report  for  1889,  vol.  2.  The  Geology  of  Crowley’s  Ridge, 
by  R.  E.  Call,  pp.  224-248. 

Channing  (J.  P,). 

Copper  smelting  in  Tennessee. 

Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  96,  1908,  p.  97. 

Chase  (Harvey  S.). 

Southern  magnetites  and  magnetic  separation. 

Am.  Inst.  Mg.  Engrs.,  Trans.,  vol.  xxv,  pp.  551-557,  1896. 

Describes  the  methods  of  treating  nontitaniferous  iron  ores  from  North 
Carolina  and  Tennessee. 

Chauvenet  (W.  M.) 

Notes  on  the  samples  of  iron  ore  collected  in  Tennessee. 

Tenth  Census,  Repts.,  vol.  15,  pp.  351-365,  maps. 

Chickering  (J.  W.). 

1.  A trip  to  Roan  Mountain. 

Appalachia,  vol.  3,  pp.  142-147,  1883. 

2.  Notes  on  Roan  Mountain,  North  Carolina. 

Philos.  Soc.,  Wash.,  Bull.,  vol.  4,  pp.  60-64,  1881. 

Gives  account  of  most  of  ranges  on  Tennessee-North  Carolina  boundary. 

Christy  (David). 

Letters  on  geology,  being  a series  of  communications  originally  addressed 
to  Dr.  John  Locke,  of  Cincinnati,  giving  an  outline  of  the  geology  of 
the  West  and  Southwest,  together  with  an  essay  on  the  erratic  rocks 
of  North  America. 

68,  11  pp.,  6 pis.,  Oxford,  1848. 

Clarke  (P.  W.). 

1.  A report  of  the  work  done  in  the  division  of  chemistry  and  physics  main- 

ly during  the  fiscal  year  1888-89. 

Bull.  No.  64,  1890,  pp.  54-55. 

Gives  analyses  of  coal  and  coke  from  Campbell  County,  Tenn. 

2.  Report  of  work  done  in  the  division  of  chemistry  and  physics  mainly  dur- 

the  fiscal  year  1887-88. 

Bulletin  No  60,  1890,  p.  170. 

Gives  analyses  of  coal  from  Claiborne  County,  Tennessee. 


BIBLlOdRAPllY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


17 


Clarke  (James  N.). 

Fentress  Comity,  Tennessee,  coal  and  timber. 

(Private  publication,  1905,  12  pp.) 

Clarke  (W.  C.). 

1.  The  zinc  belt  of  Claiborne  and  Union  counties,  Tennessee. 

Mines  and  Minerals,  vol.  27,  No.  12,  p,  567,  July,  1907. 

2.  Zinc  in  eastern  Tennessee. 

Mines  and  Minerals,  vol.  27,  No.  9,  p.  395,  April,  1907. 

Cleland  (Herdman  F.). 

The  formation  of  natural  bridges. 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  20,  pp.  119-124,  3 figs. 

Suggests  the  following  theory  to  account  for  the  origin  of  the  natural 
bridges  at  North  Adams,  Mass.,  Lexington,  Va.,  Chattanooga,  Tenn.,  in 
Utah,  and  in  the  Yellowstone  National  Park:  “Before  the  formation 
of  the  bridge  the  stream  which  now  flows  under  then  flowed  upon  the 
surface  of  what  is  now  the  arch  and  probably  plunged  over  a fall  a 
short  distance  below  the  present  site  of  the  bridge.  A portion  of  the 
water  percolating  through  a joint  plane  or  crack  upstream  discharged 
into  a stream  under  the  fall  and  gradually  enlarged  its  passage  of  its 
solvent  power.  In  the  course  of  time  this  passage  became  sufficiently 
large  to  contain  all  of  the  water  of  the  stream,  and  the  bridge  resulted.” 

Clute  (F.  P.). 

1.  The  Dayton  coal  mine  explosion. 

Eng.  Assn,  of  the  South,  Trans.,  vol.  7,  pp.  29-41,  1896. 

2.  Fifth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Labor,  Statistics  and  Mines. 

pp.  306,  Nashville,  1896. 

Gives  History  of  the  marble  industry,  pp.  238-267. 

Cohen  (E.). 

Meteoreisen-Studien,  XL 

K.k.  naturh.  Hofmuseums,  Ann.,  Bd.  15,  pp.  351-391,  1900. 

Describes  meteorites  from  Illinois,  Guleh,  Mont.;  Hammond,  Wis.;  Car- 
cara,  Mex. ; Mesquital,  Mex. ; Murphy,  N.  C.;  Saint  Francois  County, 
Mo.;  Cosby  Creek,  Tenn.;  Canyon  Diabolo,  Ariz. ; Kendall  County,  Tex., 
and  Mount  Joy,  Pa. 

Colton  (Henry  E.). 

1,  The  upper  measure  coal  field  of  Tennessee. 

Am.  Inst.  Mining  Eng.,  Trans.,  vol.  14,  pp.  292-305,  plates,  1885. 

2.  Coal. 

Report  of  Henry  E.  Colton,  Geologist  and  Inspector  of  Mines,  on  the  coal 
mines  of  Tennessee,  and  other  minerals,  p.  128,  Nashville,  1883. 

Describes  also  the  coal  fields  and  iron  ores  of  the  State. 

Cook  (George)  et  al.  Committee. 

Report  of  committee  (of  East  Tennessee  Agricultural  Society)  on  min- 
eral products. 

So.  Jour.  Med.  and  Phys.  Sciences,  vol.  6,  pp.  254-256,  1857. 

Cooper  (John  S.). 

The  drainage  of  the  river  bottoms  and  swamp  lands  of  West  Tennessee. 

(Private  publication.) 

Cornelius  (Elias). 

On  the  geology,  mineralogy,  scenery  and  curiosities  of  parts  of  Virginia, 
Tennessee  and  the  Alabama  and  Mississippi  territories,  etc. 

Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  pp.  214-226,  317-331,  1819. 


18 


BinLlOGRAPllY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Cotton  (Henry  E.)  and  Gattinger  (A.). 

Tennessee  (building  stone). 

loth  Census,  report  on  the  building  stones  of  the  ITnited  States,  and  sta- 
tistics of  tlie  (juarry  industry  for  1S80,  pp.  187-188,  bound  as  part  of  vol, 
10,  but  with  separate  pagination,  Washington,  1884. 

Cowlam  (George  B.) 

The  extent  and  value  of  East  Tennessee  minerals. 

Eng.  and  Mining  Jour.,  vol.  45,  pp.  19-21,  4°,  1888. 

Credner  (H.). 

Die  Geognosie  und  der  Mineralreichthum  des  Allegheney  Systems. 

Petermann’s  Mittheilungen,  vol.  17,  pp.  41-50,  4°,  1871. 

Credner  (H). 

See  Tripple  (A.)  and  Credner  (H.). 

Crider  (A.  F.). 

Chtys  of  western  Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  No.  285,  pp.  417-427,  1 pi.,  1906. 

Describes  the  general  geology,  and  the  distribution  and  character  of  the 
Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  clays. 

Crook  (.James  K.). 

The  mineral  waters  of  the  United  States. 

pp.  588,  1899. 

Describes  Tennessee  springs,  pp.  482-448,  probably  most  complete  single 
description  of  springs  of  Tennessee. 

Currey  (Richard  O.). 

1.  A sketch  of  the  geology  of  Tennessee,  embracing  a description  of  its  min- 

erals and  ores,  and  of  its  soils,  and  productiveness,  and  paleontology. 

158,  VII,  pages,  map,  Knoxville,  1857. 

2.  Geology  of  Tennessee. 

So.  Jour.  Med.  and  Phys.  Sciences,  vol.  2,  pp.  50-61;  77-86,  1 geological 
map,  1854. 

3.  Physical  topography  in  its  relation  to  medicine. 

So.  Jour,  and  Phys.  Sciences,  vol.  1,  pp.  110-112,  contin.  with  varying  title 
on  pp.  322-329,  402-417,  1853;  vol.  2,  pp.  87-94,  with  geological  map,  1854. 

Discusses  topography  and  diseases  of  Nashville,  and  gives  his  geological 
map  of  Tennessee.  On  page  137  in  an  editorial  note  concerning  the  map. 

4.  (Editorial  review  of  Safford’s  Second  Biennial  Report.) 

So.  Jour.  Med.  and  Phys.  Sciences,  vol.  6,  pp.  383-387,  1857. 

From  unfriendly  standpoint. 

5.  A sketch  of  the  geology  of  Tennessee, 

So.  Jour.  Med.  and  Phys.  Seif  rices,  vol.  4,  pp.  193-208,  257-272,  321-336,  385- 
400,  1856;  pp.  1-16,  with  Safford’s  geological  map  of  Tennessee,  77-83,  160- 
168,  246-262,  309-327,  1857.  Republished  in  book  form,  X.  128  pp.,  800, 
Knoxville,  1857.  For  notices  of  it  see  above  Jour.,  vol.  6,  pp.  76-77.  Abs 
Mining  Mag.,  vol.  8,  pp.  156-163,  237-243,  450-465,  1857;  vol.  9,  pp.  34-44, 
1858. 

Currey  (Richard  O.)  and  Proctor  (Charles  A.), 

Copper  district  of  Tennessee,  Georgia,  North  Carolina  and  Virginia;  its- 
history,  geography,  geology  and  mining  interests. 

So.  Jour.  Med.  and  Phys.  Sciences,  vol.  3,  pp.  38-44,  1855. 


HIHIJOCRAPIIV  Ol'  1'KNNICSSRK  GEOLOGY. 


]9 


D. 

Dabney  (T,  G.). 

Geology  of  the  Mississippi  einbaymeiit. 

.Jour.  Memphis  I<]ng.  Soc.,  vol.  4,  No.  3,  1905,  pp.  11-2G. 

Darton  (N.  H.). 

Preliminary  list  of  deep  borings  in  the  United  States.  Second  edition, 
with  additions. 

Water  Sup.  and  Irr.  Paper  No.  149,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  175  pp  Contains 
lists  of  deep  wells  reported  to  the  Survey  or  described  in  scientific  pub- 
lications. They  are  classified  by  States,  counties  and  towns,  the  depths, 
diameter,  yield,  height  of  water,  temperature  and  other  miscellaneous 
data  being  presented  in  tables  for  each  State,  and  references  being 
given  to  published  records.  Bibliographies  of  publications  relating  to 
deep  borings  are  also  included. 

Davis  (W.  M.). 

1.  The  origin  of  cross  valleys. 

Science,  vol.  1,  pp.  325-327,  358-357,  1883. 

2.  The  geological  dates  or  origin  of  certain  topographic  forms  on  the  At- 

lantic slope  of  the  United  States. 

Geol.  Soc.  Am.,  Bull.,  vol.  2,  pp.  541-542,  545-586,  1891.  Abstract,  Am. 
Geol.,  vol.  8,  p.  260  (M-  p.),  1891. 

Day  (David  T.)  et  al. 

1.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Mineral  Resources  of  the  U.  S.  for  188G,  gives  figures 

of  production,  short  descriptive  notes,  etc. 

2.  Same,  for  1887. 

3.  Same,  for  1888. 

4.  Same,  for  1889. 

5.  Same,  for  1890. 

6.  Same,  for  1891. 

7.  Same,  for  1892. 

8.  Same,  for  1893. 

9.  Same,  for  1894. 

10.  Same,  for  1895. 

11.  Same,  for  1896. 

12.  Same,  for  1897. 

13.  Same,  for  1898. 

14.  Same,  for  1899. 

15.  Same,  for  1900. 

16.  Same,  for  1901. 

17.  Same,  for  1902. 

18.  Same,  for  1903. 

19.  Same,  for  1904. 

20.  Same,  for  1905. 

21.  Same,  for  1906. 

22.  Same,  for  1907. 

23.  Same,  for  1908. 

24.  Same,  for  1909. 

Day  (William  C.). 

1.  (Sources  of  contamination  of  Nashville  drinking  water.) 

Bull,  state  Bd.  of  Health  (of  Tenn.),  vol.  1,  pp.  32-34,  1885. 


20 


HlHLIOGKAPliY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Day  (David  T.)  et  al — Continued. 

2.  Report  on  chemical  analysis  of  Davidson  County  water. 

Bull.  State  B.  or  lleallh,  (of  Teiin.),  vol.  1,  No.  2,  pp.  2-7,  1885. 

Delamater  (C.  R.). 

See  Holmes  (J.  A.). 

Demaret  (Leon). 

Les  principaux  gisements  de  minerals  de  zinc  des  Estats  Unis  d’Amerique. 
Revue  Universelle  des  Mines  (Beige  and  Paris),  4e,  ser.,  t.  6,  pp.  221-256,  6 
pis.,  1904. 

Describes  the  principal  deposits  of  zinc  ores  in  the  United  States,  includ- 
ing observations,  on  the  character,  occurrence,  geologic  relations,  origin, 
etc. 

Dieffenbach  (Otto). 

Beobachtungen  iiber  die  Erz-Gange  und  das  Gang-Gibirge  von  Xord-Caro- 
lina  und  den  angrenzenden  Staaten. 

Neues  Jahrbuch,  1854,  pp.  663-669,  1854. 

D’lnvilliers  (E.  V.). 

See  McCreath  (A.  S.)  and  d’lnvilliers  (E.  V.),  1,  2. 

Dodge  (R.  E.). 

The  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  Peneplains  of  eastern  Tennessee. 

Ameri  GeoL,  vol.  17,  p.  264,  1896  (abs.). 

Dole  (R.  B.). 

The  quality  of  surface  waters  in  the  United  States.  Part  I.  Analyses 
of  waters  east  of  the  one  hundredth  meridian. 

Water  Supply  Paper  No.  236,  pp.  57,  77,  105. 

Duffield  (M.  S.). 

The  Cumberland  Plateau  coal  field  (Tennessee). 

Eng.  and  Mg.  Jour.,  vol.  74,  pp.  442-443,  2 figs.,  1902. 

Describes  the  geology  of  this  area,  and  gives  a geological  section  of  the 
Cumberland  Plateau, 

Dunnington  (F.  P.). 

Distribution  of  titanic  oxide  upon  the  surface  of  the  earth. 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  42,  pp.  491-495,  1891. 


E. 


Eakin.s  (L.  G.). 

A new  meteorite  from  Hamblen  County,  Tennessee. 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  46,  pp.  283-284,  1893. 

Gives  the  chemical  composition  of  the  metallic  and  siliceous  portions  of 
the  meteotic  mass. 

East  Tennessee  Land  Company. 

Expert  reports  on  the  mineral  properties  of  the  East  Tennessee  Land 
Company. 

By  Dr.  George  A.  Koenig,  Dr.  James  M.  Saffoi’d,  Jo.  C.  Guild,  J.  D.  Rob- 
erts and  L.  E.  Bryant,  44  pp.,  maps.  New  York,  1891. 

Eaton  (E.  M.). 

See  Rathmell  (J.  R.)  and  Eaton  (E.  M.)  Committee. 


HIBLIOC'.RAIMIY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


21 


Eckel  (Edwin  C.). 

1.  A recently  discovered  extension  of  the  Tennessee  white  phosphate  fields. 

U.  S.  Gcol.  Surv.,  Min.  Res.  for  1900,  pp.  812-813,  1!)01. 

Briefly  describes  occurrence  in  Decatur  County. 

2.  The  white  phosphates  of  Decatur  County,  Tenn. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Bull.  No.  213,  pp.  424-425,  1903. 

Describes  occurrence  of  phosphate  deposits  in  this  area. 

o.  stoneware  and  brick  clays  of  western  Tennessee  and  northwestern  Mis- 
sissippi. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Bull.  No.  213,  pp.  382-391,  1903. 

Describes  occurrence,  chai’acter  and  utilization  of  clay  deposits  in  this 
region. 

4.  Cement  resources  of  the  Cumberland  Gap  district,  Tennessee-Virginia. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  No.  285,  pp.  374-376,  1906. 

Describes  the  geology  of  the  district,  and  the  character  and  occurrence 
of  limestones  and  shales  available  for  cement  manufacture. 

Eldridge  (M.  O.). 

Public  roads  of  Tennessee. 

Mileage  and  expenditure  in  1904.  Office  of  Public  Roads. 

Circular  No.  48,  U.  S.  Dept,  of  Agriculture. 

Elliott  (John  B.). 

The  age  of  the  southern  Appalachian. 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  25,  pp.  282-298,  1883. 

Engineering  Record. 

Artesian  well  pumps  at  Memphis. 

Eng.  Rec.,  vol.  51,  p.  460. 

Short  notice  of  the  use  of  special  pumps  for  64  wells  at  Memphis,  Tenn. 

Evans,  (A.  W.). 

Jellico  coal  field. 

Eng.  Assoc.  South,  Trans.,  1904,  vol.  15,  pp.  43-52,  1905. 

Describes  the  occurrence,  composition  and  qualities  of  coals  of  the  Jellico 
field  in  Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 

Ewing  (Robert). 

Phosphate  rock.  A plea  for  wise  legislation,  which  will  allow  the  State, 
and  its  citizens,  to  avail  themselves  of  a source  of  wealth  which  should 
not  be  lost. 

6 pages.  (Private  publication.) 

Ely  (Seneca  W.). 

Report  of  a geological  reconnoissance  of  the  lands,  free-hold  and  lease- 
hold of  the  Cumberland  Basin  Petroleum  and  Mining  Company. 

32  pp.,  1 map,  Knoxville  and  Cincinnati,  1866. 


F. 

Paris  (R.  L.). 

1.  Terrestrial  magnetism.  Results  of  magnetic  observations  made  by  the 
Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  between  July  1,  190G,  and  June  30,  1907. 
Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor,  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  Appen- 
dix No.  5,  report  for  1907,  pp.  219,  220. 


22 


RlBLIOGRAPllY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Paris  (R.  L.) — Continued. 

2.  Terrestrial  magnetism.  Results  of  magnetic  observations  made  by  the 

Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  between  July  1,  1907  and  June  30,  1908. 
Department  of  Commerce  and  Dabor,  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  Appen- 
dix No.  3,  report  for  1908,  pp.  155  and  156. 

3.  Terrestrial  magnetism.  Results  of  magnetic  observations  made  by  the 

Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  between  July  1,  1908,  and  June  30,  1909. 
Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor,  Coast  and  Geodetic  Surve.y,  Appen- 
dix No.  3,  report  for  1909,  pp.  135-141. 

Fay  (A.  H.). 

Barytes  in  Tennessee. 

Eng.  and  Min.  .lour.,  January,  1909,  p.  137. 

Featherstonehaugh  (G.  W.). 

1.  Excursion  through  the  slaves  States;  2 vols.,  1844.  Gives  many  notes 

on  the  geology  of  the  region  traversed,  and  of  the  people  and  country. 
Chaps.  10  to  14,  inclusive. 

2,  A canoe  voyage  up  the  Minn  ay  Sotor. 

2 vols.,  London,  1847.  Vol.  2 describes  a trip  up  the  Tennessee  River  to 
the  Hiwassee  River,  thence  into  Georgia,  with  observations  on  the  ge- 
ology. 

Fernald  (Robert  H.). 

See  Holmes  (J.  A.). 

Ferris  (Charles). 

Tennessee  marble  as  a building  stone. 

Univ.  of  Tenn.  Scientific  Mag.,  pp.  19-28,  June,  1894. 

Ferris  (Charles  E.) 

Fuel  value  of  some  Tennessee  and  Kentucky  coals. 

Eng.  Assn,  of  the  South,  Trans.,  vol.  16,  pp.  141-147,  1905. 

Fitch  (Graham  D.). 

Preliminary  expanination  of  Wolf  River,  Tennessee,  from  its  mouth  to  a 
point  five  miles  above. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1896,  pt.  3,  pp.  1703-1704. 

Also  H.  Doc.  No.  218,  54  Cong.,  1st  ses. 

Fleming  (H.  S.). 

General  description  of  the  ores  used  in  the  Chattanooga  district. 

Am.  Inst.  Mining  Eng.,  Trans.,  vol.  15,  pp.  757-761,  1887. 

Foerste  (August  F.). 

1.  Silurian  and  Devonian  limestones  of  Tennessee  and  Kentucky. 

Geol.  Soc.  Am.,  Bull.,  vol.  12,  pp.  395-444,  pis.  35-41,  1901. 

Discusses  the  occurrence  and  lithologic  character  of  the  Ordovican,  Silu- 
rian and  Devonian  series  in  the  southern  portion  of  the  Cincinnati  anti- 
cline, and  discusses  the  evidences  of  unconformity.  Gives  list  of  fossils 
from  several  formations  at  various  points  in  the  region. 

2.  Use  of  the  terms  Linden  and  Clifton  limestones  in  Tennessee  geology. 

Abstract:  Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  15,  p.  90,  1902. 

3.  Use  of  the  term  Linden  and  Clifton  limestones  in  Tennessee  geology. 

Abstract:  Geol.  Soc.  Am.  Bull.,  vol.  13,  p.  531,  1903. 

Brief  note  on  naming  of  these  formations. 


imMjocRAi’i IV  ()!'  ■'I'RNNiuSsici^:  (;i':()L()(A’. 


23 


Foerste  (Auj;ust  F.) — Continued. 

4.  Silnrian  and  Devonian  liineRtones  of  western  Tennessee. 

Jour,  (tool.,  vol.  n,  pp.  .5r)4-r)S3,  fis.s.  1-ir,.  pp.  (i!»7-7ir),  tigs.  7-JO,  1003. 
Doscribos  character,  occurrence  and  coirelatif)n  of  Silurian  strata  along 
the  western  side  of  the  Cincinnati  geanticline  in  southern  Indiana,  Ken- 
tucky and  northern  Tennessee,  and  of  Siluiian  and  Dc'vonian  strata  in 
the  Tennessee  River  Valley,  and  discusses  evidences  for  the  age  of  the 
Cincinnati  geanticline,  and  gives  lists  of  fossils,  with  brief  descriptions 
of  some  forms. 

5.  The  Cincinnati  group  in  western  Tennessee,  between  the  Tennessee  River 

and  the  Central  Basin. 

Jour.  Geol.,  vol.  11,  pp.  29-45,  1 fig.,  1903. 

Discusses  the  subdivisions  of  the  Cincinnati  group  in  Ohio,  names  and 
describes  the  subdivisions  in  Tennessee,  and  gives  localities  of  outcrops, 
and  notes  on  characteristic  fossils. 

G.  Variation  in  thickness  of  the  subdivisions  of  the  Ordovican  of  Indiana, 
with  notes  on  the  range  of  certain  fossils. 

Am.  Geol.,  vol.  34,  pp.  87-102,  1 pi.,  1904. 

7.  The  age  of  the  Cincinnati  anticlinal. 

Am.  Geol.,  vol.  7,  pp.  97-109,  1891. 

8.  Preliminary  notes  on  Cincinnatian  and  Lexington  fossils  of  Ohio,  Indiana, 

Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 

87  pages.  Reprinted  from  the  Bulletin  of  the  Dennison  I’niversity,  vol. 
16,  pp.  17-87,  6 pi.,  1910. 

9.  Notes  and  comments  on  Hall’s  Physical  Geology  of  Tennessee  and  ad- 

joining districts. 

Amer.  Geol.,  vol.  7,  pp.  345-351,  1891. 

Foley  (.John). 

1.  Conservative  lumbering  at  Sewanee,  Tenn. 

Forest  Service,  Bulletin  39. 

2.  A working  plan  for  southern  hardwoods  and  its  results. 

Year  Book  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  Extract  249,  1901. 

Ford  (George  W.). 

1.  Second  Annual  report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Labor  and  Inspector  of 

Mines. 

p.  376,  Nashville,  1893. 

2.  Special  report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Labor  and  Inspector  of  Mines. 

104  pp.,  800.  Nashville,  1891. 

Foster  ( ). 

Report  on  the  southern  boundary  line  of  Tennessee.  House  .Tour.,  1833  pp. 
Amer.  Hist.  Mag.,  vol.  5,  pp.  27-40,  1900. 

Foster  (J.  W.). 

The  Mississippi  Valley,  its  physical  geography,  including  sketches  of  the 
topography,  botany,  clim.ate,  geology  and  mineral  resources,  and  of 
the  progress  of  development  in  population  and  material  wealth. 

Vol. XVI,  443  pp.,  maps,  Chicago  and  Dondon. 

Foster  (H.  D.)  and  Ashe  (W.  W.). 

Chestnut  oak  in  the  southern  Appalachians. 

Forest  Service,  Circular  135,  F.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  1908. 


24 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Foster  (Wilbur  F.). 

On  the  topography  of  Nashville. 

Second  report  of  the  Board  of  Health  of  Nashville,  pp.  133-144,  Nashville, 
1877. 

Foster  (Maj.  W.  W.). 

Topographical  map  of  Nashville  and  vicinity. 

Published  in  1877. 

Fuller  (M.  L.). 

Bibliographic  review  and  index  of  papers  roTling  to  undorground  waters 
published  by  the  United  States  Geologica.  Survey,  1879;  904. 

Water  Sup.  Paper  No.  120,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  128  pages. 

Bists  all  references  to  underground  waters,  springs,  well  records  and  drill- 
ing methods,  and  gives  detailed  classified  subject  index. 


G. 

Gannett  (Henry). 

1.  Boundaries  of  (Tennessee). 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Bull.  13,  pp.  108-109,  1885  Bull.  171,  pp.  114-115,  1900; 
Bull.  226,  pp.  115-117,  1904. 

2.  Dictionary  of  altitudes  (in  Tennessee). 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Bull.  5,  pp.  279-282,  1884;  Bull.  160,  pp.  666-679,  1889; 
Bull.  274,  pp.  926-942,  1906. 

3.  Dictionary  of  geographic  positions  (in  Tennessee). 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Bull.  123,  pp.  99-100,  1895. 

4.  Results  of  primary  triangulation  (in  Tennessee.) 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Bull.  122,  97-111,  1894. 

5.  Results  of  primary  triangulation  and  primary  traverse  (in  Tennessee  ) 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Bull.  276,  p.  153,  1905;  Bull.  310,  p.  98,  1907. 

6.  Profiles  of  rivers  (in  Tennessee). 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  W.  S.  and  I.  Paper  No.  44,  pp.  49-55,  1901. 

Garrett  (W.  R.). 

Northern  boundary  line  of  Tennessee. 

Amer.  Hist.  Mag.,  vol.  6,  pp.  18-40,  1901. 

Garrison  (F.  Lynwood). 

The  iron  ores  of  Shady  Valley,  Tennessee. 

Eng.  and  Mg.  Jour.,  vol.  78,  pp.  590-592,  1904. 

Describes  the  geology  and  the  occurrence,  character  and  relations  of  the 
iron-ore  deposits. 

Gates  (Robert). 

(National  resources  of)  Tennessee. 

Proc.  Southern  Immigration  Assn.,  pp.  181-281,  Nashville,  1884. 

Gattinger  (Augustin), 

The  flora  of  Tennessee. 

Published  through  the  Bureau  of  Agriculture,  Nashville,  1901,  296  pages. 

Gattinger  (A.). 

See  Cotton  (Henry  G.)  and  Gattinger  (A.). 

Gaw  (William  B.). 

Report  on  examinations  and  surveys  on  the  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1868,  pp.  559-589. 


HlBLlOCRAn  lY  ()1<  TlCNNl-SSKK  (iKOLOCiY. 


2S 


Gilbert  ([^ynian  W.). 

East  Tennessee  copper  mines. 

Mining'  Mag.,  vol.  I,  pp.  89-90,  185.'!. 

Gilman  (D.  C.). 

Prof.  Guyot’s  measurements  of  the  Allegheny  system. 

Amor.  Jour.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  30,  pp.  391-392,  1860. 

Gilmore  (O.  A.),  Pres.  Miss.  River  Commn.). 

Report  of  the  Mississippi  River  Commission  for  1881. 

Senate  Ex.  Doc.  No.  10,  47th  Cong.,  1st  Sess.,  1S82.  Contains  levels,  high 
and  lo'w  -water  profiles,  and  location,  logs,  and  plotted  sections  of  many 
borings  between  Cairo  and  Memphis. 

Glenn  (Leonidas  C.). 

1.  Notes  on  a new  meteorite  from  Hendersonville,  N.  C.,  and  additional 

pieces  of  the  Smithville,  Tenn.,  fall. 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  17,  pp.  215-216,  1904. 

2.  Fossiliferotis  sandstone  dikes  in  the  Eocene  of  Tennessee  and  Kentucky. 

Abstract:  Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  19,  p.  522,  1904. 

3.  The  more  common  minerals  of  the  region  about  Nashville  (Tennessee). 

Eng.  Assoc.  South,  Trans.,  1903,  pp. 103-113,  1904. 

Discusess  the  general  principles  controlling  occurrence  of  minerals,  and 
describes  the  occurrence  and  character  of  minerals  from  central  Tennessee. 

4.  Notes  on  the  wells,  springs  and  general  water  resources  of  Tennessee. 

V.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Water  Supply  and  Irrigation  Paper  No.  102,  pp.  358- 
367,  1904. 

Describes  the  underground  water  resources  by  physiographic  provinces. 

5.  Gerard  Troost. 

Am.  Geol.,  vol.  35,  pp.  72-94,  1 pi.  (por.),  1905. 

Includes  a discussion  of  Troost’s  reports  as  State  Geologist  and  a list 
of  his  published  writings. 

6.  Underground  waters  of  Tennessee  and  Kentucky  west  of  Tennessee  River, 

and  of  an  adjacent  area  in  Illinois. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Water  Supply  and  Irrigation  Paper  No.  164,  173  pp., 
7 pis.,  13  figs.,  1906 

Gives  a general  account  of  tlie  physiography,  geology,  and  underground- 
water resources. 

6a.  Geology  and  mineral  resources  of  part  of  the  Cumberland  Gap  coal  field, 
Kentucky. 

See  Ashley  and  Glenn  No.  77. 

7.  Erosion  at  Ducktown,  Tennessee. 

Abstract:  Science  new  ser.,  vol.  23.  p.  288,  February  23,  1906;  Am.  Assoc. 
Adv.  Sci.,  Proc..  vol.  55,  p.  377,  1906. 

8.  The  hydrology  and  geology  of  the  Gulf  embayment  area  of  West  Ten- 

nessee, West  Kentucky  and  Southern  Illinois. 

Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23.,  p.  288,  February  23,  1906;  Am.  Assoc.  Adv., 
Sci.,  Proc.,  vol.  55,  p.  377,  1906. 

9.  Underground  waters  of  eastern  United  States:  Tennessee  anti  Kentucky. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Water  Supply  and  Irrigation  Paper  No.  114,  pp.  198- 
208,  1905. 

Describes  the  underground  water  resources  by  physiographic  provinces. 


26 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TP:NNKSSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Glenn  (Leonidas  C.) — Continued. 

10.  (Notes  on  the  underground  water  of)  Tennessee  and  Kentucky, 

Water  Sup.  and  Irrig.  Paper  No.  114,  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  1905,  pp.  198-208. 

11.  The  influence  of  forests  on  streams. 

Eng.  Assn,  of  the  South,  Proe.,  vol.  21,  No.  2,  pp.  67-94,  1910. 

12.  Erosion  in  Appalachians. 

I’.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Prof.  Paper  No.  72,  pp.  1315.  Maps  and  plates,  Feb.  1911. 

Glenn  (L.  C.). 

See  Ashley  (Geo.  H.)  and  Glenn  (I.,.  C.) 

Geib  (W.  J.). 

See  Wilden  (H.  J.)  and  Geib  (W.  J.). 

Goethals  (George  W.). 

1.  Improvement  of  Tennessee  River  between  Chattanooga,  Tennessee,  and 

foot  of  Bee  Tree  Shoals,  Alabama  (260  miles). 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1894,  pt.  3,  pp.  1821-1828. 

2.  Operating  and  care  of  Muscle  Shoals  canal,  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1894,  pt.  3,  pp.  1828-1833. 

3.  Operating  and  care  of  Muscle  Shoals  canal,  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1893,  pt.  3,  pp.  2431-2435. 

4.  Improvement  of  Tennessee  River  between  Chattanooga,  Tennessee,  and 

foot  of  Bee  Tree  Shoals,  Alabama  (260  miles). 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1893,  pt.  3,  pp.  2419-2431. 

5.  Improvement  of  Tennessee  River  between  Chattanooga,  Tennessee,  and 

foot  of  Bee  Tree  Shoals,  Alabama  (260  miles). 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1892,  pt.  2,  pp.  1945-1956. 

6.  Operating  and  care  of  Muscle  Shoals  canal,  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng  Rept.,  1892,  pt.  2,  pp.  1956-1958. 

7.  Improvement  of  Tennessee  River  betwen  Chattanooga,  Tennessee,  and 

foot  of  Bee  Tree  Shoals,  Alabama  (260  miles). 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1891,  pt.  4,  pp.  2303-2322,  1 map. 

8.  Operating  and  care  of  Muscle  Shoals  canal,  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1891,  pt.  4,  pp.  2322-2324. 

Gordon  (Charles  H,). 

1.  Coal  fields  of  Tennessee. 

Appalachian  Trade  .Tournal  pp.  11-12,  June,  1909. 

2.  Mineral  products  of  Tennessee. 

Appalachian  Trade  Journal,  p.  7,  May,  1909. 

3.  The  zinc  deposits  of  Tennessee. 

Appalachian  Trade  Journal,  p.  7,  July,  1909. 

Gottsberger  (B.  B.). 

Mines  and  workings  of  the  Tennessee  Copper  Company. 

Mining  World,  vol.  29,  1908,  pp.  911-914. 

Gray  (W.  M.). 

See  Ayrs  (O.  L.)  and  Gray  (W.  M.). 

Greeley  (W.  B.)  and  Ashe  (W.  W.). 

White  oak  in  the  southern  Appalachians. 

I’.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Forest  Service.  Circular  No.  105,  1907. 


HiiujocKAriiv  oi'  TicNNicssi*  I-:  c;i:()r.()(;v. 


27 


Greenleaf  (James  L.) 

Water  i)owers  on  eastern  tributaries  of  the  Mississippi,  I)etween  the  Ohio 
and  the  Yazoo. 

Grover  (N.  C.). 

See  Hall  (M.  R.),  Grover  (N.  C.)  and  Horton  (A.  H,). 

Guild  (Jo.  C.). 

1.  Report  on  the  Tennessee  River  and  Walden’s  Ridge  iron  ores,  the  Wal- 

den’s Ridge  coal  field  and  the  Carter  County  magnetic  and  limonite  iron 
ores. 

Expert  Repts.  on  the  mineral  properties  of  the  E.  Tenn.  Land  Co.,  pp. 
27-3S,  New  York,  1891. 

2.  Report  of  Jo.  C.  Guild,  Inspector  of  Mines,  1885-8G. 

Biennial  Kept.  Bureau  of  Agriculture,  Statistics  and  Mines,  pp.  269-365, 
Nashville,  1887. 

Contains  his  first,  second  and  third  semi-annual  reports. 

Gurley  (William  F.  E.). 

See  Miller  (S.  A.)  and  Gurley  (Wm.  F.  E.) 

Guyot  (Arnold). 

1.  On  the  Appalachian  mountain  system. 

Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  31,  pp.  157-187,  1861. 

Gives  numerous  elevations  on  the  Tennessee-North  Coralina  line. 

2.  Measurement  of  the  mountains  of  western  North  Carolina. 

Asheville  News,  July  18,  1860. 

Reprinted  in  Clingman,  Thomas  L.,  speeche.®!  and  writings,  pp.  138-147, 
Raleigh,  1877. 

Includes  height  of  numerous  peaks  on  the  Tennessee  line. 

Hall  (Frederick). 

Letters  from  the  East  and  from  the  West. 

168  pp.  800,  Washington,  1840. 

Brief  reference  to  minerals  about  Nashville,  chap.  19,  on  pp.  149-160. 
Describes  a visit  to  Nashville  with  remarks  on  the  geology  and  the  col- 
lection and  work  of  Prof.  Troost. 

Hall  (J.). 

1.  Notes  upon  the  geology  of  the  Western  States. 

Am.  .Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  42.  pp.  51-62. 

2.  Geology  of  New  York,  part  4 (fourth  or  western  district). 

Vol.  XXVII,  685  pages.  54  plates,  geological  map  of  the  Middle  and  Western 
States,  1843. 

3.  Notes  explanatory  of  a section  from  Cleveland,  Ohio,  to  the  Mississippi 

River,  in  a southwest  direction,  with  remarks  upon  the  identity  of  the 
western  formations  with  those  of  New  York. 

Assoc.  Am.  Geol.  Trans.,  pp.  267-293. 

4.  On  the  parallelism  of  the  Paleozoic  deposits  of  North  America  with  those 

of  Europe,  followed  by  a table  of  the  species  of  fossils  common  to  the 
continents,  with  indication  of  the  positions  in  which  they  occur,  and 
terminated  by  a critical  examination  of  each  of  the  species,  by  Ed.  de 
Vermeuil. 

Translated  and  condensed  from  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  France,  2d  ser.,  vol.  IV,  for 
this  journal. 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  5,  pp.  176-183,  359-370;  vol.  7,  pp.  45-51,  218-231. 


28 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Hall  (J.) — Continued, 

5.  Paleontology  (of  New  York). 

Vol.  3,  containing-  descriptions  and  figures  of  the  organic  remains  of  the 
lower  llelderberg  group  and  the  Oriskany  sandstone,  1855-1859  (with 
volume  of  120  plates,  18G1),  vol.  XII,  523  pages. 

0.  Comparison  of  the  geological  features  of  Tennessee  with  those  of  the 

State  of  New  York. 

Am.  Assoc.  Proc.,  vol.  6,  pp.  256-259. 

7.  On  the  relations  of  the  middle  and  upper  Silurian  (Clinton,  Niagara  and 

Helderberg)  rocks  of  the  United  States. 

G(ol.  Mag.,  vol.  9,  pp.  509-513. 

Abstract,  British  Assoc.,  Keport,  vol.  42,  tian.sactions  of  the  sections,  pp. 
103-104. 

8.  Contributions  to  the  geological  history  of  the  American  continent. 

Am.  Assoc.,  Proc.  vol.  31,  pp.  29-69. 

Hall  (M,  R.),  Johnson  (E.)  Jr.,  and  Hoyt  (John  C.). 

Report  of  progress  of  stream  measurements  for  the  calendar  year,  1904. 
Part  V.  Eastern  Mississippi  River  drainage. 

Water  Supply  and  Irrig.  I'aper  No.  128,  pp.  168. 

Hall  (M.  R.),  Hanna  (F.  W.)  and  Hoyt  (J.  C,). 

Report  of  progress  of  stream  measurements  for  the  calendar  year,  1905. 
Part  V.  Ohio  and  lower  western  Mississippi  River  drainages. 

Water  Supply  and  Irrig.  Paper  No.  169,  pp.  153. 

Hall  (M.  R.),  Grover  (N.  C.)  and  Horton  (A.  H.). 

Surface  water  supply  of  Ohio  and  lower  eastern  Mississippi  River  drain- 
ages, 1906. 

Water  Supply  and  Irrig.  Paper  No.  205,  pp.  123. 

Hall  (W.  Carvel)  and  Hoyt  (John  C.) 

River  Surveys  and  profiles  made  during  1903. 

Water  Supply  and  Irrig.  Paper  No.  115,  pp.  115. 

Hall  (Wm.  L.). 

The  waning  hardwood  supply  and  the  Appalachian  forests. 

U.  S.  Dept,  of  Agriculture,  Forest  Service,  Circular  116,  1907. 

Hampton  (S.  W.)  et  al. 

Report  of  Water  Committee  on  public  water  supply  for  the  city  of  Mem- 
phis. 

1886,  pp.  72. 

Hanna  (F.  W.). 

See  Hall  (M.  R.),  Hanna  (F.  W.)  and  Hoyt  (John  C.). 

Hargis  (A.  D.). 

1.  8th  annual  report  of  the  Bureau  of  Labor,  Statistics  and  Mines,  1898. 

pp.  248, 

2.  7th  annual  report  of  the  Bureau  of  Labor,  Statistics  and  Mines. 

pp.  276,  2 maps,  Nashville,  1898. 

Harper  (D.). 

1.  Geological  section  across  the  Cumberland  Mountains  of  White  to  Roane 
County,  Tennessee. 

29  pp. 


lUnLlOCiKArilY  OK  TKNNKSSKI^:  (;i^:OLOGV. 


29 


Harper  (D.) — Continued. 

2.  Geological  report  on  the  petroleum  lands  and  leases  of  Capt.  L.  H.  Thick- 
stnn  of  the  table  land  of  the  Cumberland  Mountains. 

Nashville,  18(55,  12  pp. 

Harper  (Louis). 

1.  Geological  report  to  Samuel  Watkins  & Co.,  on  their  lands  in  Tennessee. 

15  pp.,  Nashville,  1865. 

2.  Geological  report  to  the  Tennessee  Mountain  Petroleum  and  Mining  Com- 

pany on  their  lands  in  Tennessee. 

20  pp.,  Louisville,  1865. 

3.  Geological  report  on  the  petroleum  lands  and  leases  of  L.  H.  Thickstun 

on  the  table  land  of  the  Cumberland  Mountains. 

12  pp.,  Nashville,  1865. 

4.  Geological  report  on  the  petroleum  lands  of  the  Tennessee  Mountain 

Petroleum  and  Mining  Company,  in  Sumner  County,  Tennessee. 

8 pp.,  Nashville,  1866. 

Harris  (Gilbert  D.), 

1.  The  Midway  stage. 

Am.  Pal.,  Bull.,  vol.  1,  No.  4,  125  pp.,  15  pis. 

2.  The  Lignitic  stage. 

Am.  Pal.,  Bull.,  vol.  2,  No.  9,  1897,  pp.  3-102,  15  pis. 

Harts  (Wm.  W.). 

1.  Foresty  and  stream  flow. 

Eng.  Assn,  of  the  South,  Proc.,  vol.  21,  No.  1,  pp.  20-46,  1910. 

2.  Improvement  of  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1910,  , pp.  1859-1872. 

3.  Operating  and  care  of  Muscle  Shoals  canal,  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1910,  , pp.  1872-1875. 

4.  Improvement  of  French  Broad  and  Little  Pigeon  Rivers,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1910, , pp.  1875-1877. 

5.  Improvement  of  Clinch,  Hiwassee  and  Holston  Rivers,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1910,  , pp.  1877-1880. 

6.  Improvement  of  Clinch,  Hiawassee  and  Holston  Rivers,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1909,  pt.  2,  pp.  1711-1715. 

7.  Improvement  of  French  Broad  and  Little  Pigeon  Rivers,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1909,  pt,  2,  pp.  1709-1711. 

8.  Operating  and  care  of  Muscle  Shoals  canal,  Tennessee  River, 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1909,  pt.  2,  pp.  1705-1709. 

9.  Improvement  of  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1909,  pt.  2,  pp.  1689-1705. 

10.  Operating  and  care  of  locks  and  dams  on  Cumberland  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1909,  pt.  2,  pp.  1686-1688. 

11.  Improvement  of  Caney  Fork  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1903,  pt.  2,  pp.  1687-1688. 

12.  Improvement  of  Cumberland  River,  Tennessee  and  Kentucky. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1909,  pt.  2,  pp.  1678-1685. 

13.  Improvement  of  Obion  and  Forked  Deer  Rivers,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1909,  pt.  2,  pp.  1675-1677. 


30 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Harts  (Wm.  W.) — Continued. 

14.  Improvement  of  Clinch,  Hiwassee  and  Holston  Rivers,  Tennesse^ 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1908,  pt.  2,  pp.  1723-1727. 

15.  Improvement  of  French  Broad  and  Little  Pigeon  Rivers,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1908,  pt.  2,  pp.  1721-1723. 

16.  Operating  and  care  of  Muscle  Shoals  canal,  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1908,  pt.  2,  pp.  1716-1721. 

17.  Improvement  of  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1908,  pt.  2,  pp.  1697-1716. 

18.  Improvement  of  Caney  Fork  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1908,  pt.  2,  pp.  1695-1696. 

19.  Operating  and  care  of  locks  and  dams  on  Cumberland  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1908,  pt.  2,  pp.  1694-1695. 

20.  Improvement  of  Cumberland  River,  Tennessee  and  Kentucky. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1908,  pt.  2,  pp.  1684-1693. 

21.  Improvement  of  Obion  and  Forked  Deer  Rivers,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1908,  pt.  2,  pp.  1681-1684. 

22.  Improvement  of  Clinch,  Hiwassee  and  Holston  Rivers,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng  Kept.,  1907,  pt.*  2,  pp.  1647-1651. 

23.  Improvement  of  French  Broad  and  Little  Pigeon  Rivers,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1907,  pt.  2,  pp.  1645-1647. 

24.  Operating  and  care  of  Muscle  Shoals  canal,  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1907,  pt.  2,  pp.  1639-1645. 

25.  Improvement  of  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1907,  pt.  2,  pp.  1621-1639. 

26.  Improvement  of  Caney  Fork  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1907,  pt.  2,  p.  1619. 

27.  Operating  and  care  of  locks  and  dams  on  Cumberland  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1907,  pt.  2,  pp.  1618-1619. 

28.  Improvement  of  Cumberland  River,  Tennessee  and  Kentucky. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1907,  pt.  2,  pp.  1610-1617. 

29.  Improvement  of  Obion  and  Forked  Deer  Rivers,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1907,  pt.  2,  pp.  1607-1610. 

Hayden  (H.  H.). 

Fluorspar  in  Tennessee. 

Amer  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  4,  p.  1822. 

Hayes  (C.  Willard). 

1.  The  overthrust  faults  of  the  southern  Appalachians. 

Geol.  Soc.  Am.  Bull.,  vol.  2,  pp.  141-154. 

Discussed  by  C.  D.  Walcott,  W.  M.  Davis  and  B.  Willis,  pp.  153-154. 
Abstracts:  Am.  Geol.  p.  262  (i/>  p. ) : Am.  Nat.,  vol.  25,  p.  364  p.). 

2.  Tennessee  white  phosphate. 

V.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  21st  Ann.  Kept.,  pt.  Ill,  pp.  473-485,  pi.  DXV. 

Describes  the  character,  occurrence  and  origin  of  the  phosphates  of  Perry 
County. 


UIHLIOCKAIMIV  OF  Tb:NNluSSI':K  GFOLOGV. 


31 


Hayes  (C.  Willard) —Gontiiiued. 

3.  Report  on  the  geology  of  northeastern  Alabama  and  adjacent  portions  of 

Georgia  and  Tennessee. 

Ala.  Gool.  Surv.  Hull.,  No.  4,  pp.  ll-cSS,  pi.  1,  map  and  struclui'e  sections, 
ligs.  1-15. 

Abstracts:  .lour.  Gool.,  vol.  1.  p.  98-99,  1893;  Am.  Nat.,  vol.  XXVJl,  pp.  34-35 
(1/^  p.),  1893:  Am.  Geol.,  vol.  X,  pp.  322-323  (1/2  P-),  1^»2. 

Describes  the  topographic  features  of  the  district,  its  drainage  systems, 
the  stratigraphy  of  the  Cambrian,  Silurian,  Devonian,  and  Carbonif- 
erous strata  and  their  structural  relations. 

4.  Chattanooga  sheet.  (Tennessee.) 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Geol.  map  of  the  V.  S.,  preliminary  edition,  1892. 

Describes  the  topography  of  the  area,  the  chai'acter  and  relations  of  the 
Cambrian,  Silurian,  Devonian,  and  Carboniferous  formations,  their 
structure  and  the  mineral  resources.  Accompanied  l)y  topographic  col- 
ored areal  and  economic  and  structure  section  maps  and  a sheet  of 
columnar  sections. 

5.  Kingston  sheet.  (Tennessee.) 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Geol.  Map  of  the  V.  S.,  preliminary  edition,  1892. 

Descriljes  the  topography  of  the  area,  the  character,  structure,  and  re- 
lations of  the  Cambrian,  Silurian,  Devonian,  and  Carboniferous  rocks, 
the  mineral  resources  and  soils.  Accompanied  by  topographic  colored 
areal  and  economic  geologic  and  structure  section  maps. 

6.  Ringgold  sheet.  (Tennessee  and  Georgia.) 

V.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Geol.  Map  of  the  l^.  S.,  preliminary  edition,  1892. 

Describes  the  topography  of  the  region,  the  stratigraphy  of  the  Cambrian, 

Silurian,  Devonian,  and  Carboniferous  rocks,  their  structure  and  mineral 
resources.  Accompanied  by  topographic,  colored  areal  and  economic, 
geologic  and  structure  section  maps. 

7.  Ringgold  folio,  Georgia  and  Tennessee. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Geologic  Atlas  of  the  United  States,  folio  2,  1894. 

Describes  the  geography  and  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  Cam- 
brian, Silurian,  Devonian,  and  Carboniferous  strata  and  the  mineral 
resources,  including  coal,  iron,  and  the  soils  of  the  region.  Includes 
topographic,  colored  areal  geologic,  economic  geologic,  and  structure 
section  maps  and  a sheet,  of- columnar  sections. 

8.  Kingston  folio,  Tennessee. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Geologic  Atlas  of  the  United  States,  folio  4,  1894. 

Describes  the  geography  and  drainage,  the  occurrence  and  lithologic  char- 
acter of  the  Cambrian,  Silurian,  Devonian,  and  Carboniferous  strata  and 
geologic  structure  and  the  occurrence  of  coal,  iron  ores,  and  soils  of  the 
region.  Includes  topographic,  colored  areal  geologic,  economic  and 
structure  section  maps  a.nd  a sheet  of  columnar  sections. 

9.  Chattanooga  folio,  Tennessee. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Geologic  Atlas  of  the  f^nited  States,  folio  6,  1894. 

Describes  the  physiography,  the  occurrence  and  distribution  of  the  Cam- 
brian, Silurian,  Devonian,  and  Carboniferous  strata,  the  geologic  struc- 
ture, and  the  coal  and  iron  deposits  and  soils  of  the  region.  Includes 
topographic,  colored  areal  geologic,  economic  geologic,  and  structure 
section  maps  and  a sheet  of  columnar  sections. 

10.  Sewanee  folio,  Tennessee, 

IT.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Geologic  Atlas  of  the. Ignited  States,  folio  8,  1894. 

Describes  the  physiography  and  drainage  of  the  region,  the  occurrence 
and  distribution  of  the  Silurian,  Devonian,  and  Carboniferous  strata,  the 
geologic  structure  and  the  mineral  resources,  including  coal  and  iron. 
Contains  topograpliic,  colored  areal  geologic,  economic  geologic,  and 
structure  sections  maps  and  a sheet  of  columnar  sections. 


32 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Hayes  (C.  Willard) — Continued. 

11.  The  southern  Appalachians. 

Nat.  Geog.  Soc.,  Mon.  vol.  I,  No.  10,  pp.  305-336  and  map,  1895. 

De.scribes  the  physiographic  divisions  of  the  region,  their  drainage,  and 
the  history  of  their  development. 

12.  The  Tennessee  phosphates. 

IT.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  16th  Ann.  Kept.,  pt.  4,  pp.  610-630,  pis.  5-6,  1895. 

Describes  the  character  and  occurrence  of  the  phosphates  in  Devonian 
strata  and  the  local  characters  of  the  various  deposits.  Discusses  the 
origin  of  the  deposits.  Accompanied  by  a map  of  the  phosphate  region 
and  vertical  sections. 

13.  Stevenson  folio,  Alabama,  Georgia  and  Tennessee. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Geoi.  Atlas  of  the  U.  S.,  folio  19,  1895. 

Describes  the  physiography  of  the  region,  the  character  and  distribution 
of  the  Silurian,  Devonian,  and  Carboniferous  rocks,  and  the  geologic 
structure  of  the  region.  Describes  the  occurrence  of  coal,  iron, 
building  stone,  road  material,  clay,  and  the  character  of  the  soil.  Con- 
tains topographic,  colored  areal  geologic,  economic  geologic,  and  struc- 
ture section  maps  and  vertical  sections. 

14.  Cleveland  folio,  Tennessee. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Geol.  Atlas  of  the  U.  S.,  folio  20,  1895. 

Describes  the  geography  and  stratigraphy  of  the  region,  the  character 
and  distribution  of  the  Algonkian,  Cambrian,  Silurian,  Devonian,  and 
Carboniferouos  rocks,  the  geologic  structure  and  the  occurrence  of  iron, 
lead,  building  stone,  clay,  and  soils.  Contains  topographic,  colored  areal 
geologic,  economic  geologic,  and  structure  section  maps  and  a sheet  of 
columnar  sections.’ 

15.  Pikeville  folio,  Tennessee. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Geol.  Atlas  of  the  U.  S.,  folio  21,  1895. 

Describes  the  geography,  topography,  and  stratigraphy  of  the  region,  the 
character  and  distribution  of  the  Silurian,  Devonian,  and  Carboniferous 
rocks,  the  geologic  structure,  and  the  occurrence  of  coal,  iron,  building 
stone,  clay,  and  soils.  Accompanied  by  topographic,  colored  areal  geo- 
logic, economic  geologic,  and  structure  section  maps  and  a sheet  of 
columnar  sections. 

16.  McMinnville  folio,  Tennessee. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Geol.  Atlas  of  the  U.  S.,  folio  22,  1895. 

Describes  the  geography,  topography,  and  stratigraphy  of  the  region,  the 
character  and  distribution  of  the  Silurian,  Devonian,  and  Carboniferous 
formations,  the  geologic  strutcure,  and  the  occurrence  of  the  coal,  iron, 
building  stone,  clay,  and  soils.  Gives  a generalized  section  and  two 
vertical  sections  of  the  coal  beds.  Accompanied  by  topographic,  colored 
areal  geologic,  economic  geologic,  and  structure  section  maps. 

17.  The  Tennessee  phosphates. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  17th  Ann.  Kept.,  pt  II,  pis.  I-IV,  fig.  44,  1896. 

Describes  the  general  physiographic  and  stratigraphic  features  of  the  re- 
gion, and  the  character  and  distribution  of  the  black  and  white  phos- 
phate. Discusses  their  origin. 

18.  The  white  phosphates  of  Tennessee. 

Am.  Inst.  Mg.  Engrs.,  Trans.,  vol.  pp.  19-28,  1896. 

Describes  the  location,  occurrence,  and  physical  and  chemical  character  of 
the  phosphate  deposits,  and  discusses  their  origin. 

19.  Physiography  of  the  Chattanooga  district  in  Tennessee,  Georgia  and 

Alabama. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  19th  Ann.  Kept.,  pt.  II,  pp.  1-58,  pis.  IV,  fig.  1.  1899. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSFE  GEOr.OGY. 


33 


Hayes  (C.  Willard) — Continued. 

20.  A brief  reconnoissance  of  the  Tennessee  phosphate  fields. 

TT.  s.  Geol.  Surv..  20th  Ann.  Kept.,  pt.  VI,  (cont.),  pp.  G.'t3-0.38,  1899. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  ciiaracter  of  tlie  phosphate  deposits. 

21.  The  geological  relations  of  the  Tennessee  brown  phosphate. 

Abstract:  Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  XII,  p.  1005,  1900. 

Briefly  describes  the  character  and  mode  of  formation  of  the  deposits. 

22.  Origin  and  extent  of  the  Tennessee  white  phosphates. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Bull.  No.  213,  418-423,  1903. 

Describes  varieties  of  white  phosphate,  the  origin  and  extent  of  the  de- 
posits, and  possible  extensions  of  the  field. 

23.  The  Southern  Appalachian ‘coal  field. 

U.  S.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  22d  Ann.  Kept.,  pt.  3,  pp.  227-263,  pis.  XIII-XV,  fig. 
26,  1902. 

Describes  extent,  general  geologic  relations,  structure  and  stratigraphy 
of  the  field,  the  character  and  occurrence  of  the  coal  beds,  the  com- 
position, properties  and  production  of  coal. 

24.  Iron  ores  of  the  United  States. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Bull  No.  394.  Papers  on  conservation  of  Mineral  Re- 
sources, p.  88. 

25.  Tennessee  phosphates. 

Handbook  of  Tennessee,  pp  25-28,  Nashville,  1903. 

Hayes  (C.  Willard)  and  Campbell  (M.  R.). 

Geomorphology  of  the  southern  Appalachians. 

Nat.  Geog.  Mag.,  vol.  VI,  pp.  63-126,  pls.4-6,  1894. 

Reviews  the  previous  work  in  the  region.  Describes  the  several  types  of 
the  deformed  Cretaceous  peneplain,  the  deformation  of  the  Cretaceous 
and  Tertiary  peneplains,  and  the  drainage  development  as  affected  by 
dynamic  movements.  Includes  a discussion  of  the  sedimentary  record. 

Hayes  (C.  Willard)  and  Ulrich  (Edward  O.). 

Columbia  folio,  Tennessee. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Geol.  Atlas  of  the  IT.  S.,  folio  No.  95,  1903. 

Describes  general  relations  and  topography,  character  and  occurrence  of 
Ordovician,  Silurian,  Devonian,  and  Carboniferous  strata,  geologic  struc- 
ture and  history  and  mineral  resources,  including  the  occurrence,  char- 
acter, and  origin  of  the  phosphates.  Includes  a correlation  table  of 
Paleozoic  formations  and  a generalized  faunal  chart  for  the  W'estern 
side  of  the  Middle  Tennessee  Basin. 

Haywood  (John), 

(.Geological  features.) 

The  natural  and  aboriginal  history  of  Tennessee,  Nashville,  1823.  (Not 
seen.) 

Head  (Jeremiah). 

The  coal  industry  of  the  Southeastern  States  of  North  America. 

North  of  Eng.  Inst.  Mg.  and  Mech.  Engrs.,  Trans.,  vol.  XLVI,  pp.  167-182, 
3 figs.,  1897. 

Describes  the  character  and  occurrence  of  coal  in  the  southern  Appa- 
lachian region. 

Head  (William  R.) 

(Catalogue  of)  Paleozoic  sponges  of  North  America. 

11  pp.  800,  Chicago,  1895. 


34 


lilBLlOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Heilprin  (A.). 

1.  The  Tertiary  geology  of  the  eastern  and  southern  United  States. 

Philaaelf)hia,  Acad.  Sci.,  .Jour.,  vol.  9,  pt.  1,  pp.  115-154,  map,  4°,  1884. 

2.  Contributions  of  the  Tertiary  geology  and  paleontology  of  the  United 

States. 

117  page.s,  ma{),  4 <5,  Pliilatlclphia,  1884.  ' 

Henrich  (Carl). 

The  Ducktown  ore  deposits  and  the  treatment  of  the  Ducktown  copper 
ores  (Tennessee). 

Am.  Inst.  Mg.  Engrs.,  Trans.,  vol.  XXV,  pp.  173-235,  figs.  1-22,  1896. 

Gives  a historical  sketch  of  mining  in_this  region,  describes  the  geologic 
structure  of  the  ore  deposits  and  the  physical  and  chemical  characters 
of  the  copper  ores,  and  discusses  the  genesis  of  the  ore  deposits.  The 
paper  contains  a sketch  map  and  cross  setions  of  the  ore  deposits. 

Hermany  (Charles). 

Report  of  the  Chief  Engineer  to  the  Waterworks  and  Sewerage  Com- 
missioners, upon  public  water  supply  and  system  of  drainage  for  City 
of  Memphis. 

2d  edition,  1885,  pp.  127. 

Herzig  (C.  S.). 

Tennessee  barytes. 

The  Mineral  Industry,  etc.,  vol.  X,  p.  50,  1902. 

Hider  (Arthur),  Omberg  (J.  A.)  Jr.,  and  Bell  (T.  A.). 

Engineers’  Report  on  the  waterworks  system  of  Memphis,  Tenn. 

46  pp.,  maps  and  plates,  Memphis,  1902. 

Higgins  (E.). 

1.  Iron  operations  in  Chattanooga  district. 

Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  January  2,  1909. 

2.  Mining  and  smelting  in  the  Ducktown  district. 

Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  86,  1908,  pp.  1237-1241. 

Hilgard  (Eugene  W.). 

1.  General  features  of  the  alluvial  plain  of  the  Mississippi  River  below  the 

mouth  of  the  Ohio. 

loth  Census  V.  S.,  vol.  5,  report  on  cotton  production  in  the  United  States, 
pp.  73-76  (bottom  pagination),  4°,  Washington,  1884. 

2.  Orange  sand,  Lagrange  and  Appomattox. 

Am.  Geol.,  vol.  8,  pp.  129-131.  With  an  appended  note  of  approval  and 
concurrence  by  J.  M.  Safford. 

3.  On  the  Quaternary  formations  of  the  State  of  Mississippi. 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  41,  pp.  311-325,  1866. 

4..  Review  of  the  general  soil  map  of  the  cotton  states. 

loth  Census  U.  S.,  vol.,  5,  report  on  cotton  productions  in  the  United 
States,  pt.  1,  pp.  15-16  (bottom  pagination),  agricultural  map  of  the 
cotton  States.  4°,  Washington,  1884. 

5.  Loess  of  the  Mississippi  valley  and  the  aeolian  hypothesis. 

Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  18,  1879,  pp  106-112. 

6.  Remarks  on  the  drift  of  the  Western  and  Southern  States  and  its  relation 

to  the  glacier  and  iceberg  theories. 

Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  42,  1886,  pp.  342-347. 


HIlUJOCRArilV  Ol'  ^'liNNlASSKlC  CKOLOCiY. 


35 


Hilgard  (lOiigeno  W.) — ('oiil imicd. 

7.  (Mode  of  the  deposition  of  the  Lafayette  formation  in  the  Mississippi 

valley.) 

Am.  Geologist,  vol.  S,  1S91,  p.  235. 

8.  The  age  and  origin  of  the  Lafayette  formation. 

Amor.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  43,  1892,  pp.  389-402. 

Hilgard  (S.  P.). 

On  the  geological  history  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico'. 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  2,  pp.  391-404,  map,  1871. 

Am.  Assoc.,  Proc..  vol.  20,  pp.  222-236,  map,  1871. 

Louisiana  State  Univ.,  Report  of  Superintendent  for  1871,  pp.  207-222, 
New  Orleans,  1872. 

Am.  Nat.,  vol.  5.  p.  514-518,  (541-542). 

Discussion  by  C.  Whittlesay,  C.  A.  White,  A.  Winchell,  C.  Little,  Perry, 
E,  C.  Andrews,  R.  Owen,  ibid.,  pp.  518-523. 

Additional  note  by  Hilgard,  p.  523. 

Abstract:  neues  Jahrbuch,  1872,  pp.  551-552,  1872. 

Hill  (D.  H.). 

See  Ayrs  (O.  L.)  and  Hill  (D.  H.). 

Hinds  (J.  I.  D.). 

1.  Some  native  trees  for  parks  and  yards, 

Tennessee  Forest  Association,  1901-02,  p.  23. 

2.  A Monteagle  spring. 

Bull.  State  Bd.  of  Health  (of  Tenn.),  vol.  7,  p.  150,  1891. 

Analysis  shows  a weak  iron  water  then  very  pure. 

Hitchcock  (Charles  H.). 

Geological  map  of  the  United  States  and  part  of  Canada. 

Compiled  to  illustrate  the  scheme  of  coloration  and  nomenclature  recom- 
mended by  the  International  Geological  Congress. 

Am.  Inst.  Mining  Eng.,  Trans.,  map  17  by  27  inches,  explanation,  vol.  15, 
pp.  465-488,  1887. 

Hitchcock  (C.  H.)  and  Blake  (W.  P.). 

Geological  map  of  the  United  States. 

Statistics  of  mines  and  mining  in  the  States  and  Territories  west  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  5th  Rejiort,  by  R.  W.  Raymond,  Washington,  1873, 
Statistical  atlas  of  the  Ignited  States,  based  oti  the  results  of  the  9th 
Census,  1870,  liy  F.  A.  Walker,  plates  XIII-XIV,  folio,  Washington,  1874. 
Petermann’s  Mittheilungen,  vol.  21,  pi.  16,  4°,  1875. 

1876. 

Atlas  of  the  Fnited  States  and  the  world,  by  Gray,  folio,  I^liiladelphia,  1877, 
Reproduced  (prolialily)  by  F.  Ratzel,  “Die  V^ereinigten  Staaten  von  Nord- 
Amerika,”  vol.  1,  Munchen,  1878. 

Holmes  (J.  A.)  and  others. 

r.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Bull.  No.  332,  299  pp. 

Describing  field  work,  analyses,  steaming,  producer-gas,  washing,  cok- 
Special  report  of  Smithsonian  Institution  for  the  Centennial,  Washington, 
ing,  caipola  a)id  briquetting  tests  on  the  coals  of  Tennessee. 

Field  woik.  by  Edw.  W.  Parker  and  .1.  Shober  Burrows. 

Woi'k  of  tin'  chemical  laboroatory,  by  N W.  Lord. 

Steaming  tests,  by  L.  P.  Br-eckenridge. 

Prodiicer-gas  tests,  by  Robt.  H.  Fernald. 

Washing  tests,  by  G.  R.  Delamator. 

Coking  tests,  by  A.  W.  Belden. 

Cupola  tests  on  ooke,  by  Richard  Moldenke. 

Briquetting  tests,  by  C.  T.  Malcolmson. 


36 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Herd  (B.  M.). 

Biennial  report  of  the  Bureau  of  Agriculture,  Statistics,  Mines  and  Immi- 
gration of  Tennessee. 

1887  and  1388,  p.  43,  ] map,  Nashville,  1889. 

Horton  (A.  H.),  Hall  (M.  R.)  and  Bolster  (R.  H.) 

Surface  water  supply  of  the  United  States. 

Part  III,  Ohio  Basin,  Water  Supply  Paper  243. 

Horton  (A.  H.). 

See  Leigton  (M.  O.)  and  Horton  (A.  H.). 

See  Hall  (M.  R.),  Grover  (N.  C.)  and  Horton  (A.  H.) 

Howe  (James  Lewis). 

Lithographic  stone  from  Tennessee. 

Elisha  Mitchell  Sci.  Soc.,  Jour.,  1885-1886,  pp.  144-145,  1886. 

Hoyt ‘(John  C.)  and  Wood  (B.  D.). 

Index  to  the  hydrographic  progress  reports  of  the  United  States  Geolog- 
ical Survey,  1888  to  1901. 

Water  Supply  and  Irrig.  Paper  No.  119,  pp.  253. 

Hoyt  (John  C.). 

See  Hall  (M.  R.),  Hanna  (F.  W.)  and  Hoyt  (John  C.). 

See  Hall  (W.  Carvel)  and  Hoyt  (John  C.). 

See  Hall  (M.  R.),  Johnson  (B.)  Jr.,  and  Hoyt  (John  C.). 

Hull  (Edward). 

On  the  physical  geology  of  Tennessee  and  adjoining  districts  in  the  United 
States  of  America. 

Geol.  Soc.,  Quart.  Jour.,  vol.  47,  pp.  69-77,  plate,  1891. 

Abstract;  Geol.  Mag.,  3d  decade,  vol.  8,  pp.  45-46,  1891. 

Humphreys  (A.  A.). 

See  Abbott  (H.  L.)  and  Humphreys  (A.  A.). 

Hunt  (T.  Sterry). 

1.  On  the  copper  deposits  of  the  Blue  Ridge. 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  6,  pp.  305-308,  1873. 

2.  The  Ore  Knob  copper  mine  and  some  related  deposits. 

Am.  Inst.  Mining  Eng.,  Trans.,  vol.  2,  pp.  123-129,  130,  1874. 

Discussed  by  R.  W.  Raymond,  pp.  129-130,  131. 

3.  On  some  points  in  American  geology. 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  31,  pp.  392-414,  1861. 

Canadian  Nat.,  vol.  6,  pp.  81-105,  1861. 

4.  The  decay  of  rocks  geologically  considered. 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  26,  pp.  190-213,  1883. 

Abstracts:  Science,  vol.  1.  pp.  324-325,  1883;  Am.  Nat.,  vol.  18.  pp.  645-646; 
Science,  vol.  1.  pp.  324-325  (%  p.),  4°,  1883.  Read  to  Nat.  Acad. 
Sci.,  April  17,  1883. 

5.  On  the  geognosy  of  the  Appalachian  system. 

Am.  Assoc.,  Proc.,  vol.  20,  pp.  1-35,  1871. 

Am.  Nat.,  vol.  5,  pp.  450-470,  1871. 

Abstract:  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  2,  pp.  205-207. 


BIinJOGRArilY  OF  .TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


37 


Huntingdon  (Oliver  Whipple). 

1.  The  Smithville  meteoric  iron. 

Am.  Acad.  Arts.  Sci.,  Proc.,  vol.  XIX,  i^p.  251-2()0,  tigs.  1-2,  1894. 

Gives  a chemical  analysis  of  the  material  and  an  account  of  the  finding 
of  other  meteoric  iron  masses  in  this  portion  of  Tennessee,  and  the 
evidences  indicating  that  they  possess  common  characteristics  and  may 
have  formed  originally  a jiart  of  the  same  mass. 

2.  Catalogue  of  all  recorded  meteorites. 

Amer.  Acad.  Arts  and  Sci.,  Proc.,  vol.  23,  pp.  37-110,  1887 

Also,  110  pp.  800,  Cambridge,  1887. 

Lists  numerous  Tennessee  meteorites. 

I. 

Imboden  (I.  D.). 

(Mineral  resources  of)  Upper  East  Tennessee. 

The  Mineral  and  Agricultural  resources  of  East  Tennessee,  etc.,  pp.  40-54, 
Knoxville,  1883. 

Ingalls  (W.  R.). 

Production  and  properties  of  zinc. 

New  York,  1902,  x)p.  197-203. 


J. 

Johnson  (Douglas  Wilson). 

The  tertiary  history  of  the  Tennessee  River. 

Jour.  Geol.,  vol.  13,  pp.  194-231,  9 figs.,  1905. 

Johnson  (E.)  Jr. 

See  Hall  (M.  R.),  Johnson  (E)  Jr.,  and  Hoyt  (John  C.). 

Johnson  (Guy  R.). 

1.  The  Embreeville  estate,  Tennessee. 

Eng.  and  Mg.  Jour.,  vol.LXI,  p.  540,  1897. 

Describes  the  geology  of  the  region  and  the  occurrence  of  iron  ores. 

2.  The  Embreeville  estate,  Tennessee. 

Am.  Inst.  Mg.  Engrs.,  Trans.,  vol.  XXVI, pp.  138-144,  1897. 

Johnson  (R.  O.  D.). 

Tennessee  phosphate. 

Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  80,  pp.  204-207,  August  5,  1905. 

Gives  notes  upon  the  geology  of  the  phosphate-producing  area,  and  de- 
scribes the  origin,  occurrence,  and  character  of  the  phosphate  deposits. 

Jones  (Paul  M.). 

Geology  of  Nashville  and  immediate  vicintiy. 

56  pp.,  map,  Nashville,  1892. 

Judd  (Edward  K.) 

1.  The  barytes  industry  in  the  South. 

Eng.  and  Min.  Join-.,  vol.  83,  pp.  751-752,  1 fig.,  April  20.  1907. 

2.  Soft  iron  ore  in  Tennessee. 

Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  83,  p.  567,  March  23,  1907. 

Jungerman  (C.  L.). 

Report  of  C.  L.  Jungerman,  Assistant  Geologist  of  the  Bureau  of  Agricul- 
ture, Statistics  and  Mines,  and  Acting  Inspector  of  Mines  to  A.  J. 
McWhirter,  Commissioner  on  the  Condition  of  Mines  in  Tennessee. 
Biennial  Kept.  Commr.  Agriculture,  Statistics  and  Mines  for  1883  and  1884, 
pp.  121-135,  Nashville,  1885. 


38 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  .’'i'ENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Kain  (John  H.). 


K. 


Remarks  on  the  mineralogy  and  geology  of  the  northwestern  part  of  the 
State  of  Virginia  and  eastern  part  of  the  State  of  Tennessee. 

Amer.  .lour.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  pP-  00-G7,  1819. 


Keith  (Arthur). 

1.  Some  stages  of  Appalachian  erosion. 

Geol.  Soc.  Am.,  Bull.,  vol.  VII,  pp.  ,519-525,  pi.  24,  1896. 

Describes  the  drainage  features,  surface  forms,  and  variations  of  level 
in  the  southeiai  Appalachians,  and  the  peneplains  of  the  Tennessee 
Basin. 


2.  Geology  of  Chilhowee  Mountain  in  Tennessee. 

Washington  Phil.  Soc.,  Bull.,  vol.  XII,  pp.  71-88,  1892. 

States  that  the  strucrure  is  synclinal  and  the  mountain  is  formed  of  the 
oldest  sedimentary  rocks.  Discusses  the  lithologic  evidences  bearing  on 
the  age  of  the  limestone  series  and  the  contact  relations  of  the  beds. 
Concludes  that  the  Chilhow  ee-Knox  interval  indicates  that  the  Appa- 
lachian folding  and  faulting  began  after  the  depositon  of  the  first  Pale- 
ozoic beds  instead  of  the  last. 

3.  Greeneville  folio,  Tennessee-North  Carolina. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Geol.  Atlas  of  the  U.  S.,  folio  No.  118,  1895. 

Describes  the  general  relations  of  the  Greeneville  quadrangle,  its  detailed 
geography,  the  general  geological  structure  of  the  area,  the  character, 
occurrence,  and  relations  of  Archean,  Cambrian,  Ordovidian,  Silurian, 
and  Carboniferous  rocks,  and  the  mineral  resources. 

4.  Wartburg  folio,  Tennessee. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv..  Geol.  Atlas  of  the  V.  S.,  folio  No.  40,  1897. 

Describes  the  topographic  features  and  the  geologic  history  of  the  quad- 
rangle, the  character  and  occurrence  of  the  Carboniferous  rocks,  the 
geologic  structure,  and  the  occurrence  of  coal  and  petroleum.  Includes 
topographic  and  geologic  maps. 

5.  Knoxville  folio,  Tennessee  and  North  Carolina. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Geol.  Atlas  of  the  U.  S.,  folio  No.  16.  1895. 

Describes  the  physiog^’aphy  of  the  region,  the  character  and  distribution 
of  the  Ocoee  group,  the  Cambrian,  Silurian  Devonian,  and  Carboniferous 
rocks,  the  structure  of  the  region,  and  the  occurrence  of  marble,  build- 
ing stone,  lime  and  clay.  Includes  topographic,  colored  areal  geo- 
logic, economic  geologic,  and  structure  section  maps. 

6.  London  folio,  Tennessee. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Geol.  Atlas  of  the  V.  S.,  folio  No.  25,  1896. 

Describes  the  physiographic  and  stratigraphic  features  of  the  region,  the 
character  and  distribution  of  certain  rocks  of  unknown  age  and  of  the 
Cambrian,  Silurian,  Devonian,  and  Carboniferous  strata,  the  geologic 
structure  of  the  region,  and  the  occurrence  of  coal  and  building  stones. 
Includes  topographic  geologic,  and  structure  section  maps  and  a sheeet 
of  columnar  sections. 


7.  Briceville  folio,  Tennessee. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Geol.  Atlas  of  the  U.  S.,  folio  No.  33.  1896. 

Describes  the  physical  features  of  the  Appalachian  province,  the  topo- 
graphic and  stratigraphic  features  of  the  quadrangle,  the  character  and 
distribution  of  the  Cambrian,  Silurian,  Devonian,  and  Carboniferous 
strata,  the  geologic  structure,  and  the  occurrence  of  cc'al,  marble,  iron, 
clay,  and  building  stones.  Includes  topographic,  geologic,  and  structure 
section  maps. 


r.iBij()(^.RArin’  or  'n-:NNi<:ssRi<:  (;i<()L()(;v. 


3!) 


Keith  ( AiM hur) — Continued. 

S.  Description  of  the  Koune  Mountain  (piadrangle  Crcnnessee-Nort h Caro- 
lina.) 

V.  S.  (tool.  Siirv..  (l(M)l.  Atlas  of  the  S.,  folio  No.  151,  II  pi>-,  - hKH-, 

o maps,  stnicturo-seotion  and  illusti-ation  slKM'ts,  11)07. 

D('soril)os  tho  geography,  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relatif)ns  of  pre- 
Cambrian,  Cambrian,  Ordovician,  and  Tiiassic  (?)  seuimentary  and 
igneous  rocks,  the  geologic  structure  and  the  mineral  and  water  re- 
sources. 

9.  Mount  Mitchell  folio,  North  Carolina-Tennessee. 

V.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Genl.  Atlas  of  the  V.  S.,  folio  No.  124,  1905. 

Describes  the  geography,  physiographic  features,  the  general  geology,  the 
occurrence,  character,  and  relations  of  Archean,  Cambrian  and  Triassic 
(?)  rocks,  the  geologic  structure  a.nd  economic  resources. 

10.  Recent  zinc  mining  in  East  Tennessee. 

T'.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Bull.  No.  225,  pp.  208-213,  1904. 

Describes  the  general  geology,  character,  occurrence,  and  origin  of  the 
zinc  ore  deposits. 

11.  Asheville  folio,  North  Carolina-Tennessee. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Geol.  Atlas  of  the  V.  S.,  folio  No.  116,  1904. 

Describes  the  geographic  relations  and  drainage,  the  geologic  history,  the 
character,  occurrence,  and  relations  of  Archean,  Algonkian  (?)  Cambrian, 
and  Ordovician  rocks,  the  geologic  structure,  and  the  mineral  resources 
of  the  area. 

12.  Folded  faults  of  the  southern  Appalachians. 

Congre.  geol.  intern.,  Compte  rendu,  9th  Sess.,  pp.  541-545,  1904. 

Discusses  the  character  and  occurrence  of  overt  hrust  faulting  in  the 
southern  Appalachian  region. 

13.  Cranberry  folio.  North  Carolina-Tennessee. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Geol.  Atlas  of  the  U.  S.,  folio  No.  90.  1903. 

Describes  geographic  and  topographic  features,  general  geologic  relations 
and  structure,  character  and  occurrence  of  Archean,  Algonkian,  Cam- 
brian and  Juratrias  (?)  rocks,  and  mineral  resources. 

14.  Iron  ore  deposits  of  the  Cranberry  district,  North  Carolina-Tennessee. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Bull.  No.  213,  pp.  243-246,  1903. 

Describes  the  character  and  occurrence  of  the  iron  ores  of  this  region. 

15.  Tennessee  marbles. 

U.  S.  Geo.  Surv.,  Bull.  No.  213,  pp.  366-370,  1903. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  character  of  marble  deposits  in  eastern 
Tennessee,  and  locations  suitable  for  (luanying. 

16.  Maynardville  folio,  Tennessee. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Geol.  Atlas  of  the  V.  S.,  folio  No.  75,  1901. 

Describes  the  geographic  features,  the  stratigraphy,  the  chai’acter  and 
occurrence  of  the  Cambrian,  Silurian,  Devonian,  and  Carboniferous  rocks, 
the  geologic  structure,  and  the  mineral  resources  of  the  region. 

17.  Morristown  folio,  Tennessee. 

r.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Geol.  Atlas  of  the  l\  S.,  folio  No.  27,  1896. 

Describes  the  physiographic  and  stratigraphic  features  of  the  region,  the 
occurrence  of  Cambrian,  Silurian,  Devonian,  and  Carboniferous  rocks. 
Discusses  the  geologic  structure  and  gives  an  account  of  the  marble 
and  building  stone  resources.  Includes  topographic,  geologic,  and  struc- 
ture section  maps  and  a sheet  of  columnar  sections. 


40 


B115L10GRAP11Y  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Kelley  (D.  C.). 

Sylviculture  in  relation  to  city  streets,  parks  and  private  grounds. 

Tennesse  Forest  Association,  1902-03,  p.  24. 

Kemp  (James  Furman). 

1.  Ore  deposits  of  the  United  States  and  Canada. 

5th  ed.,  New  York,  1903,  pp.  190-194. 

2.  Minerals  of  the  copper  mines  at  Ducktown,  Tennessee. 

Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  VIII,  p.  839  (1-3  p.),  1898. 

Contains  summary  of  paper  read  before  the  New  York  Academy  of 
Sciences. 

3.  The  deposit  of  copper  ores  at  Ducktown,  Tennessee. 

Am.  Inst.  Mg.  Engrs.,  Trans.,  vol.  31,  pp.  244-265,  12  figs.,  1902. 

Describes  briefly  topography  of  Ducktown,  mode  of  occurrence  and  char- 
acter of  the  ore  and  associated  minerals,  and  possible  origin  of  the  ore 
bodies. 

Kennedy  (William). 

The  central  basin  of  Tennessee.  A study  of  erosion. 

Canadian  Inst.,  Proc.,  vol.  7,  pp.  28,  65-108,  1889. 

Kenworthy  (Charles  J.). 

Roane  Mountain,  western  North  Carolina. 

Amer.  Climat.  Assn.,  Trans.,  vol.  5,  pp.  114-120,  1888. 

Keyes  (Charles  Rollin). 

Mining  Tennessee  phosphates. 

Abstract:  Eng.  and  Mg.  Jour.,  vol.  LXVI,  p.  68  ( p.),  1891. 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  of  the  phosphate  deposits  of  Tennessee. 

Killebrew  (James  B.). 

1.  Little  Sequatchie  coal  field. 

Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Agriculture,  Statistics  and  Mines,  pp.  125-164, 
Nashville,  1877, 

2.  Report  on  the  Ocoee  and  Hiwassee  mineral  district. 

Report  of  the  Burean  of  Agriculture,  Statistics  and  Mines,  pp.  165-231, 
3 maps,  Nashville,  1877. 

3.  Mineral  and  agricultural  resources  of  the  portion  of  Tennessee  along  the 

Cincinnati  Southern  Railroad. 

Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Agriculture,  Statistics  and  Mines,  pp.  237-377, 
3 maps,  Nashville,  1877.  • 

Also  separate,  145  pages,  3 maps,  Nashville,  1876. 

4.  Oil  region  of  Tennessee,  with  some  account  of  its  other  resources  and 

capabilities. 

Agricultural  reports  of  Tennessee,  pp.  1-16,  map,  Nashville,  1877. 

Also  sepai’ate,  116  pages,  Nashville,  1877. 

5.  Report  on  the  culture  and  curing  of  tobacco  in  the  United  States. 

loth  Census  U.  S.,  vol.  3,  statistics  of  agriculture,  pp.  583-950  (bottom 
pagination),  Washington,  1883. 

6.  Tennessee.  Its  agricultural  and  mineral  wealth,  with  an  appendix  show- 

ing the  extent,  value  and  accessibility  of  its  ores,  with  analyses  of 
the  same. 

196  pages,  map,  Nashville,  1876. 

7.  Resources  of  Tennessee. 

Vol.  XI,  88  pages,  3 maps,  1 plate,  Nashville,  1874. 

8.  The  western  iron  belt  of  Tennessee. 

Eng.  and  Mining  Jour.,  vol.  45,  pp.  18-19,  4°,  1888. 


BIHLIOGRAIMIY  Ol'  .TICNNKSSEE  GEOLOGY. 


41 


Killebrew  (James  B.) — Continued. 

9.  The  phosphate  deposits  in  Maury  County,  Tennessee. 

Kng-.  and  Mininy:  Jour.,  vol.  1^X11,  pp.  462-  163,  1S!J6. 

DoscM'ibt'S  tlu'  character  and  occurrence  of  pho.sphate  in  this  county. 

10.  Phosphate  deposits  of  Tennessee. 

Manufacdurcr’s  Record,  Reprint,  21  pp. 

11.  The  President’s  opening  address. 

Tennessee  Forest  Association,  1902-1903,  p.  6. 

12.  Necessity  of  preserving  the  forests  of  Tennessee  and  legislation  nec- 

essary for  that  purpose. 

Tennesse  Forest  Association,  1902-03,  p.  9. 

13.  Information  for  immigrants  concerning  Middle  Tennessee  and  the  coun- 

ties in  that  division  traversed  by  or  tributary  to  the  Nashville,  Chat- 
tanooga & St.  Loius  Ry. 
pp.  148,  Nashville,  1898. 

14.  Facts  about  the  Cumberland  table  land  of  Tennessee. 

16  pages,  16mo.,  Nashville,  1897. 

15.  Water  powers  and  eligible  sites  for  manufacturing  industries  along  the 

line  of  the  Nashville,  Chattanooga  & St.  Louis  Ry. 

pp.  52,  1 map,  Nashville,  n.  d. 

16.  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Agriculture,  Statistics  and  Mines  for  the  State 

of  Tennessee,  1877  and  1878. 

Oil  regions,  wheat,  sheep  husbandry,  grasses,  pp.  XV 4-902,  1 map,  Nash- 
ville, 1878. 

17.  Phosphate  deposits  of  Tennessee. 

Eighth  Rept.  Bureau  of  Labor,  Statistics  and  Mines,  pp.  193-224,  Nash- 
ville, 1899. 

18.  Iron  and  coal  of  Tennessee, 

pp.  220,  11  maps,  Nashville,  1881. 

19.  Mineral  deposits  and  mining  interests  along  the  line  of  the  Nashville, 

Chattanooga  & St.  Louis  Ry. 

pp.  47,  1 map,  Nashville,  n.  d. 

Killebrew  (James  B.)  and  Safford  (J.  M.). 

1.  Timber  in  Tennessee.  In  their  introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 

nessee. 

1874,  pp.  71-92. 

2.  Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Tennessee, 

pp.  VIII 4-1 1934- XI,  S maps,  Nashville,  1874. 

Killebrew  (J.  B.). 

See  Safford  (J.  M.)  and  Killebrew  (J.  B.),  1. 

See  Safford  (J.  M.)  and  Killebrew  (J.  B.),  2. 

See  Safford  (J.  M.)  and  Killebrew  (J.  B.),  3. 

See  Sudworth  (G.  B.)  and  Killebrew  (J.  B.). 

King  (W.  R.). 

1.  Preliminary  examination  with  a.  view  to  the  extension  of  the  survey  of 
Caney  Fork  to  Frank’s  Ferry,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1885,  pt.  3,  p.  1774. 


42 


BIP»LI()(iRAPIlY  ()!'  .TRNNP:SSEE  GEOLOGY. 


King  ( W.  R.) — Continued. 

2.  Preliminary  examination  of  Holston  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Png’.  Kept.,  18S5,  pt.  15,  p.  1773. 

3.  Preliminary  examination  of  Elk  River,  Tennessee  and  Alabama. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1HS5,  pt.  3,  p.  1771. 

4.  Little  Tennessee  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1885,  pt.  3,  pp.  1759-1770. 

5.  Improvement  of  Caney  Fork  River,  Tennessee. 

Cliief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1885,  pt.  3,  pp.  1758-1759. 

6.  Improvement  of  Duck  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1885,  pt.  3,  p.  1758. 

7.  Improvement  of  Clinch  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1885,  pt.  3,  pp.  1866-1867. 

8.  Improvement  of  French  Broad  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1885,  pt.  3,  pp.  1765-1766. 

9.  Improvement  of  Hiwassee  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1885,  pt.  3,  pp.  1764-1755. 

10.  Improvement  of  Cumberland  River,  Tennessee  and  Kentucky. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1885,  pt.  3,  pp.  1760-1764. 

11.  Improvement  of  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1885,  pt.  3,  pp.  1751-1759. 

12.  Improvements  of  Tennessee  River.  • 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1884,  pt.  3,  pp.  1639-1644. 

13.  Improvement  of  Cumberland  River,  Tennessee  and  Kentucky. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1884,  pt.  3,  pp.  1644-1649. 

14.  Improvement  of  Hiwassee  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1884,  pt  3,  pp.  1649-1650. 

15.  Improvement  of  French  Broad  River,  Tennessee.  » 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1884,  pt.  3,  p.  1650. 

16.  Improvement  of  Clinch  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1884,  pt.  3,  p.  1651. 

17.  Improvement  of  Duck  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1884,  pt.  3,  pp.  1651-1652. 

18.  Improvement  of  Obey’s  River,  Tennessee. 

Cheif  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1884,  pt.  3,  pp.  1652-1653. 

19.  Improvement  of  Caney  Fork  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1884,  pt.  3,  pp.  1653-1654. 

20.  Improvement  of  Red  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1884,  pt.  3,  p.  1659. 

21.  Improvement  of  Little  Tennessee  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1884,  pt.  3,  pp.  1659-1660. 

22.  Report  in  reference  to  preliminary  examinations  with  a view  to  placing 

locks  and  dams  on  the  Cumberland  River,  from  Nashville,  Tennessee, 
to  the  Cincinnati  Southern  Railroad  in  Kentucky. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1884,  pt.  3,  pp.  1662-1663. 

23.  Survey  with  a view  to  placing  locks  and  dams  on  the  Cumberland  River 

from  Nashville,  Tennessee,  to  the  Cincinnati  Southern  Railroad  in 
Kentucky. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept..  1884,  pt.  3,  pp.  1663-1675. 


r.i luJockAi’in'  oi-  'ni:NNi-:ssi':h:  (ii-oi.ocY. 


43 


King  (W.  K.) — Coni imu'd. 

24.  Iinprovenioiit  of  Caiiey  Fork  River,  Tennessee. 

(.Miief  of  Fnj;-.  ISS:!.  pt.  2,  pp.  M!)!)- 1.500. 

25.  Improvement  of  Red  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Fug.  liept.,  1SS3,  pt.  2.  p.  1507. 

2().  Improvement  of  Little  Tennessee  River,  Tennessee. 

(''hief  of  Kng-.  liopt.,  1S.S8,  pt.  2,  pp.  1507- 150S. 

27.  Improvement  of  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1SS3,  pt.  2,  pp.  1477-14S7. 

28.  Improvement  of  Cumberland  River,  Tennessee  and  Kentucky. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  18S3,  pt.  2.  pp.  1487-1492. 

29.  Improvement  of  Hiwassee  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1883,  pt.  2,  p.  1493. 

30.  Improvement  of  French  Broad  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1883,  pt.  2,  pp.  1494-1495. 

31.  Improvement  of  Clinch  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1883,  pt.  2.  pp.  1495-1497. 

32.  Improvement  of  Duck  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1883,  pt.  2,  pp.  1497-1498. 

33.  Improvement  of  Obey’s  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1883,  pt.  2,  pp.  1498-1499. 

34.  Improvement  of  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1882,  pt.  2,  pp.  1837-1842,  3 maps. 

35.  Improvement  of  Cumberland  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1882  pt.  2,  pp.  1843-1847. 

36.  Improvement  of  Hiwassee  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1882,  pt.  2,  pp.  1847-1848. 

37.  Improvement  of  French  Broad  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1882,  pt.  2,  pp.  1848-1850. 

38.  Improvement  of  Clinch  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1882,  pt.  2,  pp.  1850-1851! 

39.  Improvement  of  Duck  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1882,  pt.  2,  pp.  1851-1852. 

40.  Improvement  of  Obey’s  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1882,  pt.  2,  p.  1853. 

41.  Improvement  of  Caney  Fork  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1882,  pt.  2,  pp.  1854-1855. 

42.  Improvement  of  Red  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1882,  pt.  2.  pp.  1801-1862. 

43.  Examination  of  the  Little  Tennessee  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1882,  pt.  2,  pp.  1868-1869. 

44.  Examination  of  Little  Tennessee  River  from  its  mouth  on  the  Holston 

or  Big  Tennessee  River  to  the  mouth  of  Tellico  River. 

Cliief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1882,  pt.  2,  pp.  1871-1875. 

45.  Improvement  of  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1881,  pt.  2,  pp.  1839-1848. 

46.  Improvement  of  Cumberland  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept,,  1881,  pt.  2,  pp.  1848-1859. 

47.  Improvement  of  Hiwassee  River,  Tennessee. 

Cliief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1881,  pt.  2,  pp.  1860-1861. 


44 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


King  (W.  R.) — Continued. 

48.  Improvement  of  French  Broad  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1881,  pt.  2,  pp.  18G1-1862. 

49.  Improvement  of  Clinch  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1881,  pt.  2,  pp.  18G2-1867. 

50.  Improvement  of  Duck  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1881,  pt.  2,  pp.  1867-1868. 

51.  Improvement  of  Obey’s  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1881,  pt.  2,  pp.  1868-1869. 

52.  Improvement  of  Caney  Fork  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1881,  pt.  2,  pp.  1869-1870. 

53.  Improvement  of  Red  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1881,  pt.  2,  p.  1878. 

54.  Examination  of  Holston  River,  Tennessee  and  Virginia. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1881,  pt.  2,  pp.  1878-1886. 

55.  Examination  of  Powell  River,  Virginia  and  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1881,  pt.  2,  pp.  1886-1887. 

50.  Examination  for  a canal  to  connect  the  waters  of  the  Savannah  River 
with  those  of  the  Hiwassee  and  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1881,  pt.  2,  pp.  1888-1894,  2 maps. 

57.  Examination  of  Red  River  from  Port  Royal,  Montgomery  County,  Ten- 

nessee, to  its  mouth. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1881,  pt.  2,  pp.  1894-1896. 

58.  Examination  of  the  South  Fork  of  the  Cumberland  River,  Kentucky. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1881,  pt.  2,  pp.  1896-1898. 

Also,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  No.  91,  46th  Cong.  3d  ses. 

59.  Improvement  of  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,.  1880,  pt.  2,  pp.  1669-1674. 

60.  Improvement  of  Cumberland  River, 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rpt.,  1880,  pt.  2,  pp.  1674-1678. 

61.  Improvement  of  Hiwassee  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1880,  pt.  2,  pp.  1678-1679. 

62.  Improvement  of  French  Broad  River,  Tennessee, 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1880,  pt.  2,  pp.  1679-1680. 

63.  Improvement  of  Clinch  R.iver,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1880,  pt.  2,  p.  1680. 

64.  Improvement  of  Duck  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1880,  pt.  2,  p.  1681. 

65.  Examination  of  Duck  River  from  its  mouth  to  Centreville,  Tennessee.. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1880,  pt.  2,  pp.  1681-1689. 

66.  Improvement  of  Obey’s  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1880,  pt.  2,  p.  1688. 

67.  Improvement  of  Caney  Fork  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1880,  pt.  2,  pp.  1688-1689. 

68.  Improvement  of  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1879,  pt.  2,  pp.  1247-1264. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


45 


King  (W.  R.) — Continued. 

<>9.  Improvement  of  Cumberland  River. 

Chief  of  Kns'.  Repl.,  1879,  pt.  2.  pp.  12(;4-12f;S. 

70.  Improvement  of  Hiwassee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1879,  pt.  2,  pp.  1268-1269. 

71.  Examination  of  Caney  Fork  and  Obey’s  Rivers,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1879,  pt.  2,  pp.  1275-1279. 

72.  Improvement  of  Hiwassee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1878,  pt.  1,  pp.  761-762. 

73.  Improvement  of  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1878,  pt.  1,  pp.  755-758. 

74.  Improvement  of  Cumberland  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1878,  pt.  1,  pp.  759-761. 

75.  Improvement  of  Tennessee  River  above  Chattanooga. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1877,  pp.  577-579. 

76.  Improvement  of  Tennessee  River  below  Chattanooga. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1877,  pp.  579-592,  1 map. 

77.  Improvement  of  Cumberland  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1877,  pp.  592--597. 

78.  Improvement  of  Hiwassee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1877,  pp.  598-599. 

79.  Tennessee  River,  Chattanooga. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1876,  pp.  710-712,  11  maps. 

80.  Tennessee  River  above  Chattanooga, 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1876,  pp.  710-712,  11  maps. 

81.  Tennessee  River  below  Chattanooga. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1876,  pp.  712-713,  1 map. 

82.  Cumberland  River. 

Chief  of  nEg.  Kept.,  1876,  pp.  713-714. 

Kingman  (Dan  C.). 

1.  Survey  of  the  Tennessee  River  from  Scott  Point  to  Lock  A,  Muscle  Shoals 

canal. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1902,  pt.  — , pp.  1743-1838. 

Also  with  maps,  H.  Doc.  No.  50,  57th  Cong.  1st  ses. 

2.  Improvement  of  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1900,  pt.  5,  pp.  2907-2934. 

3.  Operating  and  care  of  Muscle  Shoals  canal,  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept. ,1900,  pt.  5,  pp.  2934-2944. 

4.  Improvement  of  French  Broad  River  and  Little  Pigeon  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1900,  pt.  5,  pp.  2944-2948. 

5.  Improvement  of  Clinch  River,  Tennessee  and  Virginia. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1900,  pt.  5,  pp.  2948-2952. 

6.  Improvement  of  Elk  River  in  Tennessee  and  Alabama. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1900,  pt.  5,  pp.  2952-2956. 


46 


BIHLIOGRAPllY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Kingman  (Dan  C.) — Continued, 

7.  Survey  of  Tennessee  River  at  the  “Suck,”  or  mountain  section,  below 

Chattanooga,  Tennessee,  with  a view  to  the  establishment  of  slack- 
water  navigation. 

Chief  of  Eng-.  Kept.,  1900,  pt.  5,  pp.  2950-3004. 

Also,  H,  Doc.  No.  401,  50th  Cong.  1st  ses. 

8.  Examination  of  Tennessee  River  at  Moccasin  Bend,  below  Chattanooga, 

Tennessee,  with  a view  to  the  construction  of  a canal  across  said  bend. 
Chief  of  King.  Kept.,  1900,  pt.  5,  pp.  3005-3008, 

Also,  44.  Doc.  No.  108,  50th  Cong.  1st  ses. 

9.  Preliminary  report  on  survey  of  Tennessee  River  between  Bridgeport  and 

Decatur,  Alabama. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1900,  pt.  5,  pp.  3008-3010. 

Also,  H.  Doc.  No.  577,  50th  Cong.  1st  ses. 

10.  Examination  and  survey  of  Hiawassee  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1900,  pt,  5,  pp.  3010-3018. 

11.  Survey  of  French  Broad  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1900,  pt.  5,  pp.  3018-3058. 

Also,  H.  Doc.  No.  016,  56th  Cong.  1st  ses. 

12.  Examination  and  survey  of  Holston  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1900,  pt.  5,  pp.  3058-3065. 

Also,  H.  Doc.  No.  617,  56th  Cong.  1st  ses. 

13.  Preliminary  report  on  survey  of  Clinch  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1900,  pt.  5,  pp.  3065-3067. 

Also,  H.  Doc.  No.  570,  56th  Cong.  1st  ses. 

14.  Preliminary  examination  of  Powell’s  River,  Virginia  and  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1900,  pt.  5,  pp.  3067-3074. 

Also,  H.  Doc.  No.  58,  56th  Cong.  1st  ses. 

15.  Preliminary  examination  of  Richland  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1900,  pt.  5,  pp.  3074-3077. 

Also,  H.  Doc.  No.  51,  56th  Cong.  1st  ses. 

16.  Final  report  upon  survey  of  Elk  River,  Tennessee  and  Alabama,  with  a 

view  to  making  it  navigable  for  lightdraught  steamers. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1900,  pt.  5,  pp.  3077-3084. 

Also,  H.  Doc.  No.  87,  56th  Ceng.  1st  ses. 


17.  Improvement  of  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1899,  pt.  3,  pp.  2252-2289,  8 maps. 

18.  Operating  and  care  of  Muscle  Shoals,  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1899,  pt.  3,  pp.  2289-2299. 

19.  Improvement  of  French  Broad  River  and  Little  Pigeon  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1899,  pt.  3,  pp.  2300-2303. 

20.  Improvement  of  Clinch  River,  Tennessee  and  Virginia. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1899,  pt.  3,  pp.  2303-2306. 

21.  Improvement  of  Elk  River,  Tennessee  and  Alabama. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1899,  pt.  3,  pp.  2306-2307. 

22.  Survey  of  Elk  River,  Tennessee  and  Alabama. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1899,  pt.  3,  pp.  2308-2309. 

Also,  H.  Doc.  No.  147,  55th  Cong.  3cl  ses. 


nir.LiocRAiMiv  OF  ti':nni<:ss1':i^  (;i^:ology. 


47 


Kingman  (Dan  C.) — Continued. 

23.  Improvement  of  Obion  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Kng-.  Kept.,  isys,  pt.  pp.  ISO'J-lSTl. 

24.  Improvement  of  Forked  Deer  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Kn^.  Rept.,  185)1,  pt.  5J,  pp.  1872-1874. 

25.  Improvement  of  Cumberland  River,  Tennessee  and  Kentucky. 

Chief  of  Eng-.  Kept.,  1898,  pt.  3,  pp.  1875-1890. 

26.  Improvement  of  Clinch  River,  Tennessee  and  Virginia. 

Chief  of  Eng-.  Kept.,  1898,  pt.  3,  pp.  1943-1949. 

27.  Improvement  of  French  Broad  River  and  Little  Pigeon  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng:.  Kept.,  1898,  pt.  3,  pp.  1937-1943. 

28.  Operating  and  care  of  Muscle  Shoals  canal,  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1898,  pt.  3,  pp.  1925-1937. 

29.  Improvement  of  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1898,  pt.  3,  pp.  1892-1925. 

30.  Survey  of  Emory  River,  Tennessee,  from  its  mouth  to  the  town  of 

Harriman. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1897,  pt.  3,  pp.  2316-2324. 

Also,  H.  Doc.  No.  22,  55th  Cong.  1st  ses. 

31.  Improvement  of  Clinch  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1897,  pt.  3,  pp.  2311-2314. 

32.  Improvement  of  French  Broad  River  and  Little  Pigeon  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1897,  pt.  3.  pp.  2308-2311. 

33.  Operating  and  care  of  Muscle  Shoals  canal,  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1897,  pt.  3,  pp.  2296-2308. 

34.  Improvement  of  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1897,  pt.  3,  pp.  2251-2296. 

35.  Improvement  of  Clinch  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1896,  pt.  3,  pp.  2058-2060. 

36.  Improvement  of  French  Broad  River  and  Little  Pigeon  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1896,  pt.  3,  pp.  2051-2058. 

37.  Improvement  of  Hiwassee  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1896,  pt.  3,  pp.  2049-2051. 

38.  Operating  and  care  of  Muscle  Shoals  canal,  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1896,  pt.  3,  pp.  2043-2049. 

39.  ImproTement  of  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1896,  pt.  3,  pp.  1925-2043. 

Kingsley  (J.  S.). 

Caves  and  cave  life. 

Am.  Nat.,  vol.  22,  pp.  1104-1106,  1888. 

Kleinschmidt  (J.  L.). 

Gangstudien. 

Vol.  3,  256,  1859. 

Knight  (John  D.  G.). 

I.  Improvement  of  Holston  River,  Virginia  and  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1902,  pt.  — , p.  1743. 


48 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Knight  (John  D.  G.) — Continued. 

2.  Improvement  of  Hiwassee  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1902,  pt.  — , pp.  1742-1743. 

3.  Improvement  of  Clinch  River,  Tennessee  and  Virginia. 

Chief  of  Eng,  Kept.,  1902,  pt.  — , pp.  1741-1742. 

4.  improvement  of  French  Broad  River  and  Little  Pigeon  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng,  Kept.,  1902,  pt.  — , pp.  1739-1740. 

5.  Operating  and  care  of  Muscle  Shoals  canal,  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1902,  pt.  2,  pp.  1726-1739. 

6.  Improvement  of  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.,  Kept.,  1902,  pt,  — , pp.  1709-1726. 

7.  Final  report  on  survey  of  Clinch  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1901,  pt.  3 pp.  2342-2596. 

Also,  H.  Doc.  No.  75,  56th  Cong.  2d  ses. 

8.  Final  report  on  survey  of  Holston  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1901,  pt.  3,  pp.  2518-2541. 

Also,  H.  Doc.  No.  218,  56th  Cong.  2d  ses. 

9.  Examination  and  survey  of  Little  Tennessee  River,  Tennessee, 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1901,  pt.  3,  pp.  2491-2518. 

Also,  H.  Doc.  No.  66,  56th  Cong.  2d  ses. 

10.  Final  report  on  survey  of  Hiwassee  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1901,  pt.  3,  pp.  2458-2491. 

Also,  H.  Doc.  No.  77,  56th  Cong.  2d  ses. 

11.  Improvement  of  Elk  River,  Tennessee  and  Alabama. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1901,  pt.  3,  pp.'  2457-2458. 

12.  Improvement  of  French  Broad  River  and  Little  Pigeon  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1901,  pt.  3,  pp.  2452-2455. 

13.  Improvement  of  Clinch  River,  Tennessee  and  Virginia. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1901,  pt.  3,  pp.  2455-2457. 

14.  Operating  and  care  of  Muscle  Shoals  canal,  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1901,  pt.  3,  pp.  2440-2452. 

15.  Improvement  of  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1901,  pt.  3,  pp.  2419-2440. 

Knoxville  Board  of  Trade. 

The  mineral  and  agricultural  resources  of  East  Tennessee, 
pp,  71,  2 maps,  Knoxville,  1883. 

Koenig  (George  A.). 

1.  Remarkable  mineral  properties.  An  address  delivered  at  the  first  ban- 

quet of  the  East  Tennessee  Land  Company. 

8 pp.,  n.  p.,;  1889. 

2.  Report  on  the  Tennessee  River  and  Walden’s  Ridge  iron  ores  and  the 

Cumberland  Plateau  coal  field. 

Expert  Repts.  on  the  mineral  properties  of  the  East  Tennessee  Land  Co., 
pp.  39-44,  New  York,  1891. 


BIBLlOGRAriiy  OF  TENNESSEE  (iEOI.OGY. 


49 


L. 

Lancaster  (S.  C.). 

Practical  road  building  in  Madison  County,  Tennessee,  1904. 

Reprint  of  Year  Book  of  V.  S.  Dept,  of  Agriculture. 

Lapham  (J.  E.)  and  Miller  (M,  F.). 

Soil  survey  of  Montgomery  County,  Tennessee. 

U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.,  Field  Oper.  Bur.  Soils,  1901,  3d  report,  pp.  341-357,  pis. 
39-43.  1902. 

Includes  a short  account  of  the  physiography  and  geology. 

Lea  (Albert  Miller). 

Report  of  state  engineer  on  surveys  for  railways  and  highways. 

66  pp.  800.  (Nashville,)  1837. 

Lea  (L). 

Notice  of  Oolitic  formation  in  America,  with  description  of  some  of  its 
organic  remains. 

Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Trans.,  vol.  7.  new  series,  pp.  251-260,  1841. 

Abstract:  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  40,  pp.  41-42,  (%  p.),  1840. 

Leighton  (M.  O.). 

Papers  on  conservation  of  water  resources.  • 

Water  Supply  Paper  No.  234.  Floods,  pp.  10-27 
Developed  water  powers,  pp.  28-46. 

Leighton  (M.  O.)  and  Horton  (A.  H.). 

The  relation  of  the  southern  Appalachian  Mountains  to  inland  water 
navigation. 

U.  S.  Dept,  of  Agric.,  Forest  Service,  Circular  143. 

Leighton  (M.  O.),  Hall  (M.  R.)  and  Bolster  (R.  H.) 

The  relation  of  the  southern  Appalachian  Mountains  to  the  development 
of  water  power. 

U.  S.  Dept,  of  Agric.,  Forest  Service,  Circular  144. 

Leith  (Charles  Kenneth). 

See  Van  Hise  (Charles  Richard),  and  Leith  (Charles  Kenneth). 

Lesley  (J.  P.) 

1.  On  the  faults  of  southern  Virginia. 

Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Proc.,  vol.  V,  1,  19,  pp.  155-156,  1882. 

The  Virginians,  vol.  II,  pp.  92-93,  4°,  1882. 

2.  Note  on  a fine  upthrow  fault  at  Embreeville  Furnace,  in  eastern  Ten- 

nessee. 

Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Proc.,  vol.  12,  pp.  444-457,  1873. 

3.  On  a cross  anticlinal  in  the  coal  measures  of  eastern  Tennessee. 

Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  12,  p.  Ill  (i/^  p.),  1873. 

4.  Report  on  the  Embree  Iron  Furnace  properties  in  East  Tennessee. 

April,  1872,  8 pp.,  1 map,  n.  p.;  n.  d. 

5.  The  Cumberland  coal  fields,  Tennessee. 

Mining  Mag.,  vol.  5,  pp.  45-52,  1855. 

Lesquereux  (Leo). 

1.  On  species  of  fossil  plants  from  the  Tertiary  of  Mississippi. 

Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Trans.,  n.  s.,  vol.  13,  pp.  411-433,  10  pis.,  1869. 

Includes  species  from  West  Tennessee. 


50 


JJlBLlOGRAPJiY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Lesquereux  (Leo.) — Continiiel. 

2.  On  some  fossil  plants  of  recent  formations. 

Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol  27,  pp.  359-3fi6. 

Describes  new  species  from  LaGrange  formation  of  West  Tennessee. 
Little  (George). 

Report  on  the  blue  clay  of  the  Mississippi  River. 

Kept.  IT.  S.  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  for  1880,  1882,  Appendix  12,  pp. 
145-171,  pis.  48;  Kept.  Chief  of  Engineers  U.  S.  Army  for  1883,  pt.  3,. 
pp.  2315-2399;  also  reprint. 

Lindsley  (J.  Berrien). 

1.  On  the  Appalachian  health  resorts  of  Tennessee. 

Bull.  State  Bd.  of  Health  (of  Tenn.),  vol.  4,  pp.  191-196,  1889. 

2.  The  mineral  springs  of  Tennessee. 

Bull.  State  Bd.  of  Health  (of  Tenn.),  vol.  5,  pp.  18-21,  1889. 

Lines  (Edwin  F.). 

Well  records. 

Bull.  U.  S.  Survey  No.  264,  pp.  41-106. 

Gives  summary  records  of  over  350  oil,  gas,  and  water  wells,  and  detailed: 
logs  for  a considerable  number. 

Lloyd  (John  E.). 

1.  Third  annual  report  of  the  Bureau  of  Labor,  Statistics  and  Mines. 

1894,  168  pages. 

2.  Fourth  annual  report  of  the  Bureau  of  Labor,  Statistics  and  Mines. 

1895,  200  pages. 

Logan  ( Wiliam  E.). 

Geological  survey  of  Canada.  Report  of  progress  from  its  commencement 
to  1863. 

983  pages,  Montreal,  1863,  with  accompanying  atlas  of  maps  and  sections, 
with  an  introduction  and  appendix,  IV,  42  p.,  13  pis.,  Montreal,  1865. 
Abstract:  Neues  Jahrbuch,  p.  741  ((^  p.),  1865. 

Long  (S.  H.). 

Report  of  examinations  and  surveys  (made  in  1830)  with  a view  of  im- 
proving the  navigation  of  the  Holston  and  Tennessee  Rivers. 

H.  Doc.  No.  167,  43d  Cong.  2d  ses.,  51  pp.,  25  maps,  1875. 

Loomis  (I.  N.). 

An  account  of  the  geology  of  Harpeth  Ridge,  Davidson  County,  Tennessee, 
Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  1,  pp.  222-224,  1846. 

Lord  (N.  M.). 

See  Holmes  (J.  A.). 

L.  & N.,  N.  C.  & St.  L.  and  Southern  Railways. 

Tennessee.  Its  advantages,  resources  and  possibilities, 
pp.  264,  Nashville,  ca.  1899. 

Lund  (Robert  L.). 

An  investigation  of  some  Tennessee  cement  materials. 

Eng.  Assn,  of  the  South,  Trans.,  vol.  8,  pp.  57-68,  1897. 

Lundie  (John). 

Report  on  the  waterworks  system  of  Memphis,  Tenn. 

46  pp.,  maps  and  plates,  Memphis,  1898. 


BiBLiociRAPiiY  01’  .ti-:nnessi<:e  geology. 


51 


Lyell  (Sir  Charles). 

A second  visit  to  Nortli  America. 

2 vols..  London,  1855. 

Vol.  2.  p.  228,  d('seri1)ts  etTcols  of  eartlninako  of  1811-12,  and  the  Missis- 
sippi River  bottoms. 

Lyman  (W.  S.). 

See  McLendon  (W.  E.)  and  Lyman  (W.  S.). 


M. 


McAdoo  (W.  G.)  and  White  (H.  C.) 

Elementary  Geology  of  Tennessee, 

pp.  YI+llS,  Nashvile,  1875. 

Another  edition,  from  same  plates,  with  map.  New  York,  1881. 

McCalley  (H.). 

Coal  measures  of  plateau  region,  Geological  Survey  of  Alabama, 

1891,  p.  18. 

McCallie  (S.  W.). 

1.  The  Ducktown  copper  mining  district. 

Eng.  and  Mg.  Jour.,  vol.  74,  pp.  439-441,  5 figs.,  1902. 

Contains  notes  on  the  geology  of  this  area. 

2.  An  erratic  boulder  from  the  coal  measures  of  Tennessee. 

Am.  Geoh,  vol.  31.  pp.  46-47,  1903. 

Describes  the  occurrence  of  a bowlder  of  rhyolite  in  a coal  seam  near 
Chattanooga,  Tenn. 

3.  Remains  of  the  mastodons  recently  found  in  Tennessee. 

Science,  vol.  XX,  p.  333,  1892. 

Brief  description  of  the  portions  discovered. 

McCreath  (A.  S.)  and  D’Invilliers  (E.  V.). 

1,  Mineral  resources  of  the  upper  Cumberland  Valley  of  southeastern  Ken- 

tucky and  southwestern  Virginia. 

Louisville,  1902,  152  pp. 

2.  Comparison  of  some  southern  cokes  and  iron  ores. 

Amer.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  Trans.,  vol.  15,  pp.  734-756,  1886-87. 

McCrory  (S.  H.). 

See  Morgan  (A.  E.)  and  McCrory  (S.  H.). 

McDonald  (Hunter). 

Filtering  galleries  as  applied  to  the  water  supply  of  Nashville. 

Eng.  Assn.,  of  the  South,  Trans.,  vol.  16,  pp.  20-47,  2 maps,  1905. 

McGee  (W  J) 

1.  The  Appomattox  formation  on  the  Mississippi  embayment. 

Abstract.  Geol.  Soc.  Am.  Bull.,  vol.  2,  pp.  2-6,  1891. 

Abstract.  Am,  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  40,  p.  332  p.),  1890. 

2.  The  southern  extension  of  the  Appomattox  formation. 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser,,  vol.  40,  pp.  15-41,  1890, 

Abstract:  Geol.  Soc.  Am.,  Bull.,  vol.  1,  pp.  546-547,  548-549  (by  author)  with 
discussion  by  C.  H.  Hitchcock,  C.  D.  Walcott,  W.  M.  Davis,  and  J.  Hall, 
pp.  548-549  (%  p.).  Other  abstracts.  Am.  Geol.,  vol.  5,  p.  120  (Y2  p.); 
Am.  Nat.,  vol.  24,  p.  209  (1/2  pO;  vol.  25,  p.  823  (1/2  p.),  1891. 


52 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


McGee  (W.J) — Continued. 

3.  Map  of  the  United  exhibiting  the  present  status  of  knowledge  relating 

to  the  areal  distribution  of  geologic  groups  (preliminary  compilation), 
1714  hy  28  inches. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  J.  W.  Powell,  Director,  5th  Annual  Report,  1S83-1884; 
in  pocket  in  back  and  explanation  on  pp.  34-38,  Wa.shing-ton,  1885. 

4.  The  LaFayette  formation. 

12th  Ann.  Kept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  pt.  1,  1892,  pp.  353-531. 

5.  The  Columbia  formation  in  the  Mississippi  embayment. 

Abstract  in  Proc.  Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  vol.  39,  1891,  pp.  244-245. 

6.  Remarks  on  the  formations  comprised  under  the  term  “Orange  Sand,” 

and  on  the  relations  of  certain  loams  and  gravels  in  the  vicinity  of 
Vicksburg  and  Grand  Gulf. 

Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  America,  vol.  1.  1890,  pp.  474-475. 

Discusses  paper  by  T.  C.  Chamberlain  on  “Some  additional  evidence  bear- 
ing on  the  interval  between  the  Glacial  epochs.” 

McFarland  (Walter). 

1.  Examination  of  the  Little  Tennessee  River  from  the  Chilhowee  Moun- 

tains to  the  Georgia  line,  in  Macon  County,  North  Carolina. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1876,  pp.  715-718. 

2.  Examination  of  French  Broad  River  from  the  Henderson  County  line  to 

its  junction  with  the  Holston,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1876,  pp.  718-724. 

3.  Examination  of  Powells,  Clinch  and  Emory  Rivers,  in  Virginia  and  Ten- 

nessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1876,  pp.  736-747. 

4.  Improvement  of  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1875,  786-790. 

5.  Improvement  of  the  Cumberland  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1875,  pp.  790-791. 

6.  Examination  of  the  Hiwassee  River  below  Benton,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1875,  809-813. 

7.  Examination  of  the  Little  Tennesee  River  above  the  mouth  of  the  Hol- 

ston River,  to  the  Chilhowee  Mountains. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1875,  pp.  813-817. 

8.  Improvements  of  the  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  .1874,  pt.  1,  pp.  569-577. 

9.  Improvement  of  the  Cumberland  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1874,  pt.  1,  pp.  577-579. 

10.  Improvement  of  the  Cumberland  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1873,  pp.  547-548. 

11.  Improvement  of  the  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1873,  pp.  543-547. 


12.  Improvement  and  survey  of  the  Tennessee  River. 
Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1872,  pp.  476-487. 


HlBLlOGRArilV  ()!'  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


53 


McFarland  (Walter) — Continued, 

io.  Iinproveinent  and  survey  of  Tennessee  River  from  Knoxville  to  King- 
ston, Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng-.  Kept.,  1S72,  pp.  4SS-494. 

14.  Improvement  of  the  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1871,  pp.  494-502. 

McLendon  (W.  E.)  and  Lyman  (W,  S.). 

Soil  survey  of  Grainger  County,  Tennessee. 

Field  operations  of  the  Bureau  oi  Soils,  U,  S.  Dept,  of  Agriculture,  1906. 

McLendon  (W.  E.)  and  Zappone  (C.  R.)  Jr. 

Soil  survey  of  Coffee  County,  Tennessee. 

Field  operations  of  the  Bureau  of  Soils,  U.  S.  Dept,  of  Agriculture,  1908. 

McLendon  (W.  E.). 

See  Lyman  (W.  S.),  Bennett  (F.)  and  McLendon  (W.  E.). 

MeWhirter  (A.  J.). 

1.  Biennial  report  of  A.  J.  MeWhirter,  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  Statis- 

tics and  Mines. 

For  the  years  1883  and  1884,  pp.  135,  Nashville,  1885. 

Includes  reports  by  Dr.  James  M.  Safford  and  Charles  L.  Jungerman. 

2.  Biennial  report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  Statistics  and  Mines 

of  the  State  of  Tennessee, 

pp.  903,  Nashville,  1887. 

3.  Revised  Handbook  of  Tennessee. 

pp.  200,  1 map,  Nashville,  1885. 

Macfarlane  (Graham). 

Notes  on  American  carinel  coal. 

Am.  Inst.  Mirting  Eng.,  Trans.,  vol.  18,  pp.  436-438,  1890. 

Macfarlane  (James). 

Coal  regions  of  America,  their  topography,  geology  and  development. 

XVI  vols.,  676  pp.,  25  maps,  New  York,  1873;  2d  edition.  New  York;  3d 
edition,  XVI  vols.,  700  pp.,  maps,  plates.  New  York,  1877. 

Includes  map  of  Pennsylvania  by  J.  P.  Lesley,  frontispiece. 

Maclure  (William). 

1.  Observations  on  the  geology  of  the  United  States,  etc.,  (explanatory  of 

geological  map.) 

Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Trans.,  vol.  6,  pp.  411-428,  map,  1809. 

Jour,  de  Pliysitpie,  vol.  69,  pp.  204-213 ;' vol.  72,  pp.  137-165,  map,  1811. 

2.  Observations  on  the  geology  of  the  United  States,  etc.,  (with  remarks 

on  the  probable  effects  of  rock  decomposition  on  nature  and  fertility 
of  soils.) 

Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Trans.,  vol.  1,  new  ser.,  pp.  1-91,  map,  plates,  4°,  1818. 
Published  separately  in  8°,  Philadelphia,  1817. 

Leonard’s  Zeitschrift,  Band  1,  1826,  pp.  124-138,  1818. 

Map  reproduced  in  1822  by  P.  Cleveland,  as  frontispiece  of  An  Elementary 
Treatise  on  Mineralogy  and  Geology,  2d  edition,  Boston,  and  by  Charles 
Moxon  in  The  Geologist  for  1843,  London. 

Main  (Josiah). 

A manual  for  high  schools,  with  special  reference  to  Science  and  Agri- 
culture. 

Department  of  Agricultural  Education,  I'niversity  of  Tennessee. 


54 


BIBLlOCiRAPlIY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Mallett  (J.  W.). 

Aiial.vsis  of  Idocrase  from  Diicktown,  Polk  County,  Tennessee. 

Amer.  .Tour.  Sci.,  2(1  ser.,  vol.  20,  p.  85,  1855. 

Manning  (P.  H.). 

The  relations  between  geology  and  forests. 

'■feiHiessee  Forest  Association,  1902-03,  p.  27. 

Marcou  (Jnles). 

1.  Geological  map  of  the  United  States  and  British  provinces  of  North 

America  (with  explanatory  text  and  geological  sections;  92  pages,  8 
plates).  Boston,  1853. 

Soc.  Geol.  France,  Bull.,  2cl  ser.,  vol.  12,  pp.  813-936,  map  plate,  under 
title  Resume  explicatif  d’une  carte  geologique  des  Pltats-unis  et  des 
provinces  anglaises  de  L’Amerique  du  Nord,  avec  un  profil  geologique 
allant  de  la  vallee  de  Mississippi  aux  cotes  du,  Pacifique  et  une  planche 
de  fossiles. 

Map  in  atlas  to  voyage  dans  I’Amerique  du  Nord,  par  G.  Lambert,  Brux- 
elles, 1855;  Annales  des  Mines,  vol.  7,  p.  320,  plate  IX,  Geology  of  North 
America,  Zurich,  1858;  “La  vie  souterraine,  on  les  mines  et  les  mineurs,” 
par  L.  Simonin,  plates  X,  XI,  XIV,  4°,  Paris,  1897;  “Physicalische  Kar- 
ten  Geology,”  Vienna,  1872. 

Reviewed  in  part  by  W.  P.  Blake,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  22,  pp.  383- 
388,  and  by  anon,  ibid.,  vol.  17,  pp.  199-206. 

2.  Snr  le  gisement  de  Tor  en  Californie. 

Biblioth.  Univ.  de  Geneve,  1855. 

Geology  of  North  America,  etc.,  pp.  81-84,  Zurich,  1858. 

3.  Uber  die  geologic  der  Vereinigten  Staaten  imd  der  enhlischeb  Provinzen 

von  Nord-Amerika. 

Petermann’s  Mitt.,  vol.  1,  pp.  119-159,  map,  4°,  1855. 

Maury  (D.  H.). 

New  well  and  hydraulic  pumping  plant  at  Peoria,  111. 

20th  Ann.  Rept.,  Illinois  Soc.  Eng.  and  Surv.,  pp.  110-118,  4 figs. 

Maxwell  (Henry  V.). 

Tennessee  iron  ores. 

Eng.  & Mg.  Jour.,  vol.  87,  p.  742,  1904. 

Describes  the  occurrence,  character,  and  geologic  relations  of  iron-ore 
deposits  in  eastern  Tennessee. 

Malcolmson  (C.  T.). 

See  Holmes  (J.  A.). 

Meadows  (Thomas  C.)  and  Brown  (Lytle). 

The  phosphates  of  Tennessee. 

Am.  Inst.  Mg.  Engrs.,  Trans.,  vol.  XXIV,  pp.  582-594,  1895. 

Gives  a historical  sketch  of  phosphate  mining  and  a map  of  the  region. 
Describes  the  occurrence  of  phosph.atic  material  at  various  localities  and 
the  general  geology  of  the  "district.  Discusses  the  origin  of  the  material. 

Meehan  (Thomas). 

On  the  timber  line  of  high  mountains. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci..  Phila.,  Proc.,  for  1872,  pp.  341-346. 

Gives  Roane  Mountain  conditions. 

Memminger  (C.  G.). 

1.  Commercial  development  of  the  Tennessee  phosphate. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  16th  Ann.  Rept.,  pt.  IV,  pp.  631-635. 

2.  Progress  in  phosphate  mining  industry  of  the  United  States. 

The  Mineral  Industry,  vol.  X,  p.  529,  1906. 


imujocRAri iv  ()i<  'n-:NNRSSi':i<:  ci-oloca’. 


55 


IVlercer  (Honry  (}.). 

The  fuidini’-  of  the  reniaiiis  of  the  fossils  slot.li  at  Hig  Hone  Cave,  Ten- 
nessee, in  ISDd. 

Am.  Phil.  Soc'.,  I’roc.,  vol.  XXXVT,  pp.  3(5-70,  2(5  (igs.,  1S!»7. 
llov.  Amer.  Gool.,  \’ol.  20,  pp.  52-51,  1S!)7. 

Deseribos  the  eharaetei'  of  the  remains  and  tli(‘  strata  in  wliicdi  they  were 
found. 

Merrill  (George  Perkins). 

1.  Stones  for  building  and  decoration, 

453  pp.,  New  York,  1891. 

2.  On  the  composition  and  structure  of  the  Hamblen  County,  Tennessee, 

meteorite. 

Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  2,  pp.  119-155,  figs.  1-2,  1890. 

Describes  the  occurrence,  chemical  composition,  and  optical  characters  of 
the  meteorite. 

Miller  (Arthur  M.) 

The  association  of  the  gasteropod  genus  Cyclora  with  phosphate  of  lime 
deposits. 

Am.  Geol.,  vol.  XVII,  pp.  74-76,  1896. 

Describes  the  investigation  as  to  the  origin  and  nature  of  the  Tennessee 
phosphate  deposits,  and  gives  chemical  analyses  of  the  Cyclora  casts 
and  of  the  rock  in  which  they  occur. 

Miller  (A.  M.). 

1.  Improvement  of  South  Forked  Deer  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1884,  pt.  2,  pp.  1338-1340. 

2.  Improvement  'of  Big  Hatchie  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1884,  pt.  2,  pp.  1337-1338. 

3.  Improvement  of  South  Forked  Deer  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1883,  pt.  2,  pp.  1154-1155. 

4.  Improvement  of  Big  Hatchie  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1883,  pt.  2,  pp.  1153-1154. 

Miller  (S.  A.). 

1.  Observations  on  the  unification  of  geological  nomenclature,  with  special 

reference  to  the  Silurian  formation  of  North  America, 

Cincinnati  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Jour.  vol.  4.  pp.  267-293,  1881. 

2,  North  American  Mesozoic  and  Cenozoic  geology  and  paleontology. 

Cincinnati  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  .lourn.,  vol.  2,  pp.  140-161,  223-224,  1879;  vol. 
3,  pp.  9-32,  79-118,  165-202,  245-288,  1880;  vol.  4,  pp.  3-4(5,  93-144,  183-234, 
1881.  Also  issued  338  pp.,  Cincinnati,  1881. 

Miller  (S.  A.)  and  Gurley  (Wm.  F.  B.). 

1.  New  species  of  crinoids  from  Illinois  and  other  States. 

111.  State  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Bull.,  9.  (56  pp.  5 pi..  8°,  Springfield,  111.,  1896. 
Describes  a new  cystoid,  caryocrinus  milliganae  from  ^Fennessee. 

2.  Description  of  new  and  remarkable  fossils  from  the  palaeozoic  rocks  of 

the  Mississippi  valley. 

111.  state  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Bull.  8,  65  pp..  5 pi.  8°,  Springfield,  111.,  1895. 
Describes  a new  species,  Thysanocrinus  milliganae,  from  Tennessee. 

3.  New  and  interesting  species  of  paleozoic  fossils. 

111.  state  Mus.  Nat  Hist.,  Bull.  7.  89  pp.,  5 pi.  8°,  Springfield,  111.,  1895. 
Describes  the  following  new  species  from  Tennessee:  Pisocrinus  milligani, 
Thalanocrinus  ovatus,  T.  cylindricus,  Hadrophyllum  tennesseeuse. 


56 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Miller  (S.  A.)  and  Gurley  (Wm,  F.  E.)— Continued. 

4.  Description  of  new  species  of  paleozoic  echinodermata. 

111.  State  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Bull.  6,  62  pp.,  5 pi.  8°,  Springfield,  111.,  1895. 
Describes  following  new  species  from  Tennessee;  Batocrinus  honorabilis, 
B.  wetherbyi,  B.  laterna,  B.  lacinosus,  B.  casualis,  Actinocrinus  botruo- 
sus,  Agaricocrinus  profundus,  A.  arcula,  Platycrinus  vascullum,  Archa- 
cocrinus  knoxensis. 

5.  New  genera  and  species  of  Echinodermata. 

111.  state  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Bull.  5,  53  pp.,  5 pi.  8°,  Springfield,  111.,  1894. 
Describes  following  new  species  from  Tennessee:  Caryocrinus  bulbulus, 
Aechaeocrinus  peculiaris,  A.  asperatus,  A.  parvus,  Mitrocrinus  wetherbyi, 
Barycrinus  expansus,  Actinocrinus  monticuliferous,  Allopkrosallolcrinius 
celsus. 

6.  Description  of  some  new  species  of  invertebrates  from  the  paleozoic 

rocks  of  Illinois  and  adjacent  States. 

111.  state  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Bull.  3.  81  pp.,  8 pi.  8°,  Springfield,  111.,  1894. 
Descri])es  a new  .species  of  crinoid,  Encalyptocrinus  wortheni,  from  the 
Niagara  of  Wayne  County,  Tennessee. 

7.  New  species  of  eclinodermata  and  a new  crustacean  from  the  paleozoic 

rocks. 

111.  state  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Bull.  10,  91  pp.,  5 pi.  8°,  Springfield,  111.,  1896. 
Describes  the  following  new  species  from  Tennessee,  Glyptaster  milliganae, 
Encalyptocrinus  milliganae. 

8.  New  species  of  paleozoic  invertebrates  from  Illinois  and  other  States. 

111.  State  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Bull.  11,  50  pp.,  5 pi.  8°,  Springfield,  111.,  1896. 
Re-describes  conularis  gattingeri  Safford. 

Miller  (M.  F,). 

See  Lapham  (J.  E.)  and  Miller  (M.  F.). 

Moldenke  (Richard). 

See  Holmes  (J.  A.). 

Mooney  (Charles  N.)  and  Ayrs  (O.  L.). 

1.  Soil  survey  of  the  Greeneville  area,  Tennessee-North  Carolina. 

Field  operations  of  the  Bureau  of  Soils,  1904,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  pp.  493-525, 
1 map,  1 fig. 

Refers  to  occurrence  of  sinkholes  and  effects  on  drainage  (p.  498). 

2.  Soil  survey  of  Lawrence  County,  Tennessee. 

Field  operations  of  the  Bureau  of  Soils,  1904,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  22  pp.,  1 map. 

3.  Soil  survey  of  the  Greeneville  area,  Tennessee-North  Carolina. 

* Field  operations  of  the  Bureau  of  Soils,  1904,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  37  pp.,  1 map. 

Moore  (P.  N.). 

Report  on  the  iron  ores  of  Cumberland  Gap. 

Rept.  Kentucky  Geol.  Surv.,  new  ser.,  vol.  4,  1878,  pp.  241-254. 

Morgan  (A.  E.), 

The  alluvial  lands  of  the  lower  Mississippi  valley  and  their  drainage. 

U.  S.  Dept,  of  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations,  Drainage  Investigations 
Document  No.  1222,  pp.  407-417,  pis.  2,  figs.  2.  Ann.  Rept.  Office  of  Ex- 
periment Stations  for  1908. 

Morgan  (A.  E.)  and  McCrory  (S.  H.). 

Preliminary  report  upon  the  drainage  of  the  lands  overflowed  by  the 
North  and  Middle  Forks  of  the  Forked  Deer  River  and  the  Rutherford 
Fork  of  the  Obion  River  in  Gibson  County,  Tennessee. 

Tenn.  Geol.  Surv.,  Bull.  No.  3,  extract  B,  pp.  20-43,  1910. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TFNNFSSEE  GEOLOGY. 


57 


Morgan  (Henry  J.). 

llhistnitions  of  polished  rock  surfaces. 

loth  Census  U.  S.  Report  on  the  building-  stones  of  the  United  States 
and  statisties  of  the  (piary  industry  for  1S80,  pis.  XX VII-UVIII.  Bound 
as  part  of  vol.  X,  Washington,  1881. 

Mohr  (Charles). 

Report  on  the  forests  of  Sand  Mountain. 

In  Forrester,  October,  1898,  vol.  4,  pp,  211-215. 

Morris  (Eastin). 

The  Tennessee  Gazetter. 

178-fl8  pp.,  12mo.,  Nashville,  1834. 

Morton  (Samuel  G.). 

Descriptions  of  two  new  species  of  fossil  shells  of  the  genera  Scaphites 
and  Crepidula,  with  observations  on  the  ferruginous  sand,  plaster  clay, 
and  upper  marine  formations  of  the  United  States. 

Philadelphia  Acad.  Sci.,  Jour.,  vol.  6,  pp.  107-119,  1829. 

Munn  (M. ‘J.). 

Oil  and  gas  developments  in  Tennessee,  preliminary  report. 

Tenn.  Geol.  Surv.,  Bull.  No.  2,  extract  E,  p.  46,  1911. 

Murphy  (Edward  Charles). 

Destructive  floods  in  the  United  States  in  1904. 

Water  Supply  and  Irrig.  Paper  No.  157,  pp.  179-187. 


N. 

N. 

Magnetic  iron  ores  of  the  Unaka  Mountains,  North  Carolina, 

Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  25,  pp.  272-273,293-294,  1878. 

Nance  (C.  W.). 

Report  of  examinations  and  surveys  made  at  Randolph  Fulton,  mouth  of 
Cool  Creek  and  Ashport. 

pp.  63-81  of  State  Engineer  Repts.,  Nashville,  1837. 

Nashville,  Chattanooga  & St.  Louis  Railway. 

Soil  and  Geological  map  of  Tennessee,  1906. 

Nelson  (Wilbur  A.). 

Clays  of  West  Tennessee. 

Tenn.  Geol.  Surv.,  Bull.  5,  1911. 

Newberry  (John  S.). 

Mineral  oil.  Prospectus  of  the  Indian  Creek  and  Jack’s  Knob  (Cumber- 
land and  Clinton  Counties,  Ky.)  coal,  salt,  oil,  etc.,  company,  with  a 
geological  report  on  the  lands,  20  pages,  Cincinnati,  1886. 

20  pp.,  Cincinnati,  1866. 

Abstract:  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  41,  p.  284  (2-3  p.),  1866. 
Newcomer  (H.  C.). 

1.  Improvement  of  Clinch,  Hiawassee  and  Holston  Rivers,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1906,  pp.  1537-1540. 

2.  Improvement  of  French  Broad  and  Little  Pigeon  Rivers,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1906,  pt.  2,  pp.  1535-1537. 

3.  Operating  and  care  of  Muscle  Shoals  canal,  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1906,  pt.  2,  pp.  1529-1535. 


58 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Newcomer  (H.  C.) — Continued. 

4.  Improvement  of  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Kng.  Rept.,  1906,  pt.  2,  pp.  151.3-1529. 

5.  Operating  and  care  of  locks  and  dams  on  Cumberland  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1906,  pt.  2,  pp.  1511-1512. 

G.  Improvement  of  Cumberland  River,  Tennessee  and  Kentucky. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1906,  pt.  2,  pp.  1503-1511. 

7.  Improvement  of  Obion  and  Forked  Deer  Rivers,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1906,  pt.  2,  pp.  1501-1503. 

8.  Tennessee  River  at  Muscle  Shoals  canal. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1905,  vol.  6,  pp.  1780-1783. 

Also  with  2 maps,  S.  Doc.  No.  173,  58th  Cong.  3d  ses. 

D.  Improvement  of  Clinch,  Hiawassee  and  Holston  Rivers,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1905,  vol.  6,  pp.  1776-1780. 

10.  Improvement  of  French  Broad  and  Little  Pigeon  Rivers,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1905,  vol.  6,  pp.  1774-1776. 

11.  Operating  and  care  of  Muscle  Shoals  canal,  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1905,  vol.  6,  pp.  1762-1774. 

12.  Improvement  of  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1905,  vol.  6,  pp.  1735-1762. 

13.  Improvement  of  Cumberland  River,  Tennessee  and  Kentucky. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1905,  vol.  6,  pp.  1724-1733. 

14.  Improvement  of  Obion  and  Forked  Deer  Rivers,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1905,  vol.  6,  pp.  1721-1723. 

15.  Preliminary  examination  of  Hiawassee  River,  Tennessee,  from  the  mouth 

of  the  Ocoee  River  to  the  ferry  at  head  of  Jenkins  Island. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1904,  pt.  2,  pp.  2400-2403. 

Also,  H.  Doc.  No.  183,  58th  Cong.  2d  ses. 

16.  Preliminary  examination  of  Elk  River,  Tennessee  and  Alabama. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1904,  pt.  2,  pp.  2397-2400. 

Also,  H.  Doc.  No.  211,  58th  Cong.  2d  ses. 

17.  Improvement  of  Clinch,  Hiwassee  and  Holston  Rivers,  Tennessee  and 

Virginia. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1904,  pt.  2,  pp.  2393-2397. 

18.  Improvement  of  French  Broad  and  Little  Pigeon  Rivers,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  pt.  2,  pp.  2389-2392. 

19.  Operating  and  care  of  Muscle  Shoals  canal,  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1904,  pt.  2,  pp.  2378-2389. 

20.  Improvement  of  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1904,  pt.  2,  pp.  2357-2378. 

Newton  (Henry), 

The  ores  of  iron:  their  geological  distribution  and  relation  to  the  great 
centers  of  the  world’s  iron  industries. 

Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  Trans.,  vol.  3,  pp.  360-391,  1875. 

Nichols  (Edward). 

Some  drift  hematite  deposits  in  East  Tennessee. 

Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  Trans.,  vol.  10,  pp.  480-482,  1892. 

Nuttall  (Thomas). 

Observations  on  the  geological  structure  of  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi. 
Philadelphia  Acad.  Sci.,  Jour.,  vol.  2,  pt.  1,  pp.  14-42,  1821. 


lunLiockAi’i I V ()i<  tp:nnp:ssicp:  (ii'.oi.ociY. 


S9 


o. 

Omberg  (.1.  A.)  ,Ir. 

Artesian  water  supplies. 

Jour.  Meniphi.s  Soc.,  vol.  2,  pp-  212-220,  1!)()2. 

Omberg  (.1.  A.)  Jr. 

See  Hider  (Arthur),  et  al. 

O’Neal  (John  S.). 

Phosphate  rock  in  the  South. 

Kng.  As.sn.  of  tlie  South,  Trans.,  vol.  9,  pp.  51-61,  1898. 

Ormsbee  (J.  J.). 

Some  notes  on  mining  operations  in  the  Sewanee  coal  seam,  Tennessee. 

Eng-.  Assn,  of  the  South,  Pub.  No.  4,  pp.  5-12,  1891. 

Osgood  (Samuel  W.). 

Zinc  mining  in  Tennessee, 

Tenn.  Geol.  Surv.,  Bull.  No.  2,  extract  G,  pp.  17,  1910. 

Overman  (L.  Cooper). 

Improvement  of  the  Tennessee  River  above  Chattanooga. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1871,  pp.  502-507. 

Owen  (D.  D.). 

1,  On  the  geology  of  the  Western  States  of  North  America. 

Geol.  Sioc.  Quart.  Jour.,  vol.  2,  pp.  433-437,  plate  (with  a geological  chart 
of  the  Ohio  Valley),  1846. 

The  map  republished  by  Byrem  Lawrence,  1843,  “a  geological  map  of 
the  western  United  States.” 

2.  On  the  geology  of  the  Western  States  (Abstract). 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  45,  pp.  151-152,  163-165,  1843. 

Read  to  Am.  Assoc.  Geol. 

Abstract  by  R.  I.  Murchison,  British  Assoc.,  Report,  vol.  12,  Trans.,  p[). 
44-45,  (1/2  P.),  1843. 

Owen  (Richard), 

Report  of  a geological  examination  made  on  certain  lands  and  mines  in 
the  counties  of  Haywood,  Madison,  Buncombe,  Jackson  and  Macon, 
North  Carolina,  and  in  Cocke  County,  Tennessee. 

19  pp.,  800,  Indianapolis,  1S69. 


P. 


Page  (L.  W.). 

1.  Progress  reports  of  experiments  with  dust  preventatives. 

Further  report  on  experiments  made  at  Jackson,  Tenn.,  in  1905,  with 
• tars  and  oils.  IT.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Public  Roads,  Circular  No. 

89,  p.  25. 

2.  Tar  and  oil  for  road  improvements. 

Report  of  progress  of  experiments  at  .lackscn,  Tenn.,  8 pp.,  1906.  (Out 
of  print.) 

2,  Progress  reports  of  experiments  in  dust  prevention,  road  preservation 
and  road  construction. 

Further  report  on  experiments  made  at  Jackson,  Tenn.,  in  1905,  wdth 
tars  and  oils.  IT.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Public  Roads,  Circular  No. 

90,  p.  23. 


60 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OP  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Paine  (Thomas  H.). 

Handbook  of  Tennessee. 

292  pp.,  Nashville,  1903.  Mainly  agriculture,  but  210  pp.  devoted  to  min- 
eral resources,  including  articles  by  Col.  A.  M.  Shook,  on  coal  and  iron, 
C.  \V.  Hayes,  on  ijhosphate,  and  H.  P.  Brown,  on  clay. 

Parker  (Edward)  and  Burrows  (J.  Shober). 

See  Holmes  (.J.  A.). 

Pate  and  Bassler. 

The  late  Niagaran  strata  of  West  Tennessee. 

U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  Proc.,  vol.  34,  pp.  407-432,  1908. 

Payne  (R.  M.). 

Wonder  Cave,  Monteagle,  Tennessee. 

32  pages. 

Peale  (A.  C.). 

Mineral  waters. 

Mineral  resources  of  U.  S.,  for  1904,  U.  S.  Geol.  Sui'v.,  pp.  1185-1208. 

Peck  (Jacob). 

Geological  and  mineralogical  account  of  the  mining  districts  in  the  State 
of  Georgia,  western  part  of  North  Carolina  and  East  Tennessee,  witE 
a map. 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.,  23,  pp.  1-10,  1 map,  1833. 

Perry  (George  W.). 

The  relation  of  the  strength  of  marble  to  its  structure. 

Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  52,  p.  54  (2-3  p.),  4'^,  1891. 

Phalen  (W.  C.). 

Bauxite  and  aluminum. 

* U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Mineral  Resources  of  U.  S.  for  1907,  pp.  695-705. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Mineral  Resources  of  U.  S.  for  1908,  pp.  697-708. 
Describes  bauxite  deposits  near  Chattanooga. 

Phillips  (William  B.). 

1.  On  the  phosphate  rocks  of  Tennessee. 

Ala.  Ind.  Sci.  Soc.,  Proc.,  vol.  IV,  pp.  44-48,  1894. 

Gives  a brief  descriptions  of  the  phosphate  rock  and  its  chemical  analysis^ 

2.  The  phosphate  rocks  of  Tennessee. 

Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  LVIl,  p.  417,  1894. 

Describes  the  character  of  the  phosphate  rock  of  Hickman  County,  Ten- 
nessee, and  the  lithologic  character  of  the  associated  strata.  Gives  a 
typical  vertical  section  of  the  beds,  wdiich  are  of  Devonian  age,  and 
chemical  analyses  of  the  phosphate. 

Porter  (John  B.) 

The  iron  ores  and  coals  of  Alabama,  Georgia  and  Tennessee. 

Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  Trans.,  vol.  15,  pp.  170-218,  map,  1887. 

Porter  (William  S.) 

Sketches  of  the  geology,  etc.,  of  Alabama. 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  13,  pp.  77-79,  1828. 

Powell  (R.  W.) 

] . Relations  of  forests  to  the  manufacturing  industries  of  Tennessee. 

Forestry  and  Irrigation,  May,  1902,  c.  8:  215-217. 

2.  The  relation  of  forests  in  Tennessee  to  the  manufacturing  industry  of  the 
State. 

Tennessee  Forest  Association,  1901-02,  p.  57. 


RlHLIOCiRAlMlY  Ob’ T1<NNI<:SSKR  GEOLOGY. 


61 


Proctor  (R.  D.) 

The  mineral  resources  of  Tennessee. 

Eng-,  aiul  Min.  .Jonr.,  vol.  15,  21-22,  4°,  1S88. 

Proctor  (Charles  A.) 

See  Ciirrey,  (Richard  O).  and  Proctor  (Charles  A.) 

Pultz  (John  Leggett) 

Mining  in  the  Cumberland  Gap  coal  field. 

Eng-,  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  83,  pp.  808-810,  2 figs.,  April  27,  1907. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  ores. 

Pumpelley  (R.) 

The  relation  of  secular  rock  disintegration  to  certain  transitional  crystal- 
line schists. 

Geol.  Soc.  Am.,  Bull.,  vol.  2,  pp.  209-223,  1891. 

Discussed  by  G.  H.  Williams,  B.  K.  Emerson  and  G.  K.  Gilbert,  pp.  223-224, 
Abstracts:  Am.  Geol.,  vol.  7,  p.  259  (2-5  p.);  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  vol. 
42,  pp.  346-347  (4-5  p.);  Am.  Nat.,  vol.  25,  pp.  363,  826-827  (Yz  p.),  1891. 


R. 

Ramage  (B.  J.) 

Forest  conditions  and  possibilities  in  Tennessee. 

Forester,"  June,  1901,  vol.  7,  pp.  138-140. 

Ramsey  (J.  G,  M.) 

An  essay  on  the  medical  topography  of  East  Tennessee, 

Transylvania  Jour,  of  Med.  and  the  Assoc.  Sciences,  vol.  5,  pp.  363-375,  1832. 
Describes  the  geology  of  the  region  as  transitional,  not  secondary,  as  then 
regarded  by  some. 

Rauff  (Hermann). 

Palaeospongiologie. 

Paleontographica,  Band  XLI,  pp.  223-272,  pis.  XX-XXVI,  figs.  76-124,  1894-95. 
Describes  new  species  of  fossils  sponges  from  the  Niagara  rocks  of  Ten- 
nessee and  one  from  the  Trenton  of  Manitoba. 

Raymond  (Percy  E.) 

The  Gastropoda  of  the  Chazy  formation. 

Carnegie  Mus.,  Annals,  vol.  4,  pp.  168-225,  10  pis.,  6 figs.,  1908. 

Ries  (Heinrich). 

1.  The  clays  of  the  United  States  east  of  the  Mississippi  River. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  . Professional  Paper  No.  11,  298  pp.,  9 pis.,  11  figs.,  1903. 
Discusses  origin,  geogiaphic  and  geologic  distribution  of  clays  in  the 
United  States  east  of  the  Mississippi  River,  and  their  properties,  com- 
position and  utilization. 

2.  Clays,  their  occurrence,  properties  and  uses. 

pis.  XLIV,  figs.  65,  pp.  554,  1908. 

Roberts  (Henry  M.) 

1.  Report  upon  survey  of  Tennessee  River  from  Chattanooga  to  the  junction 

of  Holston  and  French  Broad  Rivers,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1893,  pt.  3,  pp.  2323-2375. 

Also,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  No.  252,  52d  Cong.  2d  ses. 

2.  Report  on  preliminary  examination  of  Duck  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng  Kept.,  1893,  pt.  3,  pp.  2406-2408. 

Also,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  No.  33,  52d  Cong.  2d  ses. 


62 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Roberts  (Henry  M.) — Continued. 

0.  Preliminary  examination  of  Emory  River,  Tennessee,  from  its  mouth  to 

Harriman. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1893,  pt.  3,  pp.  2413-2417. 

Also,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  No.  21,  52d  Cong.  2(1  ses. 

4.  Preliminary  examination  of  Hiwassee  River,  in  Tennessee,  from  its  con- 

fluence with  the  Tennessee  River  to  the  mouth  of  the  Ocoee  River. 

Chief  of  Ping.  Kept.,  1893,  pt.  3,  pp.  2412-2413. 

Also,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  No.  27,  .52d  Cong.  2d  ses. 

5.  Preliminary  examination  of  Sequatchie  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1893,  pt.  3,  pp.  2408-2412. 

Also,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  No.  60,  52d  Cong.  2 ses. 

G.  Improvement  of  Clinch  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1892,  pt.  2,  pp.  1925-1927. 

7.  Improvement  of  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1892,  pt.  2,  pp.  1911-1920. 

8.  Improvement  of  Hiwassee  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1892,  pt.  2,  pp.  1920-1921. 

9.  Improvement  of  French  Broad  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1892,  pt.  2,  pp.  1922-1925. 

10.  Improvement  of  Cumberland  River,  Tennessee  and  Kentucky. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1892,  pt.  2,  pp.  1927-1940. 

11.  Improvement  of  Caiiey  Fork  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1892,  pt.  2,  pp.  1941-1942. 

12.  Improvement  of  South  Fork  of  Cumberland  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1892,  pt.  2,  pp.  1943-1944. 

Roberts  (J.  D.) 

Report  on  the  Tennessee  River,  Walden’s  Ridge  and  Carter  County  ore 
fields. 

Expert  reports  on  the  mineral  properties  of  the  E.  Tenn.  Land  Co.,  pp. 
15-17,  New  York,  1891. 

Roemer  (Ferdinand). 

1.  Die  Silurische  Fauna  des  westlichen  Tennessee. 

VIII+IOO  pp.,  4 pis.,  4to,  Breslan,  1860. 

Rev.  Neues  Jahrbuch,  1860,  pp.  326-328. 

Partly  trans.,  Cinn.  Quart.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  pp.  29-35,  190-192,  247-253, 
1874. 

2.  (Silur-Fauna  des  westlichen  Tennessee.) 

Neues  Jahrbuch,  1860,  326-328. 

Roessler  (S.  W.) 

Preliminary  examination  of  Wolf  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1893,  pt.  3,  pp.  2136-2137. 

Rogers  (H.  D.) 

1.  Sketch  of  the  geology  of  the  United  States. 

Geology  of  Pennsylvania,  vol.  2,  pp.  741-775,  Philadelphia,  1858. 

2.  Address  (on  American  geology,  and  present  condition  of  geological  re- 

search in  the  United  States.) 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  47,  pp.  137-160,  247-278,  1844. 

Read  to  Assoc.  Am.  Geol. 


Biiu.iocRAniY  oi<  .ti<:nnj<:ssi-:e  ci^jilogy. 


63 


Rogers  (H.  D.) — Continued. 

0.  On  Marcellus  iind  J huiiiltoii  of  the  South  and  West. 

Am,  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  15,  pp.  1G1-H)2,  1813. 

Read  to  Assoc.  Am.  Gcol. 

Rogers  tH.  D.)  and  Rogers  (Wm.  B.) 

On  the  physical  structure  of  the  Appalachian  chain,  as  exemplifying  the 
laws  which  have  regulated  the  elevation  of  great  mountain  chains 
generally. 

British  Assoc.,  Report,  vol.  12  Trans.,  of  sections,  pp.  40-42,  1842. 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  44,  pp.  359-365,  1843. 

Assoc.  Am.  Geol.,  Trans.,  pp.  474-531,  plates,  1843. 

Reprint  of  reports  on  the  Virginias,  pp.  601-642,  plates.  New  York,  1884. 
Abstracts:  Assoc.  Am.  Geol.  Trans.,  pp.  70-71,  1843,;  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol. 
43,  pp  177-178,  1842 

Rogers  (Wm,  B.) 

On  the  faunal  relations  of  some  of  the  geologic  groups  of  the  eastern 
United  States. 

Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Proc.,  vol.  7,  pp.  242-244,  1861. 

Roosevelt  (Theodore) 

Message  from  the  President  of  the  United  States,  transmitting  a report 
of  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  in  relation  to  the  forests,  rivers  and 
mountains  of  the  southern  Appalachian  region. 

Sec.  Ex.  Doc.  No.  84,  57th  Cong.  1st  ses.,  210  pp.,  800,  plates,  maps,  1902. 

Rothmell  (J.  R.)  and  Eaton  (B.  M.)  Committee, 

The  water  supply,  of  Chattanooga. 

Bull.  State  Bd.  of  Health  (of  Tenn.),  vol.  1,  No.  2,  pp.  8-11. 

Rothwell  (Richard  P.) 

The  mineral  industry,  its  statistics,  technology  and  trade. 

Vols.  I to  IX.  1892  to  1900. 

Royce  (Charles  C.) 

The  Cherokee  nation  of  Indians:  A narrative  of  their  official  relations 
with  the  Colonial  and  Federal  governments. 

Bureau  of  Ethbol.,  5th  Ann.  Rept.,  121  pp.,  maps,  1883-84. 

Gives  much  Tennessee  geographic  data, 

Ruhm  (H.  D.) 

1.  Phosphate  mining  in  Tennessee. 

Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  83,  pp.  522-526,  5 figs.,  March  16,  1907. 

Describes  brieily  the  origin  and  distribution  of  the  Tennessee  phosphate 
deposits. 

2.  The  present  and  future  of  the  Mount  Pleasant  phosphate  field. 

Eng.  Assoc.  South,  Trans.,  1902,  vol.  13,  pp.  42-64,  1903. 

Describes  discovery,  occurrence  and  production  of  phosphate  rock  in  the 
Mount  Pleasant  phosphate  field  of  Tennessee. 

3.  The  Tennessee  phosphate  fields. 

9th  Ann.  Rept.,  Bureau  of  Labor,  Statistics  and  Mines,  pp.  157-162,  Nash- 


Safford  (James  M.) 

1.  The  Silurian  basin  of  Middle  Tennessee,  with  notices  of  the  strata  sur- 
rounding it. 

Am,  Jour.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  12,  pp.  352-361,  1851. 


64 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Safford  (James  M.) — Continued. 

2.  On  the  parallelism  of  the  Lower  Silurian  groups  of  Middle  Tennessee  with 

those  of  New  York. 

Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  Proc.,  vol.  .7,  pp.  153-156,  1853. 

Annals  of  Science  (Cleveland),  vol.  1,  pp.  249-251,  1853. 

3.  A geological  reconnoissance  of  Tennessee,  first  biennial  report,  164  pages, 

map  of  Nashville,  1855. 

Abstract;  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  22,  pp.  129-133,  1856. 

Rev.  Mining  Mag.,  vol.  7,  pp.  33-38,  1856. 

4.  Second  biennial  report  on  the  geology  of  Tennessee. 

11  pp.,  Nashville,  1857. 

5.  On  Tennessee  geological  history. 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  26,  pp.  128-129  (%  p.),  1858. 

6.  On  some  points  in  American  geological  history. 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  27,  pp.  140-141,  1859. 

7.  The  Upper  Silurian  beds  of  Western  Tennessee;  and  Dr.  F.  Roemer’s 

monograph. 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  31,  pp.  205-209,  1861. 

8.  On  the  Cretaceous  and  superior  formations  of  Western  Tennessee. 

Am.  .Jour.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  37,  pp.  330-372,  1864. 

9.  Note  on  the  geological  position  of  petroleum  reservoirs  in  Southern  Ken- 

tucky and  in  Tennessee. 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  43,  pp.  104-107,  1866. 

10.  The  topography  and  geology  of  Nashville. 

Report  of  the  Board  of  Health  of  the  City  of  Nashville,  for  1877,  pp.  147- 
151,  Nashville,  1877. 

11.  Tennessee  (geological  formations.) 

Macfarlane’s  Am.  Geo.  Rwy.  Guide,  pp.  196-199,  1879. 

12.  Physico-geographical  and  agricultural  features  of  the  States  of  Tennes- 

see and  Kentucky. 

loth  Census  U.  S.,  vol.  5,  report  on  cotton  production  in  the  United  States, 
pt.  1,  pp.  381-464  (bottom  pagination),  map,  4°,  Washington,  1884. 

13.  Tennessee. 

Macfarlane’s  Geol.  Rwy.  Guide,  1st  edition,  pp.  196-199,  1879.  2d  edition, 
pp.  401-405,  1890. 

14.  The  water  supply  of  Memphis. 

Bull,  state  Bd.  of  Health  (of  Tenn.),  vol.  5,  pp.  98-106,  1890. 

Abstract:  Am.  Assn.  Adv.  Sci.,  Proc.,  vol.  39,  p.  244  (%  p.),  1891. 

15.  The  Tennessee  coal  measures. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Mineral  Res.,  1892,  pp.  497-506. 

Describes  the  strata  in  which  the  coal  measures  occur  and  states  that 
they  form  the  uppermost  beds  of  the  Cumberland  Plateau,  covering  an 
area  of  about  5,000  square  miles. 

16.  Phosphate-bearing  rocks  in  Middle  Tennessee;  preliminary  notice. 

Am.  Geol.,  vol.  XIII,  pp.  107-109,  1894. 

Describes  the  lithologic  characters  of  the  Devonian  strata  in  w'hich  the 
phosphate  occurs  and  the  character  of  the  phosphate  material. 

17.  A new  and  important  source  of  phosphate  rock  in  Tennessee. 

Am.  Geol.,  vol.  XVIII,  pp.  261-264,  1896. 

Describes  the  occurrence  of  the  phosphate  material  and  the  character 
of  the  Trenton  formation  in  which  it  is  found,  and  gives  its  chemical 
analysis. 


BIBLIOGRAPIIV  OF  .I'l'NNFSSEE  GEOLOGY. 


65 


Safford  (James  M.) — Coiitiiiiied. 

18.  Horizons  of  phosphate  rocks  in  Tennessee. 

Geol.  Soc.  Am.,  Bull.,  vol.  13,  pp.  14-15,  1901. 

Describes  the  gx'ologic  ix'lations  of  the  various  phosphate  deposits. 

19.  Classification  of  the  geological  formations  of  Tennessee. 

Geol.  Soc.  Am.,  Bull.,  vol.  13,  pp.  10-14,  1901. 

Gives  in  tabular  form  a list  of  the  geological  formations  of  Tennessee  and 
includes  brief  notes  regarding  them. 

20.  Note  on  the  Middleton  formation  of  Tennessee,  Mississippi  and  Alabama. 

Geol.  Soc.  Am.,  Bull.,  vol.  Ill,  pp.  511-512,  1892. 

Abstract:  Am.  Geol..  vol.  XI,  p.  119  (61),  1893. 

Describes  the  characters  of  the  formations  in  these  States,  which  form 
the  lowest  Eocene. 

21.  The  pelvis  of  a Megalonyx  and  other  bones  from  Big  Bone  Cave,  Ten- 

nessee. 

Geol.  Soc.  Am.,  Bull.,  vol.  Ill,  pp.  121-123,  1892. 

Describes  the  pelvis  and  oiher  bones  found  in  this  cave  and  its  location 
and  history. 

22.  Geology  of  Tennessee. 

550  pp.,  map,  4 pis.,  Nashville,  1869.  Pages  1-124  had  been  issued  in 
unbound  form  in  1861. 

23.  Statement  made  by  the  State  Geologist  to  the  thirty-fourth  General  As- 

sembly of  Tennessee,  of  the  adjourned  session,  1866. 

Appendix  to  Senate  Journal,  Second  Adjourned  Session,  1866-67,  pp.  33- 

39,  Nashville,  1867. 

Relates  to  the  publication  of  his  final  report. 

24.  (Suggestions  for  a state  museum  of  economic  geology.) 

Bien.  Rept.  Bureau  of  Agriculture,  etc.,  for  1887-88,  pp.  36-37,  Nash- 
ville, 1889. 

25.  (Third.)  Report  of  the  State  Geologist  to  the  General  Assembly  of  the 

State  of  Tennessee. 

November  8,  1859,  pp.  8,  Nashville,  1859. 

26.  Exhibition  of  certain  bones  of  Megalonyx  not  before  known. 

Abstract:  Am.  Assn.  Adv.,  Sci..  Proc.,  vol.  40,  p.  239  p.),  1891. 

Also,  Am.  Geol.,  vol.  8,  p.  193  and  p.  232,  1891. 

27.  The  Natural  Divisions  of  Tennessee  in  their  relation  to  disease. 

2d  Rept.  State  Bd.  of  Health,  pp.  365-379,  Nashville,  1885. 

28.  Geological  and  Topographical  features  of  Tennessee  in  relation  to 

disease. 

1st  Rept.,  State  Bd.  of  Health,  pp.  237-315,  2 maps,  Nashville,  1880. 

29.  The  agricultural  geology  of  the  State  of  Tennessee. 

Bien.  Rept.  Commr.  Agriculture,  Statistics  and  Mines  for  1883  and  1884, 
pp.  39-119,  Nashville,  1885. 

30.  Report  of  Dr.  J.  M.  Stafford,  State  Geologist,  touching  the  work  of  the 

United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  in  Tennessee. 

Bien.  Rept.  Bureau  of  Agriculture,  Statistics  and  Mines,  pp.  887-888, 
Nashville,  1887. 

31.  Report  of  State  Geologist. 

In  Senate  Journal  of  46th  General  Assembly  of  State  of  Tennessee,  pp. 
715-739,  Nashville,  1889. 

Mainly  devoted  to  the  coal  of  Fentress  and  adjoining  counties,  but  notes 
briefly  some  of  the  economic  materials  of  several  other  counties. 


66 


RTBLTOGRAPflY  OF  TENNESSKF:  GEOLOGY. 


Safford  (James  M.) — Continued. 

J2.  Slack  water  navigation  and  public  health. 

Bull.  State  Bd.  of  Health  (of  Tenn.),  vol.  5,  pp.  149-1.53,  1890. 

33.  The  Middleton  formation  of  Tennessee,  Mississippi  and  Alabama;  with  a 

note  on  the  formations  at  LaGrange,  Tenn. 

Am.  Geol.,  vol.  9,  pp.  03-64,  1,892. 

34.  An  annotated  catalogue  of  the  mineral  springs  and  wells  of  Tennessee; 

a contribution  to  a report  on  the  water  supply  of  the  State. 

Bull.  State  Bd.  of  Health  (of  Term.),  vol.  1,  Oct.  1885,  supplement,  pp. 
15-16. 

35.  A geological  reconnoissance  of  Tennessee,  pp  120,  1 map. 

Appendix  to  House  and  Senate  Journals,  1855-56,  n.  p.;  n.  d. 

3G,  Report  of  the  State  Geologist. 

Appendix  to  House  and  Senate  Journals,  1857-58,  pp.  119-128,  n.  p. ; n.  d. 

37.  The  topography  and  geology  of  Middle  Tennessee  as  to  natural  gas. 

Am.  Manufacturer  and  Iron  World,  Dec.  30,  1887,  Nat.  Gas  Sup.  No.  2, 
pp.  21-22,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

38.  Remarks  on  the  genus  tetradium  with  notice  of  the  species  found  in 

Middle  Tennessee. 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  236-238,  1856, 

39.  On  the  species  of  Calceola  found  in  Tennessee;  Calceola  Americana. 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  2d  ser..  vol.  29,  pp.  248-249,  1860. 

40.  The  geology  of  Tennessee.  Part  1,  Physical  Geography. 

124  pp.,  800,  Nashville,  1861. 

Pages  1-125  of  his  Geology  of  Tennessee,  1869  are  identical  in  matter 
but  were  reset. 

41.  General  topography  of  Middle  Tennessee. 

So.  Jour.  Med.  and  Phys.  Sciences,  vol.  1,  pp.  157-158,  map,  1853. 

42.  (Report  of  the)  Department  of  geology,  minerals,  mines  and  mining. 

Official  Hist.,  Tenn.  Centen.  Exposition,  pp.  366-385,  4to,  Nashville,  1898. 

43.  (The  water  supply  of  Erin,  Tenn.) 

State  Bd.  of  Health  (of  Tenn.),  Bull.,  vol.  6,  p.  35,  1890. 

44.  The  resources  of  the  valley  of  the  Cumberland  River. 

Remarks  before  the  Cumberland  River  Improvement  Association  at  their 
convention  held  in  the  Commercial  Club  rooms,  Nashville,  Nov.  18,  1891. 
Rept.  of  Assn.,  pp.  26-33. 

45.  Tennessee  phosphate  rocks, 

Bien.  Rept.,  Bureau  of  Agriculture,  1893  and  1894,  pp.  211-224,  Nashville, 
1895.  Reprint,  16  pp.,  8°,  Nashville,  1895. 

46.  (Note  on)  Tooth  of  Petalodus  Ohioensis. 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  16,  p.  142,  1853. 

Misprinted  Getalodus. 

47.  The  economic  and  agricultural  geology  of  the  State  of  Tennessee.  A 

report  on  surveys  made  in  West  and  Middle  Tennessee  and  on  the 
general  agricultural  geology  of  the  State. 

Bien.  Rept.,  Bureau  of  Agriculture,  Statistics  and  Mines,  pp.  55-167,  Nas\\- 
ville,  1887.  Also  as  separate  with  same  pagination 

48.  (The  mineral  resources  of  the  South.) 

Proc.  Southern  Immigration  Assn.,  pp.  16-25,  Nashville,  1884. 

49.  The  topography,  geology  and  water  supply  of  Sewanee. 

State  Bd.  of  Health,  Bull.,  vol.  8,  pp.  89-98,  1893. 

Reprint,  11  pp.,  800,  Nashville,  1893. 


RiinjockAriiv  ()!'  ■'n':NNi-:ssi'j<:  (iicoLociv. 


(37 


Safford  (.lames  M.) — Continued. 

50.  Report  on  tlie  Cninberland  1‘latean  coal  lands,  and  the  Walden’s  Ridge 

and  Tennessee  River  iron  ore  lands. 

lOxport  Ropts.  on  (ho  niinoi'ul  i)i()iKMt ies  of  llu'  R.  'I''('nn.  Land  (’o.,  pp, 
18-2(5,  New  York,  1891. 

51.  Report  on  lands  of  the  .Tackson  Mining  & Petroleum  Company. 

(Prospectus  of  the)  .Jackson  Mining  and  Petroleum  Company,  i)p.  ll-P:, 
Nashville,  IS’66. 

52.  Regions  of  West  Tennessee  of  sulphur  waters  and  chalybeate  waters, 

respectively;  the  lines  of  division  between  the  two  regions;  the  origin 
of  iron  ore. 

Bull.  State  Bd.  of  Health  (of  Tenn.),  vol.  4,  1889,  pp.  210-212. 

53.  The  upland  geological  formations  of  Obion,  Dyer,  Lauderdale,  Tipton  and 

Shelby  Counties;  their  general  features  and  sanitary  relations. 

Bull,  state  Bd.  of  Health  (of  Tenn.),  vol.  2,  1886,  pp.  151-153;  vol.  3,  1887, 
pp.  3-4,  18-19. 

Safford  (.T.  M.)  and  Ki Hebrew’  (J.  B.) 

1.  The  elements  of  the  geology  of  Tennessee. 

Nashville,  Tenn.,  264  pp,  45  figs.,  1900. 

2.  The  elementary  geology  of  Tennessee. 

VI  + 255  pp.,  Nashville,  1876. 

Safford  (J.  M.) 

See  Killebrew  (J.  B.)  and  Safford  (J.  M.) 

Safford  (J.  M.)  and  Owen  (Richard). 

Report  upon  the  mineral  and  agricultural  resources  of  the  lands  owned  by 
the  Hopkins  Mastodon  Coal  & Iron  Mining  & Mfg.  Co. 

Prospectus  of  these  mines.  1858.  Nashville.  1857,  map. 

Safford  (J.  M.)  and  Schuchert  (Charles). 

Camden  chert  of  Tennessee  and  its  Lower  Oriskany  fauna. 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  \’1I,  pp.  129-432,  1899. 

Describes  the  character  and  occurrence  of  the  strata  and  its  contained 
fauna.  Discusses  correlation  with  Clear  Creek  limestone  of  Illinois. 

Safford  (J.  M.)  and  Vodges  (A.  W.) 

Description  of  new  species  of  fossil  Crustacea  from  the  Lower  Silurian  of 
Tennessee,  with  remarks  on  others  not  well  known. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  Proc.,  for  1889,  pp.  166-168. 

Also  reprint. 

Salisbury  (R.  D.) 

See  Chamberlain  (T.  C.)  and  Salisbury  (R.  D.) 

Satterfield  (George): 

(Record  of  well  boring  in  Warren  County,  Tennessee. 

Reports  on  agriculture  of  Tennessee,  pp.  114-116,  Nashville,  1877. 

Sayley  (N.) 

An  outline  geological  map  of  Tennessee,  etc. 

(After  Safford),  Cincinnati,  1866.  (Not  seen.) 

Schmitz  (E.  J.) 

The  oil  boom  of  Tennessee. 

Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  LXI,  pp.  228-229,  with  map,  1890. 

Gives  two  sections  of  artesian  wells  in  this  region. 


68 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Schott  (C.  A.) 

1.  On  the  results  of  spirit  leveling  of  precision  between  Corinth,  Miss.,  and 

Memphis,  Tenn. 

U.  S.  Coast  and  Geod.  Surv.,  Kept.,  1892,  pt.  2,  App.  4,  pp.  205-224. 

2.  Results  of  spirit  leveling  of  precision  between  Okolona,  Miss.,  and  Odin, 

111. 

U.  S.  Coast  and  Geod.  Surv..  Kept.,  1892,  pt.  2,  App.  3,  pp.  161-203. 
Schuchert  (Charles). 

1.  Paleo'geography  of  North  America. 

Bull.,  Geol.  Soc.  Am.,  vol.  20,  pp.  427-606,  pis.  46-101. 

2.  On  Silurian  and  Devonic  Cystidea  and  Camarocrinus. 

Smiths.  Misc.  Coll.,  vol.  47,  1904,  pp.  341-400. 

Schuchert  (Charles). 

See  Safford  (J.  M.)  and  Schuchert  (Charles). 

Schuerman  (W.  H.)  Chairman. 

Report  on  municipal  purification  investigations  (with  special  reference  to 
Nashville  conditions.) 

Eng-.  Assn,  of  the  South,  Trans.,  pp.  63-103,  1905. 

Sears  (Clinton  B.) 

1.  Preliminary  examination  of  Obion  and  Forked  Deer  Rivers,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1904,  pt.  2,  pp.  2351-2355. 

Also,  H.  Doc  No.  206,  58th  Cong.  2d  ses. 

2.  Preliminary  examination  of  Hatchee  (Big  Hatchie)  River,  Tennessee, 

from  its  mouth  to  Rialto. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1904,  pt.  2,  pp.  2348-2351. 

Also,  H.  Doc.  No.  243,  58th  Cong.  2d  ses. 

3.  Improvement  of  Cumberland  River,  Tennessee  and  Kentucky 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1904,  pt.  2,  pp.  2340-2348. 

4.  Improvement  of  Obion  and  Forked  Deer  Rivers,  Tennessee, 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1904,  pt.  2,  pp.  2337-2339. 

Seybert  (Henry), 

Analysis  of  the  Drakes  Creek  (Tennessee)  meteorite. 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  17,  pp.  326-328,  1830. 

Shaler  (N.  S.) 

Notes  on  the  age  and  the  structure  of  the  several  mountain  axes  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  Cumberland  Gap, 

Am.  Nat.,  vol.  11,  pp.  385-392,  1877. 

Shepard  (Charles  Upham). 

1.  Analysis  of  meteoric  iron  from  Cocke  County,  Tennessee,  with  some  re- 

marks on  chlorine  in  meteoric  masses. 

Am.  'Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  43,  pp.  354-363,  1842. 

2.  Report  on  the  Ducktown  copper  region  and  the  mines  of  the  Union  Con- 

solidated Mining  Company  of  Tennessee. 

8 pp.,  800,  Charleston,  1859. 

Reprint,  Mining  Mag.,  n.  s.,  vol.  1,  pp.  381-387,  1860. 

3.  Report  on  the  Ducktown  copper  region  and  the  mines  of  the  Consolidated 

Mining  Company  of  Tennessee, 

8 pp..  Charleston,  1859. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TP:NNFSSI<:E  GEOLOGY. 


69 


Shepard  (E.  M.) 

The  New  Madrid  earthquake. 

Jour.  Geol.,  vol.  13,  pp.  4,')-G2. 

This  paper  is  a discussion  of  the  New  Madrid  earllKiuake,  and  the  i-dation 
of  some  of  its  phenomena  to  artesian  conditions.  Among  the  subjects 
considered  are  the  extrusion  of  water  or  mud  by  the  (piake  tpp.  40,  47,  57, 
58),  artesian  wells  at  Memphis,  Term.,  Jackson,  Miss.,  and  at  points  in 
Kentucky,  Missouri  and  Arkansas  (p.  53),  springs  and  discharged  sands 
(pp.  .54,  56),  relation  of  earthquake  to  artesian  conditions  (pp.  59,  61,  62). 
and  the  effect  of  recent  earthquake  on  wells  (p.  59)  and  springs  (p.  60). 

Shiflett  (Robert  A.) 

1.  (Ninth  Annual  Report).  Bureau  of  Labor,  Statistics  and  Mines. 

pp.  92,  Nashville,  1900. 

2.  (Tenth  Annual  Report).  Bureau  of  Labor,  Statistics  and  Mines. 

pp.  289,  Nashville,  1901. 

0.  (Eleventh,  Twelfth  and  Thirteenth  Annual  Reports)  of  the  Mining  De- 

partment. 

pp.  143,  Nashville,  1904. 

4.  Fourteenth  annual  report  of  the  Mining  Department  of  Tennessee. 

1904,  pp.  230. 

5.  Fifteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Mining  Department  of  Tennessee. 

1905,  pp.  301. 

().  Sixteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Mining  Department  of  Tennessee. 

1906,  pp,  155. 

7.  Seventeenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Mining  Department  of  Tennessee. 

1907,  pp.  132. 

8.  Eighteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Mining  Department  of  Tennessee. 

1908,  pp.  156. 

9.  Nineteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Mining  Department  of  Tennessee. 

1909,  pp.  157. 

Shook  (A.  M.) 

Coal  and  Iron. 

Handbook  of  Tennessee,  pp.  20-25,  Nashville,  1903. 

Silliman  (B.)  (Editor). 

1.  Notice  of  the  circumstances  attending  the  fall  of  the  Tennessee  meteor. 

ites. 

Amer,  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.,  18,  pp.  378-379,  1830. 

2.  Brief  description  of  the  Drabis  Creek  (Tennessee)  meteorite. 

Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  18,  p.  200. 

Sims  (P.  D.)  (Chairman), 

(Water  Supply  of)  The  Coal  Creek  branch  prison. 

Bull.  State  Bd.  of  Health  (of  Tenn.),  vol.  6,  pp.  87-89,  1891. 

Smalley  (B.  B.)  (President). 

The  town  of  Cardiff,  , and  lands  and  mines  of  the  Cardiff  Coal  & Iron 

Company,  situated  in  Roane,  Cumberland  and  Morgan  Counties. 

23  pp.,  3 maps,  n.  p.;  1890. 

Smith  (J.  Gray). 

A brief  historical  description  and  statistical  review  of  East  Tennessee, 

71  pp.,  800,  map,  London,  1842. 


70 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Smith  (Win.  G.)  and  Bennett  (H.  H.) 

- Soil  survey  of  Davidson  County. 

Field  operation.s  of  the  Bureau  of  Soils,  U.  S.  Dept,  of  Agr.  1903,  17  pp., 
map. 

Southern  Railway. 

1.  Southern  Railway  Territory. 

Southern  Field,  vol.  10,  No.  2,  March,  1905,  pp.  1-13. 

2.  Resources  of  East  Tennessee. 

Southern  Field,  vol.  14,  June,  1909,  p.  3. 

3.  Appalachian  Powers. 

Southern  Field,  vol.  15,  January,  1910,  p.  4. 

4.  The  Nashville  Division. 

Southern  Field,  vol.  11,  No.  3,  July,  1906,  pp.  1-12. 

5.  Tennessee  marble  industry. 

Southern  Field,  vol.  11,  No.  5,  November,  1906,  p.  10. 

Stevens  (R.  P.) 

Remarks  on  the  Taconic  system. 

New  York  Lyceum  Nat.  Hist.,  Annals,  vol.  7,  pp.  276-283,  1862. 

Stevenson  (John  J.) 

1.  Lower  Carboniferous  of  the  Appalachian  basin. 

Geol.  Soc.  Am.,  Bull.,  vol.  14,  pp.  15-96,  1903. 

Describes  occurrence,  stratigraphy,  lithologic  characters  and  geologic  re- 
lations of  Lower  Carboniferous  formations  in  the  Appalachian  region 
and  discusses  their  nomenclature  and  correlation,  and  the  physiographic 
conditions  prevailing  during  their  deposition. 

2.  Carboniferous  of  the  Appalachian  Basin. 

Geol.  Soc.  Am.,  Bull.,  vol  15,  pp.  37-210,  1904. 

Describes  in  detail  the  distribution,  character  and  geologic  relations  of 
the  various  beds  of  the  Pottsville  of  the  Pennsylvania  series  in  the 
Appalachian  region,  giving  numerous  detailed  sections,  and  discusses 
their  nomenclature  and  correlation. 

Strothers  (Joseph). 

The  mineral  industry,  its  statistics,  technology  and  trade.  Vols  x to  xix, 
1902.  ,/ 

Sudworth  (G.  B.)  and  Ki Hebrew  (J.  B.) 

Forests  of  Tennessee,  their  extent,  character  and  distribution. 

Nashville,  Tenn.,  1897. 

Summey  (George). 

The  necessity  of  preserving  the  forests  of  Monteagle. 

Tennessee  Forest  Association,  1902-03,  p.  11. 

Suter  (Chas.  R.) 

Examination  of  Forked  Deer  River  below  Dyersburg,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1874,  pt.  1,  pp.  372-380. 

Tassin  (Wirt). 

Descriptive  catalogue  of  the  meteorite  collection  in  the  United  States  Na- 
tional Museum. 

U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  Kept.,  1900,  pp.  671-698. 

Contains  some  Tennessee  finds. 


BlBLlOGKAriLY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


71 


Taylor  (Richard  C.) 

Statistics  of  coal. 

The  geographical  aiul  geological  distril)utioii  of  miiua-al  combustil)le.s  or 
fossil  fuel,  including  also  notices  and  localities  of  the  various  mineral 
bituminous  substances  employed  in  the  arts  and  manufactures  (etc.), 
clxviii,  754  pages,  plates,  maps,  Pliiladelphin,  1848. 

Second  edition  edited  by  S.  S.  llaldeman,  xx.  040,  pages,  plates,  maps, 
Philadelphia,  1855, 

Tenny  (William  J.)  (Editor). 

1.  Geology  of  West  Tennessee. 

Mining  Mag.,  vol.  4,  pp.  437-438,  1855,  an  editorial  note  based  on  article 
in  Memphis  Eagle  giving  results  of  Dr.  Safford’s  work. 

2,  Tennessee  copper  mines. 

Mining  Mag.,  vol.  1,  p.  175,  1853.  Note  from  the  Louisville  Couider. 

Thompson  (John). 

Tabulated  analyses  of  commercial  fertilizers,  from  January  1st,  1909,  to 
January  1st,  1910. 

Tennessee  Bulletin,  47  pp. 

Trippel  (A.)  and  Credner  (H.) 

Report  on  the  Ducktown  region  to  the  American  Bureau  of  Mines,  1866. 
Troost  (Gerard). 

1.  On  the  Pentremites  reinwardtii,  a new  fossil,  with  remarks  on  the  genus 

Pentremites  (Say),  and  its  geognostic  position  in  the  States  of  Ten- 
nessee, Alabama  and  Kentucky. 

Geol.  Soc.  Pennsylvania,  Trans.,  vol.  1,  pp.  224-231,  1835. 

2.  On  the  localities  in  Tennessee  in  which  bones  of  the  gigantic  mastodon 

and  Megalonyx  Jeffersonii  are  found. 

Geol.  Soc.  Pennsylvania,  Trans.,  vol.  1,  pp.  23G-243,  1835. 

3.  On  the  organic  remains  which  characterize  the  Transition  series  of  the 

Valley  of  the  Mississippi. 

Geol.  Soc.  Pennsylvania,  Trans.,  vol.  1,  pp.  248-250,  1835. 

4.  Third  geological  report  of  the  State  of  Tennessee. 

32  pages,  map,  12°,  Nashville,  1835. 

Abstract,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  30,  pp.  391-394,  1835. 

5.  Fourth  report  of  the  geological  survey  of  the  State  of  Tennessee  by  the 

State  Geologist. 

24  pages,  map,  12°,  Nashville,  1837. 

Abstract,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  35,  pp.  187-188,  1837. 

Also  pub.  in  House  Jour.,  1837-38,  Appendix,  pp.  628-852,  Knoxville,  1838, 
no  map.  Rev.  in  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  24,  pp.  187-188,  1838. 

6.  Fifth  geological  report  of  the  State  of  Tennessee. 

75  pages,  3 maps,  Nashville,  1840.  Abs.  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  41,  pp. 
385-386,  1841. 

7.  Sixth  report  of  the  geological  survey  of  Tennessee  by  the  State  Geologist. 

48  pages,  map,  Nashville,  1841. 

Also  in  House  Jour.,  1841-42,  App.,  pp.  171-199,  Knoxville,  1841,  and  Sen. 
Jour.,  1841-42,  App.,  pp.  155-183,  Knoxville,  1841. 

8.  Seventh  report  of  the  geological  survey  of  Tennessee. 

45  pages,  map,  Nashville,  1844. 

Also  in  House  Jour.,  1843-44,  i^pp.,  pp.  133-163,  Knoxville,  1844,  and  in  Sen- 
Jour.,  1843,  App.,  pp.  133-163,  Knoxville,  (1843?). 


72 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Troost  (Gerard) — Continued. 

9.  Eighth  report  of  the  geological  survey  of  Tennessee  by  the  State  Geolo. 

gist. 

20  pages,  Nashville,  1845. 

Also  in  House  .Jour., . 1845-46,  App.,  pp.  65-76,  Nashville,  1846. 

Also  in  Sen.  Jour.,  1845-46,  App.,  pp.  65-76,  Nashville,  1846. 

10.  Ninth  report  of  the  geological  survey  of  Tennessee  by  the  State  Geolo- 
gist. 

39  pages,  2 plates,  12°,  Nashville,  1848. 

Also  in  House  Jour.,  1847-48,  Ap.,  pp.  143-168,  2 pi.,  Knoxville,  1848. 

Also  in  Sen.  Jour.,  1847-48,  App.,  pp.  315-341,  2 pi.,  Nashville,  1848. 

11.  Description  dTin  neuveau  genre  de  fossiles. 

Soc.  Geol.  de  France,  Mem.,  Bd.  3,  pt.  1,  mem.  4,  pp.  87-96,  1838. 

12.  Address  delivered  before  the  Legislature  of  Tennessee  at  Nashville, 

October  19,  1831. 

Transylvania  Jour.  Med.,  vol.  4,  No.  4,  Lexington,  Ky.,  1831. 

Republished  from  National  Banner  and  Nashville  Whig  of  Oct.  31,  1831. 

A plea  for  establishing  a state  geological  survey. 

13.  Geographical  (sic)  survey  of  Tennessee. 

Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  2nd  ser.,  vol.  8,  pp.  419-420,  1849. 

14.  Description  of  a new  species  of  fossil  asterias  (asterias  antiqua). 

Geol.  Soc.  Pa.,  Trans.,  vol.  1,  pp.  232-235,  1835. 

15.  Kraurite  and  Cacoxene  in  Tennessee. 

Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  2nd  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  421,  1848. 

16.  Description  of  a mass  of  meteoric  iron  discovered  near  Murfreesboro, 

Rutherford  County,  Tennessee. 

Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  2nd  ser.,  vol.  5,  pp.  351-352,  1848. 

17.  Description  of  varieties  of  meteoric  iron. 

Edinburg  New  Philos.  Jour.,  vol.  42,  pp.  371-373,  1847. 

IS.  Description  of  three  varieties  of  meteoric  iron:  (1)  from  near  Carthage, 
Smith  County,  Tennessee;  (2)  from  Jackson  County,  Tennessee;  (3) 
from  near  Smithland,  Livingston  County,  Kentucky. 

Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  2nd  ser.,  vol.  2,  pp.  356-358,  1846. 

19.  (1)  Description  of  a mass  of  meteoric  iron  which  fell  near  Charlotte, 

Dickson  County,  Tennessee,  in  1835;  (2)  of  a mass  of  meteoric  iron 
discovered  in  DeKalb  County,  Tennessee;  (3),  of  a mass  discovered  in 
Green  County,  Tennessee;  (4)  of  a mass  discovered  in  Walker  County, 
Alabama. 

Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  49,  pp.  336-346,  1845. 

20.  Investigations  respecting  the  extent  of  the  coal  formation  of  the  State 

of  Tennessee. 

Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  30,  pp.  391-392,  1836. 

21.  Description  and  analysis  of  a meteoric  mass  found  in  Tennessee,  com- 

posed of  metallic  iron,  graphite,  hydroxide  of  iron  and  pyrites. 

Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  38,  pp.  250-254,  1840;  Bibl.  Univ.,  vol.  31,  pp.  189-191, 
1841;  Sturgeon,  Am.  Electr.,  vol.  5,  pp.  313-316,  1840. 

22.  List  of  Tennessee  crinoids. 

Proc.  Amer.  Assn.  Adv.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  pp.  59-62,  1850. 

Jahrb.  fur  Min.  etc.  Jahrg.  1850,  pp.  376-377, 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TFNNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


73 


Troost  (Geriird) — Continued. 

23.  Description  d’nn  nouveau  genre  de  fossiles. 

Mem.  de  la  Soc.  Geol.  de  France  Tome  3 Mem.  No.  4,  1834,  pp.  87-96,  pis. 
9-11. 

Conotunularia  n.  gen. 

(\  Cuvierii  pi.  9 f.  1.  C.  Brongniartii  pi,  9 f.  2.  C.  Goldfussil  pi.  9 f.  3. 
Orthoceratites  environs  de  Nashville. 

The  author  describes  a new  species  of  Asaphus  from  Perry  County,  as 
A.  megalophthalmus,  p.  94,  pi.  11,  fig.  5,  and  an  undescribed  Trilobite  pi. 
11,  fig.  6-7. 

The  first  is  a Phacops  approaching  P.  Hudsoni  Hall,  the  second  a species 
of  the  genus  Dalmanites. 

The  author  does  not  give  a name  but  figures  pi.  xi,  fig.  4 and  8 an  excellent 
figure  of  Brachiospongia  digitata. 

The  author  gives  a Geol.  Section  from  Memphis  to  French  Broad  River, 
pi.  xi,  f.  11  and  12. 

24.  Crinoids  of  Tennessee. 

(Unpublished,  see  Wood,  Elriva.  A critical  summary  of  1909.) 

Tuomey  (M.) 

A brief  notice  of  some  facts  connected  with  the  Ducktown,  Tenn.,  copper 
mines. 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  19,  pp.  181-182,  1855. 


U. 

Ulrich  (Edward  Oscar). 

1.  Portland  cement  resources  of  Tennessee. 

U.  S.  Geol  Surv.,  Bull.  No.  243,  pp.  301-307,  1905. 

Describes  the  occurrence,  geologic  relations,  and  character  of  limestone 
in  Tennessee  suitable  for  manufacture  of  Portland  cement. 

2.  A correlation  of  the  Lower  Silurian  horizons  of  Tennessee  and  of  the  Ohio 

and  Mississippi  valleys  with  those  of  New  York  and  Canada. 

Amer.  Geol.,  vol.  1,  pp.  100-110,  179-190,  305-315,  1888;  vol.  2,  pp.  39-44,  1888. 

Ulrich  (E.  O.) 

See  Hayes  (C.  W.)  and  Ulrich  (B.  O.) 

See  Winchell  (Newton  H.)  and  Ulrich  (E.  O.) 

U.  S.  Coast  Survey. 

Geographical  positions  determined  approximately  in  West  Virginia,  Ken- 
tucky, Tennessee,  Alabama,  Mississippi  and  Missouri. 

U.  S.  Coast  Surv.,  Kept.,  1865,  App.  10,  p.  137. 

Usher  (F.  C.) 

On  the  elevation  of  the  banks  of  the  Mississippi. 

Amer.  Sci.,  vol.  31,  pp,  294-296,  1837. 

Vanderford  (Chas.  F.) 

The  soils  of  Tennessee. 

Bull.  Univ.  of  Tenn.  Agi'.  Exper.  Sta,,  vol.  10,  No.  3,  p,  139,  3 maps,  Knox- 
ville, 1897. 

Van  Hise  (Charles  Richard)  and  Leith  (Charles  Kenneth). 

Pre-Cambrian  geology  of  North  Carolina. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Bull.  360,  939  pp.,  maps,  1909. 

For  Tennessee  see  pp.  685-687. 


74 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Van  Horn  (F.  B.) 

The  phosphate  deposits  of  the  United  States. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Bull.  No.  394.  Papers  on  the  Conservation  of  mineral 
resources,  pp.  161-162. 

Vodges  (A.  W.) 

See  Safford  (J.  M.)  and  Vodges  (A.  W.) 


W. 

Walcott  (Charles  D.) 

1.  The  Utica  slatQ  and  related  formations  of  the  same  geological  horizon. 

Albany  Inst.,  Trans.,  vol.  10,  pp.  1-17,  1883. 

2.  The  Cambrian  system  in  the  United  States  and  Canada. 

Abstract.  Washington  Phil.  Soc.,  Bull.,  vol.  6,  pp.  98-102,  1884. 

Abstract,  Science,  vol.  2,  pp.  801,  902  (%  p.),  1883. 

3.  (Remarks  on  the  thickness  and  identity  of  the  Calciferoiis  formation  from 

Canada  to  Tennessee.) 

Geol.  Soc.  Am.  Bull.,  vol.  1,  pp.  512-513,  1890. 

In  discussion  of  paper  of  E.  Brainard  and  H.  M.  Seeley  on  “The  Calcif- 
erous  formations  in  the  Champlain  Valley.” 

4.  The  fauna  of  the  Lower  Cambrian  or  Olenelliis  zone. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  J.  W.  Powell,  Director,  10th  Report,  pp.  509-760,  plates 
43-98,  Washington,  1890. 

Abstracts:  Am.  Jour,  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  42,  pp. 345-346  (4-5  p.);  Am.  Geol., 
vol.  8,  pp.  83-86. 

5.  Description  of  new  forms  of  upper  Cambrian  fossils. 

U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Proc.,  vol.  13,  pp.  267-279,  pi.  xx-xxi,  Washington,  1891. 

6.  Notes  on  the  Cambrian  rocks  of  Virginia  and  the  Southern  Appalachians. 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  xliv,  pp.  53-57,  1892. 

Describes  localities  in  the  southern  Appalachian  region  in  which  Cam- 
brian fossils  have  been  found  and  compares  the  strata  with  those  at 
different  points  in  the  northern  United  States  and  in  Canada. 

7.  Paleozoic  intraformational  conglomerates. 

Geo.  Soc.  Am.,  Bull.,  vol.  V,  p.  191-198,  pis.  5-7,  1894. 

Abstract:  Am.  Nat.,  vol.  XXVIII,  p.  1023  (Va  P-),  1894. 

Gives  a definition  of  the  term  intraformational  conglomerate  and  describes 
localities  in  Canada,  Vermont,  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  Tennessee 
where  they  occur,  and  discusses  their  origin. 

Walker  (J.  S.) 

The  source  of  Nashville’s  water  supply. 

Eng.  Assn,  of  the  South,  Trans.,  vol.  15,  pp.  189-194,  1904. 

Watson  (Thomas  Leonard). 

1.  Lead  and  zinc  deposits  of  the  Virginia-Tennessee  region. 

Am.  Inst.  Ming  Eng.,  Trans.,  vol.  36,  pp.  681-737,  29  figs.,  1906.  (Bi-Mo. 
Bull.,  No.  8,  pp.  139-195,  29  figs.,  March,  1906.) 

Abstract:  Mines  and  Minerals,  vol.  27,  pp.  17-19,  63-65,  3 figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  general  geology  of  the  region,  the  distribution  of  the  ore 
deposits,  and  the  alteration,  mode  of  occurrence,  and  the  origin  of  the 
ores.  Adds  a bibliography. 


lUBLlOClRArilY  OV  Tl'.NNIC SSRE  GEOLOGY. 


75 


Watson  (Thomas  l.eonard) — Contimicd. 

L\  Fluorite  and  barite  in  Tennessee. 

Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  Hi-Mo.  15nll.,  No.  p.  77,  .lamiiiry,  l!i07;  Trans.,  vol. 
37,  p.  890,  1907. 

A brief  note  in  regard  to  tlie  occurrence  of  lluorite  and  l)arite  in  Ten- 
, nessee. 

:L  Granites  of  the  Southeastern  Atlantic  States. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Bull.  No.  426,  pp.  282,  1910.  (Tennessee,  p.  171.) 

Weed  (Walter  Harvey). 

1.  Copper  mines  of  the  world. 

New  York,  1907,  pp.  348-357. 

2.  The  copper  mines  of  the  United  States  in  1905. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Snrv.,  Bull.  No.  285,  pp.  93-124,  2 figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  general  condition  of  the  copper  industry  in  the  United  States, 
and  the  geology,  character,  occurrence,  and  other  features  of  the  copper 
ores  of  the  several  states. 

3.  The  copper  deposits  of  the  Eastern  United  States. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Bull.  No.  260,  pp.  217-220,  1905. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  character  of  copper-ore  deposits  of  the  Ap- 
palachian region,  particularly  those  of  Virginia  and  Tennessee. 

4.  Copper  deposits  of  the  Appalachian  States. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Bull.  No.  213,  pp.  181-185,  1903. 

Describes  the  occurrence  of  deposits  of  copper  ores  in  New  Jersey,  Mary- 
land, Virginia,  North  Carolina,  and  Tennessee. 

5.  Types  of  copper  deposits  in  the  Southern  United  States. 

Am.  Inst.  Mg.  Engrs.,  Trans.,  vol.  30,  pp.  449-504,  figs.  1-22,  1901. 

Describes  the  character  and  occurrence  of  copper  ores  in 'certain  districts 
and  discusses  relations  of  the  ores  of  the  regions  with  these  type  deposits. 

Weeks  (Joseph  D.) 

Manganese. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  16th  Ann.  Kept.,  pt.  iii,  pp.  398-457,  1895. 

Includes  a brief  discussion  of  the  origin  and  occurrence  of  manganese  and 
notes  on  its  occurrence  in  Alabama,  Arkansas,  California,  Colorado. 
Georgia,  Indian  Territory.  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Tennessee,  Ver- 
mont, Virginia,  New  Brunswick,  Nova  Scotia  and  Cuba. 

Weitzel  (G.) 

1.  Improvement  of  the  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1868,  pp.  555-557. 

2.  Improvement  of  the  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1869,  pp.  279-285. 

3.  Improvement  of  the  Tennessee  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1870,  pp.  389-390. 

5.  Survey  of  French  Broad  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Rept.,  1871,  pp*.  491-494. 

6.  Survey  and  improvement  of  Cumberland  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1871,  pp.  467-485. 

7.  Survey  of  the  Upper  Cumberland  River. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1872,  pp.  463-472. 

8.  Improvement  of  Cumberland  River  below  Nashville,  Tenn. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1872,  pp.  461-462. 


76 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Weller  (Charles  A.) 

Barytes  mines  of  the  Commercial  Mining  & Milling  Company  (Tennessee). 
Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  83,  p.  851,  2 figs..  May  4,  1907. 

Wendeborn  (B.  A.) 

Der  Diicktown-Kufergrubendistrict  in  den  Vereninigten  Staaten  von  Nor- 
damerika. 

Berg-  und  huttenm.  Zeitung,  jg.  62,  No.  7,  pp.  86-88,  February  13,  1903. 
Describes  the  geological  relations,  character  and  occurrence  of  the  copper 
ores  of  the  Ducktown,  Tenn.,  copper  district. 

Wendt  (A.  F.) 

The  pyrites  deposits  of  the  Alleghenies. 

School  of  Mines,  Quart.,  vol.  7,  pp.  154-188,  218-235,  301-322,  1886. 

Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  41,  pp.  407-411,  426-428,  446-447;  vol.  42,  pp.  4-5, 
22-24,  1886. 

White  (C.  A.) 

Correlation  papers,  Cretaceous.  A review  of  the  Cretaceous  formations  of 
North  America. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Bull.  No.  82,  p.  273. 

White  (Charles  Henry). 

The  Appalachian  River  versus  a Tertiary  trans-Appalachian  River  in 
Eastern  Tennessee. 

Jour.  Geol.,  vol.  12,  pp.  34-39,  1904. 

Discusses  the  evidences  for  the  drainage  system  of  the  southern  Appa- 
lachian region  in  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  time. 

White  (H.  C.) 

See  McAdoo  (W.  G.)  and  White  (H.  C.) 

Whitney  (J.  D.) 

1.  Remarks  on  the  changes  which  take  place  in  the  structure  and  composi- 

tion of  mineral  veins  near  the  surface,  with  particular  reference  to  the 
East  Tennessee  copper  mines. 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  20,  pp.  53-57,  1855.  Reprint,  Mining  Mag.,  vol. 
5,  pp.  24-28,  1856. 

2.  Remarks  on  the  changes  which  take  place  in  the  structure  and  composi- 

tion of  mineral  veins  near  the  surface,  with  particular  reference  to  the 
East  Tennessee  copper  mines. 

Mining  Mag.,  vol.  6,  pp.  24-28,  1855. 

3.  Mineral  tract  of  the  East  Tennessee  and  Cherokee  Copper  Mining  Com- 

pany. 

Mining  Mag.,  vol.  1,  pp.  114-121,  1853, 

Whitney  (J.  D.)  and  Wadsworth  (M.  E.) 

The  Azoic  system  and  its  proposed  subdivisions. 

Harvard  Coll.,  Mus.,  Comp.  Zool.,  Bull.,  vol.  7,  pp.  331-565,  1884.  Reviewed 
by  J.  D.  D.  (ana).  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  28,  pp.  313-314  (4-5  p.), 
1884. 

Whittlesay  (Chas.) 

On  the  origin  of  mountain  chains. 

Am.  Assn.  Adv.  Sci.,  Proc.,  vol.  22,  pt.  2,  pp.  51-54,  1874. 

Wilder  (H.  J.)  and  Geib  (W.  J.) 

Soil  survey  of  the  Pikeville  area,  Tennessee. 

Field  operations  of  the  Bureau  of  Soils,  1903,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agri- 
culture, 33  pp.  map. 


BIRLIOGRAPIIY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


77 


Wilder  (J.  T.) 

(A  general  outline  of  the  mineral  resources  of  Eastern  Tennessee.) 

Introduction  to  the  resources  of  Tennessee  by  .J.  B.  Killebrew,  pp.  230-233, 
Nashville,  1874. 

Wilks  (John). 

Some  Tennessee  water  powers. 

Eng.  Assn,  of  the  South,  Trans.,  vol.  20,  pp.  176-182. 

Willard  (J.  H.) 

1.  Improvement  of  Big  Hatchie  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1892,  pt.  2,  pp.  1657-1660. 

2.  Improvement  of  Forked  Deer  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1892,  pt.  2,  pp.  1660-1663. 

3.  Improvement  of  Forked  Deer  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1890,  pt.  3,  1906-1908. 

4.  Improvement  of  Big  Hatchie  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  , 1890,  pt.  3,  pp.  1904-1906. 

5.  Improvement  of  Forked  Deer  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1889,  pt.  3,  pp.  1621-1624. 

6.  Improvement  of  Big  Hatchie  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1889,  pt.  3,  pp.  1618-1620. 

7.  Improvement  of  Forked  Deer  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1888,  pt.  2,  pp.  1369-1370. 

8.  Improvement  of  Big  Hatchie  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1888,  pt.  2,  pp.  1367-1369. 

9.  Improvement  of  Big  Hatchie  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1887,  pt.  2,  pp.  1479-1481. 

10.  Improvement  of  South  Forked  Deer  River,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1887,  pt.  2,  pp.  1482-1485. 

11.  Preliminary  examination  of  North  Fork  of  Forked  Deer  River  below  Dy- 

ersburg,  Tennessee. 

Chief  of  Eng.  Kept.,  1887,  pt.  2,  pp.  1494-1495. 

Wilcox  (Joseph). 

Mountain  drainage  of  Eastern  Tennessee  and  Western  North  Carolina. 
Philadelphia,  Acad.  Sci.,  Proc.  (vol.  27),  pp.  164-165  (i^  p.),  1874. 

Williams  (H.  S.) 

Correlation  papers;  Devonian  and  Carboniferous. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Bull.  No.  80,  279  pages,  Washington,  1891. 

Williams  (Albert,  Jr.) 

1.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  mineral  resources  of  the  United  States  for  1833,  gives 

figures  of  production,  short  descriptive  notes,  etc. 

2.  Same,  for  1884. 

3.  Same,  for  1885. 

Willis  (Bailey). 

1.  Notes  on  the  samples  of  iron  ore  collected  in  East  Tennessee. 

loth  Census  U.  S.,  vol.  15,  Mining  Industries,  pp.  331-350.  Map  4°,  Wash- 
ington, 1886. 


78 


BIBLIOGRAPJIY  OF  TP:NNKSSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Willis  (Bailey) — Continued, 

2.  Round  about  Asheville. 

National  C}(‘OKr.  Maj?.,  vol.  1,  pp.  2!)l-300,  map,  1889. 

3.  Notes  on  the  samples  of  iron  ore  collected  in  East  Tennessee. 

Tentli  CcMisius,  llopts.,  vol.  15,  pp.  331-350,  maps. 

Wilson  (E.  H.) 

Report  upon  the  results  of  boring  at  Memphis,  Tenn.,  Helena,  Ark.,  Ark- 
ansas City,  Ark.,  Greenville,  Miss.,  and  Lake  Providence,  La.,  with 
data  pertaining  to  similar  work  previously  executed. 

Letter  Sec.  War,  Report  of  progress,  Mississippi  River  Commission,  No- 
vember 25,  1881,  47th  Congr.,  1st  Sess.,  Senate  Ex.  Doc.  No.'  10,  pp.  139- 
171,  Washington,  1882. 

Winchell  (Alexander). 

1.  On  the  geological  age  and  equivalents  of  the  Marshall  group. 

Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Proc.,  vol.  11,  pp.  57-82,  385-418,  1871. 

Abstract,  Am.  Nat.,  vol.  2,  p.  445  (1-3  p.),  1869. 

2.  Notes  and  descriptions  of  fossils  from  the  Marshall  groups  of  the  West- 

ern States,  with  notes  on  fossils  from  other  formations. 

Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Proc.,  vol.  11,  pp.  245-260,  1871. 

3.  Notes  on  fossils  from  Tennessee,  collected  from  the.  strata  immediatelj’ 

overlying  the  black  shale,  and  transmitted  for  examination  by  J.  M. 
Safford. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  pp.  440-446,  Nashville,  1869. 

4.  The  sanitary  geology  of  Nashville. 

Third  Rept.  Board  of  Health  of  Nashville,  pp.  135-150,  Nashville,  1879. 

Winchell  (Newton  H.) 

Chart  of  geological  nomenclature  intended  to  express  the  relation  of  Min- 
nesota to  the  great  geological  series  of  the  earth,  and  the  probable 
equivalency  of  some  of  the  names  the  formation  has  received  in  the 
various  States  and  in  Europe. 

Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist.,  Surv.,  Minnesota,  1st  Annual  Report  for  1872,  chart 
opposite  p.  38,  St.  Paul,  1873. 

Winchell  (N.  H.)  and  Ulrich  (E.  O.) 

The  Lower  Silurian  deposits  of  the  Upper  Mississippi. 

A correlation  of  the  strata  with  those  in  the  Cincinnati,  Tennessee,  New 
York  and  Canadian  Provinces,  and  the  stratigraphic  and  geographic  dis- 
tribution of  the  fossils.  Minn.  Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.,  Paleontology, 
vol.  Ill,  pt.  H,  pp.  LXXXIII-CXXIX,  1897. 

Discusses  the  evidence  for  the  correlation  of  the  various  subdivisions  of 
the  Lower  Silurian  group  in  the  areas  named. 

Gives  a list  of  fossils  from  different  horizons  in  the  several  areas. 

Wood  (A.  H.) 

Sixth  annual  report  of  the  Bureau  of  Labor,  Statistics  and  Mines, 
pp.  318,  8 maps,  Nasliville,  1897. 

Wood  (Elvira). 

A critical  summary  of  Troost’s  unpublished  manuscript  on  the  crinoids  of 
Tennessee. 

Bull.  64,  V.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  IX  f 150  pp.,  15  pi.,  Wa.shington,  1909. 


BlliLlOGRAPIlY  01<  I'l*  NNI^SSICK  GPOLOGY. 


79 


Wood  (B.  H.) 

See  Hoyt  (John  C.)  and  Wood  (B,  II.) 

Woodbridge  (W.  C.) 

Description  des  monts  Apalaches. 

Soo.  do  Ctoog-..  Hull.,  2 nio  sei..  vol.  10,  pp.  25-39,  1841. 

Worthen  (A.  H.) 

Remarks  on  the  relative  age  of  the  Niagara  and  the  so-called  Lower  Held- 
erberg  groups. 

Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  Proc,,  vol.  19,  pp.  172-175,  1870. 

Wright  (Daniel  P.) 

1.  Report  on  the  climatic  influence  of  the  Tennessee  mountain  region  on 

health  and  disease. 

Bull.  State  Bd.  of  Health  (of  Tenn. ),  vol.  1,  Oct.  Supp.  pp.,  1-14,  1885. 
Deals  with  the  Roane  Mountain  region. 

2.  Second  report  on  the  mountain  district  of  East  Tennessee.  Its  sanitary 

influence. 

Bull,  state  Bd.  of  Health  (of  Tenn.),  vol.  2,  Supp.  No.  2,  pp.  1-15,  1887. 
Wrigley  (Henry  E.) 

The  geography  of  petroleum,  geology  of  petroleum. 

2d  Geol.  Surv.,  Pennsylvania,  Report  .1.  Special  report  on  the  petroleum  of 
Pennsylvania,  by  Henry  E.  Wrigley,  pp.  15-40,  41-46,  plates,  maps,  Har- 
risburg, 1871. 


Z. 

Zon  (Raphael). 

Management  of  second  growth  in  the  Southern  Appalachians. 
U.  S.  Dept,  lof  Agr.  Forest  Service,  Circular  118,  1907. 

Zappone  (C.  R.,  Jr.) 

See  McLendon  (W.  E.)  and  Zappone  (C.  R.,  Jr.) 


BlBLlOCikAPHV  OF  .TENNESSFF  GEOLOGY. 


81 


INDEX 


A 

Agricultural  Geology. 

Tho  agricultural  geology  of  the  Slate 
of  Tennessee,  Safford,  29. 

Alum. 

(^.oology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Analyses. 

Coals,  Battle  (H.  B.);  Clark  (F.  W.), 

1 and  2;  Holmes. 

Fuel  value  of  Tennessee  coal,  Ferris, 
(Chas.  E.). 

Water,  Dole. 

Anderson  County. 

Briceville  folio,  Keith,  7. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Maynardsville  folio,  Keith,  16. 

Report  of  Coal  Creek  Mining  and 
Manufacturing  Company,  Bradley, 
5. 

Terrestrial  Magnetism,  Bauer,  1. 

The  southern  Appalachian  coal  field, 
Hayes,  23. 

Appalachians. 

A trip  to  Roane  Mountain,  Chicker- 
ing,  1. 

Age  of  the  southern  Appalachians, 
Elliott. 

Appalachian  River  versus  a Tertiary 
trans-Appalachian  River  in  east- 
ern Tennessee,  White  (C.  H.). 

Coal  industry  of  the  southeastern 
States  of  North  America,  Head  (J.). 

Copper  deposits,  etc..  Weed,  3 and  4. 

Decay  . of  rocks  geologically  consid- 
ered, Hunt,  4. 

Description  des  mbnts  Appalaches, 
Woodbridge. 

Folded  faults  of  the  southern  Appa- 
lachians, Keith,  12. 

Forests  and  forests  conditions  in  the 
southern  Appalachians,  Ayre  and 
Ashe,  2. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Geomorphology  of  the  southern  Ap- 
palachians, Hayes  and  Campbell. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Lower  Carboniferous  of  the  Appa- 
lachian basin,  Stevenson,  1. 

Measurements  of  the  mountains  of 
western  North  Carolina,  Guyot,  2. 


Appalachians — Continued. 

Message  from  the  President  of  the 
Cnited  States,  Roosevelt. 

Mountains  of  North  Carolina  and 
Tennessee,  Buckley. 

Mountain  regions  of  North  Carolina 
and  Tennessee,  Anon,  11. 

Notes  on  the  Cambrian  rocks  of  Vir- 
ginia and  • the  southern  Appala- 
ciiains,  Walcott,  6. 

Notes  on  Roane  Mountain,  North 
Carolina,  Chickering,  2. 

On  the  Appalachian  health  resorts  of 
Tennessee,  Lindsley,  1. 

On  the  Appalachian  mountain  sys- 
tem, Guyot,  1. 

On  the  geognosy  of  the  Appalachian 
system.  Hunt,  5. 

On  the  physical  structure  of  the 
Appalachian  chain,  etc.,  Rogers 
and  Rogers. 

Overthrust  faults  of  the  southern 
Appalachians,  Hayes,  1. 

Portland  cement  resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Ulrich,  1. 

Relation  of  the  southern  Appalachian 
mountains  to  - inland  water  navi- 
gation, Leighton  and  tiorton. 

Relation  of  the  southern  Appalachian 
mountains  to  the  development  of 
water  power,  Leighton,  Hall  and 
Bolster. 

Report  on  the  climatic  influences  of 
the  Teni:iessee  mountain  region, 
Wright,  1. 

Roane  Mountain,  western  North 
Carolina,  Kenworthy. 

Second  report  on  the  mountain  dis- 
trict of  East  Tennessee,  Wright,  2. 

Silurian  age  of  the  southern  Appa- 
lachians, Bradley,  4. 

Some  stages  of  Appalachian  erosion, 
Keith,  1. 

The  southern  Appalachians,  Hayes, 

11. 

The  southern  Appalachian  coal  field, 
Hayes,  23. 

'Phe  southern  Appalachian  forests, 
Ayres  and  Ashe,  2. 

Waning  hardwood  supply  and  the 
Appalachian  forests.  Hall  (W.  I..). 

Artesian  wells. 

Artesian  water  supplies,  Omberg. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  22. 

TTnderground  water  resources,  Glenn, 

6. 

Asbestos. 

Asheville  folio,  Keith,  11. 


82 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


B 

Barite. 

Asheville  folio,  Keith,  11, 

Barytes  industry  in  the  South,  Judd, 

1. 

Barytes  in  Tennessee,  Fay. 

Barytes  Mines  of  the  Commercial 
Mining  and  Milling  Company,  Ten- 
nessee, Weller. 

Flourite  and  barite  in  Tennessee, 
Watson,  2. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Southern  Railway  territory.  South- 
ern Railway,  1. 

Statistical  reports,  Shiflett,  1-9. 

Tennessee  barytes,  Herzig. 

Bauxite. 

Bauxite  and  aluminum,  Phalen, 

Mineral  resources  along  the  line  of 
the  East  Tennessee,  Virginia  and 
Georgia  division  of  the  Southern 
Railway,  Brewer  (Wm.  M.),  2. 

Bedford  County. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Oil  and  gas  development  in  Tennes- 
see, Munn. 

Benton  County. 

Camden  chert  of  Tennessee,  Safford 
and  Schuchert. 

Clays  of  West  Tennessee,  Nelson. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of 
Tennessee,  Killebrew  and  Safford, 
2. 

Oil  and  gas  developments  in  Ten- 
nessee, Munn. 

Silurian  and  Devonian  limestones  of 
western  Tennessee,  Foerste,  4. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Faris,  3. 

Underground  waters,  Glenn,  6. 

Big  Hatchie  River. 

Examination  and  improvement  of 
Big  Hatchie  River,  Benyaurd,  6. 

Drainage  of  the  river  bottoms  and 
swamp  lands  of  West  Tennessee, 
Cooper. 

Drainage  problems  in  Tennessee, 
Ashley,  6. 

Improvement  of  Big  Hatchie  River, 
Bergland,  2 and  4;  Benyaurd,  1 
and  2;  Willard,  1,  4,  6,  8 and  9; 
Miller  (A.  M.),  2 and  4. 

Preliminary  examination  of  Hatchie 
(Big  Hatchie)  River,  Sears,  2. 

Underground  waters,  Glenn,  6. 


Big  Pigeon  River. 

Profiles  of  rivers  (in  Tennessee), 
Gannett,  6. 

Bledsoe  County. 

Chattanooga  folio,  Hayes,  9. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 
Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 
Pikeville  folio,  Hayes,  15. 

Soil  survey  of  Pikeville  area,  Tenn., 
Wilder  and  Geib. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Bauer,  1. 
Blount  County. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 
Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 
Knoxville  folio,  Keith,  5. 

Loudon  folio,  Keith,  6. 

Tennesse  marbles,  Keith,  15. 
Terrestrial  magnetism,  Bauer,  1. 
Bowlder. 

An  erratic  bowlder  from  the  coal 
measures  of  Tennessee,  McCallie,  2. 
Bradley  County. 

Chattanooga  folio,  Hayes,  9. 
Cleveland  folio,  Hayes,  14. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 
Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 
Terrestrial  magnetism,  Bauer,  1. 


Kraurite  and  Cacoxene  in  Tennessee,- 
Troost,  15. 

Campbell  County. 

A report  of  the  work  done  in  the 
division  of  chemistry  and  physics, 
mainly  during  the  fiscal  year,  1888- 
89,  Clarke,  (F.  W.),  1. 

Briceville  folio,  Keith,  7. 

Geology  o'f  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

- Jellico  coal  field,  Evans. 

Maynardville  folio,  ' Keith,  16. 

The  southern  Appalachian  coal  field, 
Hayes,  23. 

Caney  Fork  River. 

Examination  of  Caney  Fork  and 
Obey’s  Rivers,  King,  71. 

Improvement  of  Caney  Fork  River, 
King,  5,  19,  24,  41,  42  and  67;  Harts, 
11,  18  and  26;  Biddle,  12,  19  and 
23;  Barlow,  7,  10,  18,  26,  43,  44 

and  48;  Robert  (H.  M.),  11. 

Preliminary  examination  with  a view 
to  the  extension  of  the  survey  of 
Caney  Fork  River  to  Frank’s  Ferry, 
King,  1. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OP  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


83 


Cannon  County. 

CU'ology  of  Teunossce,  Safford,  22. 

liUroductioii  to  the  llesources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Ki Hebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

IMcMinnville  folio,  Keith,  16. 

Oil  and  gas  developments  in  Ten- 
nessee, JVlunn. 

Carroll  County. 

Clays,  Crider;  Nelson;  Eckel,  3. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Bauer,  2; 
Faris,  3. 

Fnderground  waters,  Glenn,  6. 

Carter  County. 

A trip  to  Roane  Mountain,  Chicker- 
ing,  1. 

Cranberry  folio,  Keith,  13. 

Fluorite  and  barite  in  Tennessee, 
Watson,  2. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Iron  ore  deposits  of  Cranberry  dis- 
trict, Keith,  14. 

Notes  on  Roane  Mountain,  Chicker- 
ing,  2. 

Report  on  the  Tennessee  River,  Wal- 
den’s Ridge  and  Carter  County  ore 
fields,  Roberts,  (J.  D.). 

Report  of  the  Tennessee  River,  Wal- 
den’s Ridge  iron  ores.  Guild,  1. 

Roane  Mountain,  Kenworthy. 

Roane  Mountain  folio,  Keith,  8. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Bauer,  1; 
Faris,  3, 

Caves. 

Caves  and  cave  life,  Kingsley. 

Wonder  Cave  of  Tennessee,  Payne. 

Cement. 

An  investigation  of  some  Tennessee 
cement  materials,  Lund. 

Cement  resources  of  the  Cumberland 
Gap  district,  Tennessee-Virginia, 
Eckel,  4. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Knoxville  folio,  Keith,  5. 

Loudon  folio,  Keith,  6. 

Maynardville  folio,  Keith,  16. 

Morristown  folio,  Keith,  17. 

Portland  cement  resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Ulrich,  1. 

Statistical  reports,  Shiflett,  5 and  9. 

Central  Basin. 

The  Central  Basin  of  Tennessee, 
Kennedy. 


Cheatham  County. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Gil  and  gas  develoijments  in  Ten- 
nessee, Munn. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Faris,  3. 

Chester  County. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Faris,  3. 

Underground  waters,  Glenn,  6. 

Chromite. 

Ashville  folio,  Keith,  11. 

Claiborne  County. 

Cement  resources  of  the  Cumberland 
Gap  district,  Tennessee-Virginia, 
Eckel,  4. 

Cumberland  coal  field  and  its  cre- 
ators, Ashley,  1. 

Cumberland  Gap  coal  field  of  Ken- 
tucky and  Tennessee,  Ashley,  2. 

Geology  and  mineral  resources  of  part 
of  the  Cumberland  Gap  coal  field, 
Kentucky,  Ashley  and  Glenn. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Lead  and  zinc  deposits  of  the  Vir- 
ginia-Tennessee  region,  Watson,  1. 

Maynardville  folio,  Keith,  16. 

Mineral  resources  of  the  upper  Cum- 
berland Valley  of  southeastern 
Kentucky  and  southwestern  Vir- 
ginia, McCreath  and  D’Invilliers. 

Mining  in  the  Cumberland  Gap  Coal 
field,  Pultz. 

Report  of  work  done  in  the  division 
of  chemisrty  and  physics  mainly 
during  the  fiscal  year,  1888-89, 
Clarke  (F.  W.),  1. 

Southern  Appalachian  coal  field, 
Hayes,  23. 

Tennessee  marbles,  Keith,  15. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Bauer,  1. 

Zinc  belt  of  Claiborne  and  Union 
Counties,  Tennessee,  Clarke  (W. 
C.),  1. 

Clay  County. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Oil  and  gas  developments  in  Ten- 
nessee, Munn. 

Standingstone  folio,  Campbell,  1. 

Clay. 

Asheville  folio,  Keith,  7. 

Clay  deposits  of  Tennessee,  Brown 
(L.  P.),  4. 

Clay  of  the  United  States,  east  of 
Mississippi  River,  Ries. 


84 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Clay — Continued. 

Clay  of  western  Kentucky  and  Ten- 
nessee, Crider. 

Clay  of  West  Tennessee,  Nelson. 

Cleveland  foiio,  Hayes,  14. 

Columbia  folio,  Hayes  and  Ulrich. 

Cranberry  folio,  Keith,  13. 

Cumberland  Gap  coal  field,  Ashley,  1, 
2 and  3. 

Geology  ’of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Greeneville  folio,  Keith,  3. 

Handbook  of  Tennessee,  Paine. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Knoxville  folio,  Keith,  5. 

Uoudon  folio,  Keith,  6. 

Maynardville  folio,  Keith,  IG. 

McMinnville  folio,  Hayes,  16. 

Morristown  folio,  Keith,  17. 

Nashville  Division,  Southern  Railway, 
4. 

Pikeville  folio,  Hayes,  15. 

Report  on  the  blue  clay  of  the  Mis- 
issippi  River,  Little. 

Statistical  reports,  Shiflett,  1,  2,  3, 
4,  -6,  6,  7,  8 and  9. 

Standing-stone  folio,  Campbell,  1. 

Stevenson  folio,  Hayes,  13. 

Stoneware  and  brick  clays  of  western 
Kentucky  and  northwestern  Missis- 
sippi, Eckel,  3. 

Wartburg  folio,  Keith,  4. 

Climate. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

.Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Clinch  River. 

Examination  of  Powell’s,  Clinch  and 
Emory  rivers,  in  Virginia  and  Ten- 
nessee, McFarland  (Walter),  3. 

Final  report  on  survey  of  Clinch 
River,  Knight,  7. 

Improvement  of  Clinch  River, 
King,  7,  16,  31,  38,  49  and  63; 

Barden,  3;  Robert  (Henry  M),  6; 
Knight,  3 and  13;  Kingman,  5,  20, 
26,  31  and  35;  Biddle,  17  and  26; 
Bingham,  1;  Barlow,  4,  14,  21,  30, 
39  and  50;  Newcomer,  1,  9 and  17. 

Improvement  of  Clinch,  Hiwasse  and 
Holston  rivers.  Harts,  5,  6,  14  and 
22. 

Preliminary  report  on  survey  of 
Clinch  River,  Kingman,  13. 

Profiles  of  rivers  (in  Tennessee), 
Gannett,  6. 

Coal. 

Analyses  comparing  the  bituminous 
coals  of  North  Carolina  and  Ten- 
nessee, Battle  (H.  B.). 


Coal — Continued. 

An  erratic  bowlder  from  the  coal 
measures  of  Tennessee,  McCallie,  2. 

Briceville  folio,  Keith,  7. 

Chattanooga  folio,  Hayes,  9. 

Coal,  Ashburner. 

. Coal  report  of  Henry  E.  Colton,  Geol- 
ogist, etc.,  Colton,  2. 

Coal  and  iron.  Shook. 

Coal  fields  of  Tennessee,  Gordon,  1. 

Coal  industry  of  the  Southwestern 
states  of  North  America,  Head. 

Coal  measures  of  plateau  region, 
McCalley. 

Coal  regions  of  America,  their  top- 
ography, geology  and  developmenc, 
Macfarlane  (J.). 

Comparison  between  the  Ohio  and 
West  Virginia  sides  of  the  Alleg- 
heny coal  fields,  Andrews. 

Comparison  of  some  southern  cokes 
and  iron  ores,  McCreath  and  D’ln- 
villiers,  2. 

Contributions  to  the  coal  flora  of 
Tracy  City,  Brown  (C.  S.). 

Cumberland  Gap  coal  fields,  etc.,  Ash- 
ley, 1,  2 and  3. 

Cumberland  Plateau  coal  field,  Duf- 
field. 

Describing  field  work,  etc..  Holmes, 
et  al. 

Eighth  annual  report,  Hargis,  1. 

Fentress  Councy,  Tennessee,  coal  and 
timber,  Clarke  (Jas.  N.). 

Fourth  annual  report,  Lloyd,  2. 

Fuel  value  of  some  Tennessee  and 
Kentucky  coals,  Ferris  (Chas.  E.). 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Handbook  of  Tennessee,  Paine. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Investigations  respecting  the  extent 
of  the  coal  formations,  Troost,  20. 

Iron  and  coal  of  Tennessee,  Kille- 
brew, 18. 

Jellico  coal  field,  Evans. 

Joint-conference  coal  miners  and  op- 
erators, Anon.,  10. 

Kingston  folio,  Hayes,  8. 

Little  Sequatchie  coal  field,  Kille- 
brew, 1. 

Loudon  folio,  Keith,  6. 

Maynardville  folio,  Keith,  16. 

McMinnville  folio,  Hayes,  16. 

Mineral  resources  of  the  Brushy 
Mountain  coal  field,  Bryant. 

Mineral  resources  of  the  upper  Cum- 
berland Valley  of  southeastern 
Kentucky  and  southwestern  Vir- 
ginia, McCreath  and  D’Invilliers,  1. 

Mining  in  the  Cumberland  Gap  coal 
field,  Pultz. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OP  :ri-:NNESSPE  GEOLOGY. 


85 


Coal — Contimu'd. 

Notes  on  American  cannel  coal,  Mac- 
farlane  (G,). 

Pikeville  folio,  Hayes,  15. 

Report  of  work  done  in  tlie  division 
of  chemistry  and  physics  during  the 
liscal  year,  18cS7-88,  Clarke  (F.  W.), 
2;  1888-89,  Clarke  (F.  W.),  1. 

Report  of  the  State  Geologist,  Saf- 
ford,  31. 

Report  of  Coal  Creek  Mining  and 
Manufacturing  Company,  Bradley,  5. 

Report  on  the  Cumberland  Plateau 
coal  lands,  Safford,  50. 

Report  on  the  Tennessee  River  and 
Walden’s  Ridge  iron  ores.  Guild,  1; 
Koenig,  2. 

Report  upon  the  mineral  and  agri- 
cultural resources,  Safford  and 
Owen. 

Ringgold  folio,  Hayes,  7. 

Sewanee  folio,  Hayes,  10. 

Some  notes  on  mining  operations  in 
the  Sewanee  coal  seam,  Ormsbee. 

Southern  Appalachian  coal  field, 
Hayes,  23. 

Standingstone  folio,  Campbell,  1. 

Statistical  reports,  Shiflett,  1,  2,  3, 
4,  5,  6,  7,  8 and  9. 

Statistics  of  coal,  Taylor. 

Stevenson  folio,  Hayes,  13. 

Tennessee  coal  measures,  Safford,  15. 

The  Cumberland  coal  fields,  Tennes- 
see, Lesley,  5. 

The  Dayton  coal  mine  explosion, 
Clute,  1. 

The  town  of  Cardiff — and  lands  and 
mines  of  the  Cardiff  Coal  and  Iron 
Company,  Smalley. 

Third  annual  report,  Lloyd,  1. 

TTpper  measure  coal  field  of  Tennes- 
see, Colton,  1. 

Wartburg  folio,  Keith,  4. 

Cocke  County. 

Analysis  of  meteoric  iron  from  Cocke 
County,  Shepard  (C.  U.),  1. 

Asheville  folio,  Keith,  11. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Morristown  folio,  Keith,  17. 

Report  of  a geological  examination 
made  on  certain  lands,  Owen 
(Richard). 

Soil  survey  of  the  Greeneville  area, 
Tenn.-N.  C.,  Mooney  and  Ayrs,  1. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Bauer,  1. 

Coffee  County. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 


Coffee  County — Continued. 

McMinnville  folio,  Hayes,  10. 

Oil  and  gas  developments  in  Ten- 
nessee, Munn. 

S(;wanee  folif),  Hayes,  10. 

Soil  survey  of  Coffee  County,  McLen- 
don and  Zappone. 

Copper. 

A brief  note  of  some  facts  connected 
with  the  Ducktown,  Tennessee, 
copper  mines,  Tuomy. 

Copper  deposits  of  the  Appalachian 
states.  Weed,  4. 

Copper  districts  of  Tennessee,  Geor- 
gia, etc.,  Currey  and  Proctor. 

Copper  mines  in  the  United  States, 
in  1905,  Weed,  2. 

Copper  mines  of  the  world,  Weed,  1. 

Copper  smelting  in  Tennessee,  Chan- 
ning. 

Cranberry  folio,  Keith,  13. 

Deposits  of  copper-ores  at  Ducktown, 
Tennessee,  Kemp,  3. 

Der  Ducktown-Kufergrubendistrict  in 
den  Vereinigten  Staaten  von  Nord- 
amerika,  Wendeborn. 

Ducktowm  copper  mining  district,  Mc- 
Callie,  1. 

Ducktown  ore  deposits  and  the  treat- 
ment of  the. Ducktown  copper  ores, 
Henrich. 

Ducktown,  Tenn.,  copper  mining  dis- 
trict, Brewer  (Wm.  M.),  1. 

East  Tennessee  copper  mines,  Gilbert. 

Eighth  annual  report,  Hargis,  1. 

Gangstudent,  iii,  Kleinschmidt. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Mineral  tract  of  the  East  Tennessee 
and  Cherokee  Copper  Mining  Com- 
pany, Whitney,  3. 

Mining  and  smelting  in  the  Duck- 
town district,  Higgins,  2. 

Mines  and  works  of  the  Tennessee 
Copper  Company,  Gottsberger. 

Notes  and  recollections  concerning 
the  mineral  resources  of  northern 
Georgia  and  western  North  Caro- 
lina, Blake,  1. 

On  the  copper  lodes  of  Ducktown  in 
East  Tennessee,  Ansted. 

Copper  deposits  of  the  Blue  Ridge, 
Hunt,  1. 

Ore  Knob  copper  mine  and  some  re- 
lated deposits.  Hunt,  2. 

Remarks  on  the  changes  which  take 
place  in  the  structure  and  com- 
position of  mineral  veins,  Whitney, 
1 and  2. 

Report  on  the  Ducktown  region, 
Trippel  and  Credner. 


86 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Copper — Continued. 

Report  on  the  Ducktown  copper  re- 
g-ion  and  tlae  mines  of  the  Union 
Consolidated  Mining  Company, 
Shepard  (C.  U.R  3 and  2. 

Report  on  tlie  Ocoee  and  Hiwasse 
mineral  district,  Killebrew,  2. 

Southern  Railway  territory.  Southern 
Railway,  ]. 

Statistical  reports,  Shiflett,  1,  2,  3,  4, 
5,  6,  7,  8 and  9. 

Tennessee  copper  mines,  Tenney,  2. 

The  copper  mines  of  Tennessee, 
Anon.,  8. 

The  utilization  of  the  iron  and  cop- 
per sulphides  of  Virginia,  Boyd  (C. 
R.),  1. 

Types  of  copper  deposits  in  the 
southern  ITnited  States,  Weed,  5. 

Copperas. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Corundom. 

Asheville  folio,  Keith,  11. 

Crockett  County. 

Clays  of  West  Tennessee,  Nelson. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Faris,  3. 

Underground  waters,  Glenn,  6. 

Cumberland  County. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Kingston  folio,  Hayes,  8. 

Oil  and  gas  developments  in  Ten- 
nessee, Munn. 

Pikeville  folio,  Hayes,  15. 

Soil  survey  of  the  Pikeville  area, 
Tenn.,  Wilder  and  Geib. 

Standingstone  folio,  Campbell,  1. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Faris,  1. 

The  town  of  Cardiff — and  lands  and 
mines  of  the  Cardiff  Coal  and  Iron 
Company,  Smalley. 

Wartburg  folio,  Keith,  4. 

Cumberland  Plateau. 

Facts  about  the  Cumberland  table 
land  of  Tennessee,  Killebrew,  14. 

Cumberland  River. 

Cumberland  River,  King,  82. 

Examination  of  the  South  Fork  of 
Cumberland  River,  King,  58. 

Improvement  of  Cumberland  River, 
Kingman,  25;  Adams,  3,  6,  8 and 
11;  earaen,  1;  Kjng,  10,  U,  ?8,  36, 


Cumberland  River — Continued. 

46,  60,  69,  74  and  77;  Barlow,  6,  12, 
13,  19,  20,' 27,  28,  41,  42,  46  and  53; 
McFarland  (Walter),  5,  9 and  10; 
Biddle,  2,  8,  11,  18  and  24;  Harts, 
12,  20  and  28;  Newcomer,  6 and  13; 
Robert  (Henry  M.),  10  and  12; 

Sears,  3;  Weitzel,  8. 

Operating  and  care  of  locks  and  dams 
on  Cumberland  River,  Newcomer, 
5;  Harts,  10,  19  and  27. 

Preliminary  examination  of  Lower 
Cumberland  River,  Barlow,  11. 

Profiles  of  rivers  (in  Tennessee), 
Gannett,  6. 

Report  in  reference  to  preliminary 
examination.  King,  22. 

Survey  and  improvements  of  Cum- 
berland River,  Weitzel,  6. 

Survey  of  the  Upper  Cupiberland 
River,  Weitzel,  7. 

Survey  with  a view  to  placing  locks 
and  dams  on  the  Cumberland  River, 
King,  23. 

D 

Davidson  County. 

An  account  of  the  geology  of  Harp- 
eth  Ridge,  Loomis. 

An  inquiry  into  the  present  quality 
of  the  public  water  supply  of  Nash- 
ville, Brown  (L.  P.),  5. 

Columbia  folio,  Hayes  and  Ulrich. 

Geology  of  Nashville  and  immediate 
vicinity,  Jones. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Letters  from  the  East  and  from  the 
West,  Hall  (Frederick). 

Oil  and  gas  developments  in  Ten- 
nessee, Munn. 

Report  on  chemical  analysis  of  Da- 
vidson County  water.  Day  (Wm. 
C.),  2. 

Soil  survey  of  Davidson  County, 
Tenn.,  Smith  and  Bennett. 

Source  of  contamination  of  Nashville 
drinking  water.  Day  (Wm.  C.),  1. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Faris,  1; 
Bauer,  2. 

The  more  common  minerals  about 
Nashville,  Glenn,  3. 

The  source  of  Nashville’s  water  sup- 
ply, Walker. 

Topography  and  geology  of  Nashville, 
Safford,  10. 

Topographical  map  of  Nashville  and 
vicinity,  Foster  (W.  W.). 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OP -.TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


87 


Decatur  County. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Tennessee  white  phosphates,  Hayes, 

2. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Paris,  3. 

White  phosphates  of  Decatur  County, 
Tenn.,  Eckel,  1 and  2. 

DeKalb  County. 

Description  of  a mass  of  meteoric 
iron,  which  fell  near  Charlotte, 
Dickson  County,  Tenn.,  Troost,  19. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

McMinnville  folio,  Hayes,  16. 

Notes  on  a new  meteorite  from  Hen- 
dersonville, N.  C.,  and  additional 
pieces  of  the  Smithville,  Tenn.,  fall, 
Glenn,  2. 

Smithville  meteoric  iron,  Huntingdon, 

1. 

Dickson  County. 

Columbia  folio,  Hayes  and  Ulrich. 

Description  of  a mass  of  meteoric 
iron,  which  fell  near  Charlotte, 
Dickson  County,  Troost,  19. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Oil  and  gas  developments  in  Ten- 
nessee, Munn. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Bauer,  2. 

Drainage. 

Alluvial  lands  of  the  lower  Mississippi 
Valley  and  their  drainage,  Morgan 
(A.  E.). 

Destructive  floods  in  the  United 
States,  in  1904,  Murphy. 

Drainage  of  the  river  bottoms  and 
swamp  lands  of  West  -Tennessee, 
Cooper. 

Drainage  law  of  Tennessee,  Anon,,  13. 

Drainage  problems  of  Tennessee, 
Ashley,  6. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Mountain  drainage  of  eastern  Ten- 
nessee and  western  North  Carolina, 
Willcox. 

I’reliminary  report  upon  the  drain- 
age of  the  lands  overflowed,  Mor- 
gan and  McCrory. 

Report  upon  the  physics  and  hydraul- 
ics of  the  Mississippi  Riyer,  etc., 
Abbott  and  Humphreys, 


Duck  River. 

Examination  of  Duck  liiver  from  its 
moutli  to  Centreville,  King,  65. 

Improvement  of  Duck  River,  King,  6, 
17,  32,  39,  50  and  64;  Barlow,  29, 
40  and  49. 

Report  on  preliminary  examin^^tion 
of  Duck  River,  Robert  (Henry  M.), 

2. 

Dyer  County. 

Clays  of  West  Tennessee,  Nelson. 

Drainage  of  the  river  bottoms  and 
swamp  lands  of  West  Tennessee, 
Cooper. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Paris,  1. 

The  upland  geological  formations  of 
Obion,  Dyer,  etc.,  Safford,  53. 

Undergi'ound  water,  Glenn,  6. 

Dynamic  Geology. 

Central  basin  of  Tennessee,  Kennedy. 

Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  Peneplains 
of  eastern  Tennessee,  Dodge. 

Decay  of  rocks  geologically  con- 
sidered, Hunt,  4. 

Erosion  at  Ducktown,  Tennessee, 
Glenn,  7. 

Pormation  of  natural  bridges,  Cle- 
land. 

Possiliferous  sandstone  dikes  in  Eo- 
cene, Glenn,  2 and  6. 

Geologic  dates  of  origin  of  certain 
topographic  forms,  Davis,  2. 

On  the  elevation  of  the  banks  of  the 
Mississippi,  Usher. 

On  the  geognosy  of  the  Appalachian 
system.  Hunt,  5. 

Origin  of  cross  valleys,  Davis,  1. 

Overthrust  faults  of  the  southern  Ap- 
palachians, Hayes,  1. 

E 

Earthquake. 

A second  visit  to  North  America, 
Uyell. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

New  Madrid  earthquake,  Shepard  (E. 

M.). 

East  Tennessee. 

A brief  historical,  descriptive  and 
statistical  review  of  East  Tennes- 
see, Smith  (J.  Gray). 

A general  outline  of  the  mineral  re- 
sources of  eastern  Tennessee,  Wild- 
er (J.  T.), 


88 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


East  Tennessee — Continued. 

An  essay  on  the  medical  topography 
of  East  Tennessee,  Ramsey. 

Heobachtimgen  uber  Erz-Gange  und 
das  Gang-Gebirge  von  Nord-Caro- 

lina  und  den  angrenzenden  Staaten, 

• Diffenbach. 

East  Tennessee  copper  mines,  Gil- 
bert. 

Extent  and  value  of  East  Tennessee 
minerals,  Cowlam. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Geological  and  mineralogical  account 
of  the  mining  district  in  the  states 
of  Georgia , and  East  Ten- 

nessee, Peck. 

Geological  notes  in  western  Virginia, 
North  Carolina  and  eastern  Tennes- 
see, Britton. 

Tron-ore  deposits  of  the  Cranberry 
district.  North  Carolina-Tennessee, 
Keith,  14. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Mineral  and  agricultural  resources  *')f 
the  portion  of  Tennessee  along  the 
Cincinnati  Southern  railroad,  Kille- 
bre-w,  3. 

^Mineral  resources  along  the  line  of 
the  East  Tennessee-Virginia  and 
Georgia  division  of  the  So.  Ry., 
Brewer  (Wm.  M.),  2. 

Notes  on  the  samples  Of  iron  ore  col- 
lected in  East  Tennessee,  Willis,  1 
and  3. 

Recent  zinc  mining  in  East  Tennes- 
see, Keith,  10. 

Remarks  on  the  mineralogy  and  geol- 
ogy of  the  northwestern  part  of  the 
State  of  Virginia  and  eastern  part 
of  Tennessee,  Kain. 

Remarks  on  the  changes  which  take 
place  in  the  structure  and  composi- 
tion of  mineral  veins,  Whitney,  1. 

Report  of  the  geology  of  northeastern 
Alabama  and  adjacent  portions  of 
Georgia  and  Tennessee,  Hayes,  3. 

Report  on  the  Embree  Iron  Furnace 
properties,  Lesley,  4. 

Some  drift  hematite  deposits  in  East 
Tennessee,  Nichols. 

Southern  red  hematite  as  an  ingredi- 
ent of  metallic  paint,  Burchard,  1. 

Southern  magnetite  and  magnetic 
sepai’ation.  Chase. 

Tennessee  iron  ores.  Maxwell. 

Tennessee  marbles,  Keith,  15. 

The  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  pene- 
plains of  eastern  Tennessee,  Dodge. 

The  medical  topography  of  the  valley 
of  East  Tennessee,  Boyd  (S.  B.). 


East  Tennessee — Continued. 

The  mineral  and  agricultural  re- 
sources of  East  Tennessee,  Knox- 
ville Board  of  Trade. 

Zinc  deposits  of  Tennessee,  Gordon,  3. 

Zinc  in  East  Tennessee,  Clarke  (W. 
C.),  2. 

Economic  Geology. 

Economic  geology  of  the  Bristol  and 
Big  Stone  Gap  section  of  Tennes- 
see and  Virginia,  Boyd  (C.  R.),  2. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Resources  of  Tennessee,  Anon.,  1. 

Elk  River. 

Final  report  upon  survey  of  Elk  Riv- 
er, Kingman,  16. 

Improvement  of  Elk  River,  Kingman, 
6 and  21;  Knight,  11. 

Preliminary  examination  of  Elk  Riv- 
er, Newcomer,  16;  King,  3. 

Survey  of  Elk  River,  Kingman,  22. 

Emory  River. 

Examination  of  Powell’s,  Clinch  and 
Emory  rivers,  McFarland  (Walter), 
3. 

Preliminary  examination  of  Emory 
River,  Robert  (Henry  M.),  3. 

Survey  of  Emory  River,  Kingman,  30. 

F 

Fayette  County. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Paris,  1. 

The  Middleton  formation  of  Tennes- 
see, Safford,  33. 

Fentress  County. 

Fentress  County,  Tennessee,  coal  and 
timber,  Clarke  (.las.  N.).. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Oil  and  gas  developments  of  Ten- 
nessee, Munn. 

Report  of  State  Geologist,  Safford,  31. 

Standingstone  folio,  Campbell,  1. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Bauer,  1. 

Wartburg  folio,  Keith,  4. 

Fertilizer. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2, 

See  Phosphate. 


BIBLIOCJRAPIIY  OB  TENNKSSEE  GEOLOGY. 


89 


Flint. 

(’lonlngy  of  Tennosseo,  Safford,  22. 

Fluorite. 

Fluorite  and  barite  in  Tennessee, 
W'atsoii,  2. 

Fluorspar  in  Tennessee,  Hayden, 

Statistical  reports,  Shiflett,  1,  2,  3, 
4,  5,  6,  7,  S and  9. 

The  Nashville  Division,  Southern 
Railway,  4. 

Forests. 

A brief  description  of  the  forests  of 
Tennessee,  Anon.,  6. 

Chestnut  oak  in  the  southern  Appa- 
lachians, Foster  and  Ashe. 

Conservative  lumbering  at  Sewanee, 
Tenn.,  Foley,  1. 

Forest  conditions  and  possibilities  in 
Tennessee,  Ramage. 

Forests  and  forest  conditions  in  the 

- southern  Appalachians,  Ayres  and 
Ashe,  2. 

Forests  of  Tennessee,  their  extent, 
character  and  distribution,  Sud- 
worth  and  Killebrew. 

Forestry  and  stream  flow.  Harts,  1. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Hardwood  bottom  lands  in  two  south- 
ern states.  Anon.,  5. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Management  of  second  growth  in  the 
southern  Appalachians,  Zon. 

Message  from  the  President  of  the 
United  States,  Roosevelt. 

Necessity  of  preserving  the  forests 
of  Monteagle,  Summey. 

Necessity  of  preserving  the  forests  of 
Tennessee,  and  legislation  necessary 
for  that  purpose,  Killebrew,  12. 

On  the  timber  line  of  high  mountains, 
Meehan. 

Preservation  of  the  Appalachian  for- 
ests in  a national  park.  Battle  (R. 

H.). 

President’s  opening  address,  Kille- 
brew, 11. 

Relation  between  geology  and  forests. 
Manning. 

Relation  of  forests  to  manufacturing 
industries  of  Tennessee,.  Powell,  1. 

Relation  between  geology  of  Tennes- 
see to  manufacturing  industry  of 
the  state,  Powell,  2. 

Resources  of  Tennessee,  Anon.,  1. 

Some  native  trees  for  parks  and 
yards.  Hinds,  1. 

State  forestry  association  for  Tennes- 
see (organization).  Anon.,  2. 


Forests — Continued. 

Sylviculture  in  relatidVi  to  city 
streets,  parks  and  private  grounds, 
Kelley. 

Tennessee  forests.  Anon.,  3. 

The  southern  Appalachian  forests, 

•Ayres  and  Ashe,  1. 

The  influence  of  forests  on  streams, 
Glenn,  11. 

Timber  in  Tennessee,  Killebrew  and 
Safford,  1. 

Waning  hardwood  supply  and  the 
Appalachian  forests.  Hall  (Wm.  L.). 

What  can  the  state  do  in  the  matter 
of  forestry.  Anon.,  4. 

White  oak  in  the  southern  Appa- 
lachians, Greeley  and  Ashe. 

Working  plan  for  southern  hardwoods 
and  its  results,  Foley,  2. 

Forked'  Deer  River. 

Examination  of  Forked  Deer  River, 
Suter. 

Examination  of  North  Fork  of  Fork- 
ed Deer  River,  Benyaurd,  4. 

Examination  of  South  Fork  of  Fork- 
ed Deer  River,  Benyaurd,  5. 

Improvement  of  Forked  Deer  River, 
Newcomer,  7 and  14;  Willard,  2,  3, 
5,  7 and  10;  Adams,  2,  5,  7 and  10; 
Biddle,  1,  7 and  10;  Kingman,  24. 

Improvement  of  South  Fork  of  Fork- 
ed Deer  River,  Bergland,  1 and  3; 
Miller  (A.  M.),  1 and  3. 

Improvement  of  Obion  and  Forked 
Deer  Rivers,  Barden,  2;  Harts,  13, 
21  and  29;  Sears,  4. 

Preliminary  examination  of  Obion 
and  Forked  Deer  Rivers,  Sears,  1. 

Preliminary  examination  of  North 
Fork  of  Forked  Deer  River,  Wil- 
lard, 11. 

Survey  of  North  Forked  Deer  River, 
Bidaie,  3. 

Survey  of  Forked  Deer  River,  Bid- 
dle, 5. 

Franklin  County. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Oil  and  gas  developments  of  Tennes- 
see, Munn. 

Sewanee  folio,  Hayes,  10. 

Stevenson  folio,  Hayes,  13. 

The  topography,  geology  and  water 
supply  of  Sewanee,  Safford,  49. 

French  Broad  River. 

Examination  of  French  Broad  River 
from  the  Henderson  County  line, 
McFarland  (Walter),  2. 


90 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


French  Broad  River — Continued. 

CJeology  lind  mineral  resources  of  part 
of  the  Cumberland  Gap  coal  field, 
Ashley  and  Glenn. 

Improvement  of  French  Broad  River, 
Harlow,  3,  1(1,  23,  33,  36  and  51; 
King,  8,  15,  30,  37,  48  and  62,*  Rob- 
ert (Henry  M.),  9. 

Improvement  of  French  Broad  and 
Little  Pigeon  rivers,  Barden,  4; 
Kingman,  4,  19,  23,  32  and  36; 

Knight,  4 and  12;  Biddle,  16  and 
25;  Harts,  4,  7,  15  and  23. 

Improvement  of  French  Broad  River 
and  Little  Tennessee  River,  Bing- 
ham, 2. 

Profiles  of  rivers  (in  Tennessee), 
Gannett,  6. 

Survey  of  French  Broad  River,  King- 
man,  11;  Weitzel,  5. 


G 


Garnet. 

Asheville  folio,  Keith,  11. 

General  Geology. 

A canoe  voyage  up  the  Minnay  Sotor 
Featherstonehaugh,  2. 

A geological  reconnoissance  of  Ten- 
nessee, Safford,  35. 

A sketch  of  the  geology  of  Tennessee, 
Currey,  1. 

An  outline  map  of  Tennessee,  (etc.), 
Saylor. 

Comparison  of  the  geological  features 
of  Tennessee  with  those  of  the 
State  of  New  York,  Hall  (J.),  6. 

Contributions  to  the  geological  his- 
tory of  the  American  continent. 
Hall  (J.),  8. 

Die  Geonosie  und  der  Mineralreich- 
thum  des  Allegheny  systems,  Cred- 
ner. 

Editorial  review  of  Safford’ s second 
biennial  report,  Currey,  4. 

Elementary  geology  of  Tennessee, 
McAdoo  and  White. 

Elements  of  the  geology  of  Tennessee, 
Safford  and  Killebrew,  1. 

Excursion  through  the  slave  States, 
Featherstonehaugh,  1. 

Formations  of  natural  bridges,  Cle- 
land. 

Geology  and  mineral  resources  of 
Sequatchie  Valley,  Bowron,  3. 

Geology  of  Nashville  and  immediate 
vicinity,  Jones. 

Geology  of  West  Tennessee,  Tenney, 

1. 

Geology  of  Mississippi  embayment, 
Dabney. 

Geolo&y  of  Tennessee,  Currey,  2. 


General  Geology — Continued. 

Geology,  mineralog3%  scenery,  etc.,  of 
parts  of  Virginia,  Tennessee,  Cor- 
nelius. 

Geology  of  New  York,  part  4 (fourth 
or  western  district).  Hall,  (J),  2. 

Geological  and  mineralogical  account 
of  the  mining  districts  in  the  State 
of  Georgia and  East  Tennes- 

see, Peck. 

Geological  chart  of  the  United  States, 
east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  of 
Canada,  Bradley,  2. 

Geological  (features),  Haywood. 

Geological  map  of  the  United  States 
and  part  of  Canada,  Hitchcock. 

Geological  map  of  the  United  States, 
Hitchcock  and  Blake. 

Geological  map  of  the  United  States 
and  British  provinces  of  North  Am- 
erica, Marcou,  1. 

Geological  reconnoissance  of  Tennes- 
see, 1st  biennial  report,  Safford,  3. 

Geological  section  extending  across 
the  Cumberland  Mountains,  Har- 
per, (D.),  1. 

Letter  on  geology,  being  a series  of 
communications  originally  ad- 
dressed to  Dr.  John  Locke,  of  Cin- 
cinnati, Christy. 

Manual  for  the  high  schools  with 
special  reference  to  science  and 
agriculture.  Main. 

Map  of  the  United  States,  exhibiting 
the  present  status  of  knowledge  re- 
lating to  the  areal  distribution  of 
geologic  groups,  McGee,  3. 

Notes  explanatory  of  a section  from 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  to  the  Mississippi 
River,  in  a southwest  direction, 
with  remarks  upon  the  identity  of 
the  western  formation  with  those 
of  New  York,  Hall  (J.),  3. 

Notes  upon  the  geology  of  the  west- 
ern States,  Hall  (J.),  1. 

Observations  on  the  geology  of  the 
United  States,  etc.,  Maclure,  2 and 
1. 

On  a geological  chart  of  the  United 
States  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains 
and  of  Canada.  Bradley,  3. 

On  the  geology,  mineralogy,  scenery 
and  curiosities,  Cornelius. 

On  the  parallelism  of  the  Paleozoic 
deposits  of  North  America,  with 
those  of  Europe,  etc..  Hall  (J.).  4. 

On  some  points  in  American  geology. 
Hunt,  3. 

Remarks  on  the  mineralogy  and  geol- 
ogy of  the  northwestern  part  of  the 
State  of  Virginia,  Kain. 


BlBLlOCiRAPilY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


91 


General  Geology — Cent imied. 

Report  of  a geological  reconnois- 
sance  of  the  lands,  free-hold  and 
lease- hold  of  the  Cumberland  Basin 
Petroleum  and  Mining  Company, 
Ely. 

Report  of  a geological  examination 
made  on  certain  lands  and  mines, 
Owen  (Richard). 

Report  of  the  State  Geologist,  Saf- 
ford,  36. 

Second  biennial  report  on  geology  of 
Tennessee,  Safford,  4. 

Sketch  of  the  geology  of  Tennessee, 
with  description  of  its  minerals 
and  ores,  Currey,  1. 

Sketch  of  the  geology  of  the  United 
States,  Rogers,  (H.  D.),  1. 

Soil  and  geological  map  of  Tennessee, 
Nashville,  Chattanooga  & St,  Louis 
Railway, 

Sur  le  gisement  de  I’or  en  Californie, 
Marcou,  2. 

Tennessee,  Safford,  13. 

"^rhe  economic  and  agricultural  geol- 
ogy of  the  State  of  Tennessee,  Saf- 
ford, 47. 

The  geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  40. 
'Phe  topography,  geology  and  water 
supply  of  Sewanee,  Safford,  49. 

"Idle  Tennessee  Handbook  and  Immi- 
grants guide,  Bokum. 

Report  of  the  Department  of  Geology, 
Minerals,  Mines  and  Mining,  Saf- 
ford, 42. 

Uber  die  Geologie  der  Vereinigten 
Staaten  und  der  enhlishcheb  Pro- 
vinzen  von  Nord-Amerika,  Marcou, 
3. 

Warren’s  new  Physical  Geography, 
Brewer,  (Wm.  H.). 

Geography. 

Boundaries  of  (Tennessee),  Gannett, 

1. 

Dictionary  of  altitudes  (in  Tennes- 
see), Gannett,  2. 

Dictionary  of  geographic  positions 
(in  Tennessee),  Gannett,  3. 

Editorial  review  of  Safford’s  second 
biennial  report,  Currey,  4. 
Geographical  positions  determined  ap- 
proximately in  West  Virginia,  Ken- 
tucky, Tennessee,  U.  S.  Coast  Sur- 
vey. 

Geographical  (sic)  survey  of  Tennes- 
see, Troost,  13. 

Northern  boundary  of  Tennessee, 
Garrett, 

On  the  results  of  spirit  leveling  of 
precision  between  Corinth,  Miss., 
gpd  Memphis,  Tenn.,  Schott,  1. 


Geography — Continued. 

Report  of  Dr.  .1.  M.  Safford,  State 
Geologist,  Safford,  30. 

Report  of  State  engineer  on  surveys 
■for  railways  and  highways,  I.iea, 
(A.  M.). 

Report  on  the  southern  boundary  line 
of  Tennessee,  Foster,  ( ). 

Results  of  spirit  leveling  of  precision 
between  Okolona,  Miss.,  and  Odin, 
111.,  Schott,  2. 

Results  of  primary  triangulation  (in 
Tennessee),  Gannett,  4. 

Results  of  primary  triangulation  and 
primary  traverse,  Gannett,  5. 

Gibson  County. 

Clays  of  West  Tennessee,  Nelson. 

Drainage  of  the  river  bottoms  and 
swamp  lands  of  West  Tennessee, 
Cooper. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Preliminary  report  upon  drainage  of 
the  lands  overflowed,  Morgan  and 
McCrory. 

Ston'eware  and  brick  clays  of  west- 
ern Tennessee  and  northwestern 
Mississipii,  Eckel,  3. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Paris,  3. 

T^nderground  water  resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Glenn,  6. 

Giles  County. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Oil  and  gas  developments  in  Ten- 
nessee, Munn. 

Soil  survey  of  Giles  County,  Tenn.. 

• Ayrs  and  Gray. 

Gold. 

Cranberry  folio,  Keith,  22. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Knoxville  folio,  Keith,  5. 

Grainger  County. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Maynardville  folio,  Keith,  16. 

Moristown  folio,  Keith,  17. 

Soil  survey  of  Grainger  County, 
Tenn.,  McLendon  and  Lyman. 

Tennessee  marbles,  Keith,  15. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Bauer,  1. 

Granite. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 


92 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  .TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


-Gravel. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safforcl,  22. 

Statistical  reports,  Shiflett,  5 and  9. 

Greene  County. 

Asheville  folio,  Keith,  11. 

Description  of  a mass  of  meteoric 

iron  which  fell  near  Charlotte, 
Dickson  County,  Troost,  19. 

Fluorite  and  barite  in  Tennessee, 
Watson,  2, 

Geolog'y  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Greeneville  folio,  Keith,  3. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Morristown  folio,  Keith,  17. 

Soil  survey  of  the  Greeneville  area, 
Mooney  and  Ayrs,  1 and  3. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Bauer,  1. 

Grundy  County. 

Contributions  to  the  coal  flora  of 
Tracy  City,  Brown,  (C.  S.). 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew'  and  Safford,  2. 

McMinnville  folio,  Hayes,  16. 

Pikeville  folio.  Hayes,  15. 

Sewanee  folio,  Hayes,  10. 

Wonder  Cave  of  Tennessee.  Payne. 

Gypsum. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

H. 

Hamblen  County. 

A new  meteorite  from  Hamblen 
County,  Tenn.,  Eakins. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford, 

Morristown  folio,  Keith,  17. 

On  the  composition  and  structure  of 
Hamblen  County,  Tennessee,  me- 
teorite, Merrill,  2. 

Tennessee  marbles,  Keith,  15. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Bauer,  1. 

Hamilton  County. 

Chattanooga  folio,  Hayes,  9. 

General  description  of  the  ores  used 
in  the  Chattanooga  district,  Flem- 
ing. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Iron  operations  in  the  Chattanooga 
district,  Higgins,  1. 

Ringgold  folio,  Hayes,  7. 

The  iron  ores  of  the  Chattanooga  dis- 
trict, Bowron,  2. 


Hamilton  County — Continued. 

The  water  supply  of  Chattanooga, 
Rathmell  and  Eaton. 

Tonnage  estimates  of  Clinton  iron 
ore  in  the  Chattanooga  district  of 
Tennessee,  Georgia  and  Alabama, 
Burchard,  2. 

Hancock  County. 

Estillville  folio,  Campbell,  3. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Morristowm  folio,  Keith,  17. 

Tennessee  marbles,  Keith,  15. 

Hardeman  County. 

Clays  of,  Crider;  Nelson;  Ries;  and 
Ries  and  Leighton. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew, and  Safford,  2. 

Stoneware  and  brick  clays  of  western 
Tennessee  and  northwestern  Mis- 
issippi,  Eckel,  3. 

Underground  W'aters,  Glenn,  ’6. 

Hardin  County. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew’  and  Safford,  2. 

Silurian  and  Devonian  limestones  in 
Tennessee  geology,  Foerste,  4. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Faris,  3. 

Hawkins  County. 

Estillville  folio,  Campbell,  3. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Greeneville  folio,  Keith,  3. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Morristown  folio,  Keith,  17. 

Soil  survey  of  the  Greeneville  area, 
Mooney  and  Ayrs,  1 and  2. 

Tennessee  marbles,  Keith,  15. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Bauer,  1. 

Haywood  County. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Bauer,  2. 

Health  Resorts. 

On  the  Appalachian  health  resorts  of 
Tennessee,  Lindsley,  1. 

See  Mineral  Waters. 

Henderson  County. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Soil  survey  of  Henderson  County, 
Carr  and  Bennett. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Paris,  3. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


93 


Henry  County. 

Clays  of,  Nelson;  Reis;  and  Reis  and 
Leighton.. 

Clays  in  woslorn  Kentucky  and  Ten- 
nessee, Crider. 

Geoiogy  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

IntroducJ:ion  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Kiiiebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Silurian  and  Devonian  iimestones  of 
western  Tennessee,  Foerste,  4. 

Stoneware  and  brick  clays  of  western 
Tennessee  and  northwestern  Mis- 
issippi,  Fckel,  3. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Faris,  3. 

Underground  waters,  Glenn,  6. 

Hickman  County. 

A brief  reconnoissance  of  the  Ten- 
nessee phosphate  fields,  Hayes,  20. 

Columbia  folio,  Hayes  and  Ulrich. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resoui'ces  of  Ten- 
nessee, Kiiiebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Phosphate  rocks  of  Tennessee,  Phil- 
lips, 2. 

Phosphate  deposits  of  southern  States 
(and  others),  Brown,  (Lucius  P.), 
1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8.  ■ 

Silurian  and  Devonian  limestones  of 
western  Tennessee,  Foerste,  4. 

Tennessee  phosphates,  Hayes,  12  and 
17. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Faris,  3. 

Historical  Geology. 

A brief  historical,  descriptive  and 
statistical  report.  Smith,  (J.  Gray.). 

Age  of  the  Cincinnati  anticlinal, 
Foerste,  7. 

Age  of  the  southern  Appalachians, 
Elliott. 

Carboniferous  of  the  Appalachian 
basin,  Stevenson,  2. 

Lower  Carboniferous  of  the  Appa- 
lachian basin,  Stevenson,  1. 

On  some  points  in  American  geologi- 
cal history,  Safford,  6., 

On  Tennessee  geological  history,  Saf- 
ford, 5. 

On  the  Silurian  age  of  the  southern 
Appalachians,  Bradley,  4. 

Silurian  basin  in  Middle  Tennessee 
(and  others),  Safford,  1. 

The  late  Niagaran  strata  of  West 
Tennessee,  Pate  and  Bassler. 

Hiwassee  River. 

Examination  and  survey  of  the  Hi- 
wassee River,  Kingman,  10. 

Examination^  of  the  Hiwassee  River, 
McFarland  (Walter),  G. 


Hiwassee  River — Continued. 

Examinaton  for  a canal  to  connect 
the  waters  of  the  Savannah  River 
with  those  of  the  Hiwassee  and 
Tennessee,  King,  56. 

Final  report  on  survey  of  Hiwassee 
River,  Knight,  10. 

Improvement*  of  Clinch,  Hiwassee 
and  Holston  Rivers,  Newcomer,  1, 
9 and  17;  Harts,  5,  6,  14  and  22; 
Barden,  3. 

Improvement  of  Hiwassee  River, 
Knight,  2;  Kingman,  37;  Barlow,  2, 
15,  22,  31,  38  and  52;  King,  9,  14, 
29,  36,  47,  61,  70,  72  and  78;  Bing- 
ham, 3;  Biddle,  15  and  20;  Robert, 
(Henry  M.),  8. 

Preliminary  examination  of  Hiwas- 
see River,  Newcomer,  15. 

Profiles  of  rivers  (in  Tennessee), 
Gannett,  >6. 

Holston  River. 

Examination  of  Holston  River,  King, 
54;  Barlow,  45. 

Examination  and  survey  of  Holston 
River,  Kingman,  12. 

Final  report  on  survey  of  Holston 
River,  Knight,  8. 

Improvement  of  Clinch,  Hiwassee 
and  Holston  Rivers,  Barden,  3: 
Harts,  5,  6,  14  and  22;  Newcomer, 
1,  9 and  17. 

Improvement  of  Holston  River, 
Knight,  1. 

Report  of  examinations  and  surveys 
(made  in  1830),  Long. 

Preliminary  examination  of  Holston 
River,  King,  2. 

Profiles  of  rivers  (in  Tennessee), 
Gannett,  6. 

Houston  County. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Kiiiebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Oil  and  gas  developments  in  Ten- 
nessee, Munn. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Faris,  3. 

(The  water  supply  of  Erin,  Tennes- 
see), Safford,  43. 

Humphreys  County. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Kiiiebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Faris,  3. 

I. 

Idocrase. 

Analysis  of  Idocrase  from  Ducktown, 
Mallett. 


94 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Iron. 

Analysis  of  meteoric  iron  from  Cocke 
County,  Sliepard  (C.  U.),  1. 

Aslieville  folio,  Keitn,  1±. 

Briceville  folio,  Keith,  7. 

Chattanooga  folio,  Hayes,  9. 

Cleveland  folio,  Hayes,  14. 

Coal,  Colton,  2. 

Coal  and  iron.  Shook. 

Columbia  folio,  Hayes  and  Ulrich. 

Comparison  of  some  southern  cokes 
and  iron  ores,  McCreath  and  D’ln- 
villiers,  2. 

Cranberry  folio,  Keith,  13. 

Description  of  Roane  Mountain  Quad- 
rangle, Keith,  8. 

Embreeville  estate,  Tennessee,  John- 
son (Guy  R.),  2. 

General  description  of  the  ores  used 
in  the  Chattanooga  district,  Flem- 
ing. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Greeneville  folio,  Keith,  3. 

Handbook  of  Tennessee,  Paine. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Iron  and  coal  of  Tennessee,  Kille- 
brew, 18. 

Iron  ore  deposits  of  the  Cranberry 
district,  Keith,  14. 

Iron  ore  operations  in  the  Chatta- 
nooga district,  Higgins,  1. 

Iron  ores  and  coals  of  Alabama,  Geor- 
gia and  Tennessee,  Porter. 

Iron  ores  of  the  United  States,  Hayes, 
24. 

Iron  ores  of  the  Shady  Valley,  Ten- 
nessee, Garrison. 

Kingston  folio,  Hayes,  8. 

Knoxville  folio,  Keith,  5. 

Loudon  folio,  Keith,  6. 

Maynardville  folio,  Keith,  16. 

McMinnville  folio,  Hayes,  16. 

Magnetic  ‘iron  ore  of  the  Unaka 
Mountains,  N. 

Mineral  resources  along  the  line  of 
East  Tennessee,  Virginia  and  Geor- 
gia, Brewer  (Wm.  M.),  2. 

Notes  on  the  samples  of  iron  ores 
collected  in  East  Tennessee,  Willis, 
1 and  3;  Chauvent. 

Ores  of  iron:  their  geographical  de- 
scription, Newton. 

Ore  deposits  of  the  United  States, 
Kemp,  1. 

Pikeville  folio,  Hayes,  15. 

Regions  of  West  Tennessee  of  sulphur 
waters  and  chalybeate  waters,  Saf- 
ford, 52. 

Report  on  the  Cumberland  Plateau 
coal  lands,  Safford,  50. 

Report  on  the  Embree  Iron  Furnace 
properties,  Lesley,  4. 


I ron — Continued. 

Report  on  the  iron  ores  of  Cumber- 
land Gap,  Moore.  ’ 

Report  on  the  Tennessee  River  and 
Walden’s  Ridge  iron  ores,  Koenig, 
2;  Guild,  1. 

Report  upon  the  mineral  and  agricul- 
tural resources  of  the  4ands  owned 
by  the  Hopkins  Mastodon  Coal  and 
Iron  Mining  and  Manufacturing 
Company,  Safford  and  Owen. 

Ringgold  folio,  Hayes,  7. 

Sewanee  folio,  Hayes,  10. 

Soft  iron  ores  in  Tennessee,  Judd.  2. 

Some  drift  hematite  in  East  Tennes- 
see, Nichols. 

• Southerii  magnetites  and  magnetic 
separation.  Chase. 

Southern  Railway  territory,  Southern 
Railway,  1. 

Southern  red  hematite  as  an  ingre- 
dient of  metallic  paint,  Burchard,  1. 

Statistical  reports,  Shiflett,  1,  2,  3, 
4,  5,  6,  7,  8 and  9;  Hargis,  1. 

Stevenson  folio,  Hayes,  13. 

Tennessee  iron  ores.  Maxwell. 

The  cost  of  a ton  of  pig  iron  in  the 
Sequatchie  Valley,’  Bowron,  1. 

The  iron  ores  of  the  Chattanooga 
district,  Bowron,  2. 

The  Nashville  division,  Southern 
Railway,  4. 

The  town  of  Cardiff and  lands 

and  mines  of  the  Cardiff  Coal  and 
Iron  Company,  Smalley. 

The  utilization  of  the  iron  and  cop- 
per sulphides  of  Virginia,  North 
Carolina  and  Tennessee,  Boyd  (C. 
R.),  1. 

Third  annual  report,  Lloyd,  1. 

Tonnage  estimates  of  Clinton  iron 
ore  in  the  Chattanooga  district, 
Burchard,  2. 

Wartburg  folio,  Keith,  4. 

Western  iron  belt  of  Tennessee,  Kil- 
lebrew, 8. 

J. 

Jackson  County. 

Description  of  three  varieties  of  me- 
teoric iron,  Troost,  18. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Oil  and  gas  developments  in  Ten- 
nessee, Munn. 

> Standingstone  folio,  Campbell,  1. 

James  County. 

Chattanooga  folio, . Hayes,  9. 

Cleveland  folio,  Hayes,  14. 

Intiodiiction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


95 


James  County — Continued. 

King-gold  folio,  Hayes,  7. 

Southern  red  hematite  as  ingredient 
of  metallic  paint,  Burchard,  1. 

Jefferson  County. 

Fluorite  and  barite  in  Tennessee, 
Watson,  2. 

‘Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Bead  and  zinc  deposits  of  the  Vir- 
ginia-Tennessee  region,  Watson,  1. 

Maynardville  folio,  Keith,  16. 

Morristo-wn  folio,  Keith,  17. 

Terrestrial  magnetism.  Bauer,  1. 

Zinc  mining  in  Tennessee,  Osgood. 

Johnson  County. 

Cranberry  folio,  Keith,  13. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Bauer,  1. 


K. 

Knox  County. 

Briceville  folio,  Keith,  7. 

Building  stone,  Merrill,  1. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Knoxville  folio,  Keith,  5. 

Lead  and  zinc  deposits  of  the  Vir- 
ginia-Tennessee  region,  Watson,  1. 

Loudon  folio,  Keith,  6. 

Maynardville  folio,  Keith,  16. 

Tennessee  marbles,  Keith,  15. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Faris,  1; 
Bauer,  1. 

Kraurite. 

Kraurite  and  Cacoxene  in  Tennessee, 
Troost,  15. 

L. 

Lake  County. 

A seeond  visit  to  North  America, 
Lyell. 

Clays  of  West  Tennesee,  Nelson. 

Drainage  of  the  river  bottoms  and 
swamp  lands  of  West  Tennessee, 
Cooper. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Oil  and  gas  developments  in  Ten- 
nessee, Munn. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Faris,  1. 

Underground  waters,  Glenn,  6. 


Lauderdale  County. 

Clays  of  West  Tennessee,  Nelson. 

Drainage  of  the  river  bottoms  and 
swamp  lands  of  West  Tennessee, 
Cooper. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Faris,  2. 

The  upland  geological  formations  of 
Obion,  Dyc<r,  Lauderdale — Safford, 
53. 

Underground  waters,  Glenn,  6. 

Lawrence  County. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Oil  and  gas  developments  in  Ten- 
nessee, Munn. 

Silurian  and  Devonian  limestones  of 
western  Tennessee,  Foerste,  4. 

Soil  survey  of  Lawrence  County, 
Tenn.,  Mooney  and  Ayrs,  2. 

Western  iron  belt  of  Tennessee,  Kil- 
lebrew, 8. 

Lead. 

Briceville  folio,  Keith,  7. 

Cleveland  folio,  Hayes,  14. 

Cranbery  folio,  Keith,  13. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten 
nessee,  Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Lead  and  zinc  deposits  of  Virginia- 
Tennessee  region,  Watson,  1. 

Maynardville  folio,  Keith,  16. 

Mineral  resources  along  the  line  of 
the  East  Tennessee,  Virginia  and 
Georgia  division  of  Southern  Rail- 
way, Brewer  (Wm.  M.),  2. 

Morristown  folio,  Keith,  17. 

Southern  Railway  territory.  Southern 
Railway,  1. 

Statistical  reports,  Shiflet,  1,  2,  3,  4, 
5,  6,  7,  8 and  9. 

The  Nasliville  division.  Southern 
Railway,  4. 

Lewis  County. 

Columbia  folio,  Hayes  and  Ulrich. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Silurian  and  Devonian  limestones  of 
western  Tennessee,  Foerste,  4. 

Tennesse  phosphates,  Hayes  12  and 
17. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Faris,  1. 

Lignite. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

The  lignitic  stage,  Harris,  2. 


96 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Little  Pigeon  River. 

Improvement  of  French  Broad  and 
Little  Pigeon  Rivers,  Barden,  4; 
Biddle,  16  and  25;  Bingham,  2; 
Harts,  4,  7,  15  and  23;  Kingman, 
4,  19,  27,  32  and  3(^  Knight,  4 

and  12;  Newcomer,  2,  10  and  18. 

Iheliminary  examination  of  Little 
Pigeon  River,  Barlow,  1. 

Little  Tennessee  River. 

Examination  and  survey  of  Little 
Tennessee  River,  Knight,  9. 

Examination  of  the  Little  Tennessee 
River,  McFarland  (Walter),  1 and 
7 ; King.  43  and  44. 

Improvement  of  Little  Tennessee 
River,  Barlow,  32,  37  and  47;  King, 
21  and  26. 

Little  Tennessee  River,  King,  4. 

Profiles  of  rivers  (in  Tennessee), 
Gannett,  6. 

Lime. 

Asheville  folio,  Keith,  11. 

Briceville  folio,  Keith,  7. 

Cranberry  folio,  Keith,  13. 

Greeneville  folio,  Keith,  3. 

Knoxville  folio,  Keith,  5. 

Loudon  folio,  Keith,  6. 

Maynardville  folio,  Keith,  16. 

Morristown  folio,  Keith,  17. 

Statistical  reports,  Shiflett,  4 and  5. 

Wartburg  folio,  Keith,  4. 

Limestones. 

Bristol  folio,  Campbell,  2. 

Chattanooga  folio,  Hayes,  9. 

Cleveland  folio,  Hayes,  14. 

Columbia  folio,  Hayes  and  Ulrich. 

Estillville  folio,  Campbell,  3. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Kingston  folio,  Hayes,  8. 

Ringgold  folio,  Hayes,  7. 

Silurian  and  Devonian  limestones  of 
western  Tennessee,  Foerste,  4. 

Stand  ingstone  folio,  Campbell,  1. 

Statistical  reports,  Shiflett,  1,  2,  3, 

^ 4,  5,  6,  7,  8 and  9. 

Stevenson  folio,  Hayes,  13. 

Lincoln  County. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Oil  and  gas  developments  in  Ten- 
nessee, Munn. 


Loudon  County. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Kingston  folio,  Hayes,  8. 

Loudon  folio,  Keith,  6. 

Tennessee  marbles,  Keith,  15. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Bauer,  1. 

M. 

Macon  County. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Oil  and  gas  developments  in  Ten- 
ne.ssee,  Munn. 

Madison  County. 

Clays  of  western  Kentucky  and  Ten- 
nessee, Crider. 

Clays  of  West  Tennessee,  Nelson.. 

Drainage  of  the  river  bottoms  and 
swamp  lands  of  West  Tennessee, 
Cooper. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Practical  road  building  in  Madison 
County,  Lancaster. 

Progress  reports  of  experiments  in 
dust  prevention.  Page,  3. 

Progress  reports  of  experiments  in 
dust  preventatives,  etc..  Page,  1. 

Soil  survey  of  Madison  County,  Ly- 
man, Bennett  and  McLendon. 

Stoneware  and  brick  clays  of  western 
Tennessee  and  northwestern  Mis- 
issippi,  Eckel,  4. 

Tar  and  oil  road  improvement. 
Page,  2. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Paris,  3. 

Underground  waters,  Glenn,  6. 

Manganese. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Manganese,  Weeks. 

Statistical  reports,  Shiflett,  4,  5,  6, 
7,  8 and  9;  Lloyd,  2. 

Marble. 

Asheville  folio,  Keith,  11. 

Briceville  folio,  Keith,  17. 

Bristol  folio,  Campbell,  2. 

Fifth  annual  report,  Clute,  2. 

Fourth  annual  report,  Lloyd,  2. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

• Greeneville  folio,  Keith,  3. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Loudon  folio,  Keith,  6. 

Maynardville  folio,  Keith,  16. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


97 


Marble — Continued. 

Morristown  folio,  Keith,  17. 

Southern  Railway  territory.  Southern 
Railway,  1. 

Statistical  reports,  Shillett,  1,  2,  3, 
4,  5,  G,  7,  8 and  9. 

Tennessee  marble  industry.  Southern 
Railway,  5. 

Tennessee  marbles,  Keith,  15. 

Tennessee  marble  as  a building-  stone, 
Ferris  (Chas.). 

Tennessee  marble,  Merrill,  1. 

The  Nashville  division.  Southern 
Railway,  4. 

'Phird  annual  rejiort,  Idoyd,  1. 

Marion  County. 

Chattanooga  folio,  Hayes,  9. 

Cost  of  pig  iron  in  Seciuatchie  Valley, 
Bowron,  1. 

General  description  of  ores  used  in 
the  Chattanooga  district,  Pdeming. 

Geology  and  mineral  resources  of 
Sequatchie  Valley,  Bowron,  3. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  SafCoVd,  2. 

Iron  ores  of  the  Chattanooga  district, 
Bowron,  2. 

Ringgold  folio,  Hayes,  7. 

Sewlanee  folio,  Hayes,  10. 

Stevenson  folio,  Hayes,  13. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Bauer,  1. 

Marshall  County. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Oil  and  gas  developments  in  Ten- 
nessee, Munn. 

Maury  County. 

A brief  reconnoissance  of  the  Ten- 
nessee phosphate  fields,  Hayes,  20. 

Columbia  folio,  Hayes  and  Ulrich. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Oil  and  gas  developments  in  Ten- 
nessee, Munn. 

Phosphate  deposits  in  Maury  County, 
Tennessee,  Killebrew,  9. 

Phosphate  rock  deposits  of  Tennesee 
during  1<S97,  etc..  Brown  (L.  P.),  1, 
etc. 

Present  and  future  of  the  Mt.  Pleas- 
ant field,  Ruhm,  2. 

Tennessee  phosphates,  Hayes,  12  and 
17. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Paris,  1. 


McMinn  County. 

Cleveland  folio,  Hayes,  14. 

Fluorite  and  barite  in  Tennessee, 
Watson,  2. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Tennessee  marbles,  Keith,  15. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Bauer,  1. 

McNairy  County. 

Clays  of,  Crider;  Eckel,  3;  Nelson. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Terresti’ial  magnetism,  Paris,  3. 

Underground  water  resources,  Glenn, 

6. 

Meigs  County. 

Chattanooga  folio,  Hayes,  9. 

Cleveland  folio,  Hayes,  14. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Kingston  folio,  Hayes,  8. , 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Bauer,  1. 

Meridian  Lines. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Paris,  1,  2 

and  3;  Bauer,  1 and  2. 

Meteorites. 

A new  meteorite  from  Hamblen 
County,  Tennessee,  Eakins. 

Analysis  of  the  Drabis  Creek,  Ten- 
nessee, meteorite,  Seybert. 

Analysis  of  the  meteoric  iron  from 
Cocke  County,  Shepard  (C.  U.),  1. 

Brief  description  of  the  Drabis  Creek, 
Tennessee,  meteoi'ite,  Silliman,  2. 

Catalogue  of  all  i-ecorded  meteorites, 
Huntingdon,  2. 

Description  and  analysis  of  a me- 
teoric mass,  Troost,  21. 

Description  of  a mass  of  meteoric 

iron,  Troost,  19. 

Description  of  a mass  of  meteoric 

iron  discovered  near  Murfreesboro, 
Troost,  16. 

Description  of  three  varieties  of  me- 
teoric iron,  Troost,  18. 

Description  of  varieties  of  meteoric 

iron,  Troost,  17. 

Descriptive  catalogue  of  the  meteor- 
ite collection  in  the  United  States, 
Tassin. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Meteoreisen-Studen,  Cohn. 

Notes  on  a new  meteorite  from  Hen- 
dersonville, N.  C.,  and  additional 
pieces  of  the  Smithville,  Tenn.,  fall, 
Glenn,  1. 


98 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Meteorites — Continued. 

Notice  of  the  circumstances  attending 
the  fall  of  the  Tennessee  meteor- 
ites, Silliman,  1. 

On  comparison  and  structure  of  the 
Hamblen  County,  Tennessee,  me- 
teorite, Merrill,  2. 

S'mithville  meteorite,  Huntingdon,  1. 

Mica. 

Cranberry  folio,  Keith,  13. 

Middle  Tennessee. 

General  topography  of  Middle  Ten- 
nessee, Safford,  41. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Information  for  immigrants  concern- 
ing Middle  Tennessee,  Killebrew 
13. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Letters  from  the  east  and  from  the 
west.  Hall  (Frederick). 

Remarks  on  the  genus  Tetradium 
with  notice  of  the  species  found  in 
Middle  Tennessee,  Safford,  38. 

Silurian  and  Devonian  limestones  of 
western  Tennessee,  Foerste,  4. 

Silurian  basin  of  Middle  Tennessee, 
with  notices  of  the  strata  surround- 
ing it,  Safford,  1. 

The  economic  and  agricultural  geol- 
ogy of  the  State  of  Tennessee, 
Safford,  47. 

The  sanitary  geology  of  Nashville, 
Winchell  (A.),  4. 

Millstone. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Mineral  Paints. 

Resources  of  East  Tennessee,  South- 
ern Railway,  2. 

Southern  red  hematite  as  an  ingre- 
dient of  metallic  paint,  Burchard,  1. 

Statistical  reports,  Shiflett,  4,  5,  6, 
7,  8 and  9. 

Mineral  Resources. 

Cumberland  Gap  coal  field,  Ashley, 
2 and  3. 

Descriptive  report  of  various  tracts 
of  mineral  lands,  Anon.,  7. 

Distribution  of  titanic  oxide  upon  the 
surface  of  the  earth,  Dunnington. 

PIxpert  reports  on  the  mineral  prop- 
erties of  the  East  Tennessee  Land 
Company,  East  Tenn.  Land  Co. 

General  outline  of  the  mineral  re- 
sources of  eastern  Tennessee,  Wil- 
der. 


Mineral  Resources — Continued. 

Geology  and  mineral  resources  of 
Sequatchie  Valley,  Tennessee,  Bow- 
ron,  3. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Geological  and  mineralogical  account 
of  the  mining  districts.  Peck. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Letters  from  the  east  and  from  the 
west.  Hall  (P^rederick). 

Mineral  and  agricultural  resources  of 
the  portion  of  Tennessee  along  the 
Cincinnati  Southern  Railway,  Kil- 
lebrew, 3. 

Mineral  deposits  and  mining  interests 
along  the  line  of  the  Nashville, 
Chattanooga  & St.  Louis  Railway, 
Killebrew,  19, 

Mineral  products  of  Tennessee,  Gor- 
don, 2. 

Mineral  resources  of  the  Brushy 
Moutain  coal  field,  Bryant. 

Mineral  resources  of  upper  East  Ten- 
nessee, Imoden. 

Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee. 
Proctor  (R.  D.). 

Mineral  tract  of  the  East  Tennessee 
and  Cherokee  Copper  Mining  Com- 
pany, Whitney,  3. 

More  common  minerals  of  the  region 
about  Nashville,  Glenn,  3. 

On  the  geology,  mineralogy,  scenery 
and  curiosities  of  parts  of  Virginia, 
Tennessee,  Cornelius. 

Outline  introduction  to  the  mineral 
resources  of  Tenessee,  Ashley,  5. 

Remarks  on  the  changes  which  take 
place  in  the  structure  and  com- 
position of  mineral  veins  near  the 
surface,  Whitney,  1. 

Remarks  on  the  mineralogy  and  geol- 
ogy of  the  northwestern  part  of  the 
State  of  Virginia  and  eastern  part 
of  the  State  of  Tennessee,  Kain. 

Remarkable  mineral  properties,  Koe- 
nig, 1. 

Report  of  the  department  of  geology, 
minerals,  mines  and  mining,  Saf- 
ford, 42. 

Report  of  committee  on  mineral 
products.  Cook. 

Report  on  the  Tennessee  River,  Wal- 
den’s Ridge  and  Carter  County  ore 
fields,  Roberts  (J.  B.). 

Second  annual  report  of  the  Com- 
missioner of  Labor  and  Inspector  of 
Mines,  Ford,  1. 

Special  report  of  the  Commissioner  of 
Labor  and  Inspector  of  Mines, 
Ford,  2. 


BIBLlOGkAPllY  OF  TENNKSSFE  GEOLOGY. 


99 


M ineral  Resources — Conlinued. 

Statistical  reports,  Shillett,  1,  2,  3, 
4,  5,  G,  7,  8 and  9. 

4'enuessee,  Killebrew,  G. 

The  mineral  and  agricultural  re- 
sources . of  Kast  Tennessee,  Knox- 
vilU‘  Board  of  Trade. 

The  mineral  industry,  Rothwell  and 
Struthers. 

The  mineral  resources  of  the  South, 
Safford,  48. 

The  resources  of  the  valley  of  the 
Cumbei-land  River,  Safford,  44. 

View  of  the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi, 

R.  B. 

(See  also  under  the  head  of  the  sev- 
eral minerals.) 

Mineral  Waters. 

An  annotated  catalogue  of  the  min- 
eral springs  and  wells  of  Tennesee, 
Safford,  34. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Mineral  waters  of  the  United  States, 
Crook. 

Monteagle  spring.  Hinds,  2. 

Regions  of  west  Tennessee  of  sulphur 
waters  and  chalybeate  waters,  Saf- 
ford, 52. 

The  mineral  springs  of  Tennessee, 
Lindsley,  2. 

Monroe  County. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Loudon  folio,  Keith,  6. 

Tennessee  marbles,  Keith,  15. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Bauer,  1. 

Montgomery  County. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Portland-cement  of  resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Ulrich,  1. 

Soil  survey  of  Montgomery  County, 
Tennessee,  Lapham  and  Miller. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Paris,  3. 

Moore  County. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Morgan  County. 

Briceville  folio,  Keltn,  7. 

Expert  reports  on  the  properties  of 
East  Tennessee  Land  Company, 
East  Tennessee  Land  Co. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 


Morgan  County — Continued. 

nessee,  Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Kingston  folio,  Hayes,  8. 

Mineial  resources  of  Brushy  Moun- 
tain coal  held,  Bryant. 

Oil  and  gas  developments  in  Ten- 
nessee, Munn. 

Southern  , Appalachian  coal  held, 
Hayes,  23. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Bauer,  1. 

'J'he  town  of  Cardiff and  lands 

and  mines  of  the  Cardiff  Coal  and 
Iron  Company,  Smalley. 

Wartburg  folio,  Keith,  4. 

N. 

Natural  Gas, 

Oil  and  gas  developments  in  Ten- 
nessee, Munn. 

Statistical  reports,  Shihett,  4,  5,  6, 
7,  8 and  9. 

The  topography  and  geology  of  Mid- 
dle Tennessee  as  to  natural  gas, 
Safford,  37. 

Navigation. 

Erosian  in  Appalachians,  Glenn,  12. 

Final  report  upon  • survey  of  Elk 
River,  Tennessee,  Kingman,  16. 

Relation  of  the  southern  Appalachian 
mountains  to  inland  water  navi- 
gation, Leighton  and  Horton. 

Report  of  examinations  and  surveys 
(made  in  1830)  with  a view  of  im- 
proving the  navigation  of  the  Hol- 
ston  and  Tennessee  Rivers,  Long. 

Slack  water  navigation  and  public 
healtli,  Safford,  32. 

Survey  of  North  Forked  Deer  River, 
Tennessee,  Biddle,  3. 

Survey  of  Forked  Deer  River  from 
Dyersburg,  Biddle,  5. 

(See  under  River  Improvement.) 

Nickel. 

Asheville  folio,  Keith,  11. 

Nolichucky  River. 

Prohles  of  rivers  (in  Tennessee), 
Gannett,  6. 

O. 

Obey’s  River. 

Examination  of  Caney  Fork  and 
Obey’s  Rivers,  King,  71. 

Improvement  of  Obey’s  River,  King, 
18,  33,  40,  51  and  66. 

Preliminary  examination  of  Obeil’s 
(Obey’s)  River,  Barlow,  25. 


100 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Obion  County. 

A second  visit  to  North  America,  (on 
earthquakes),  Liyell. 

Clays  of  West  Tennessee,  Nelson. 

Drainage  of  river  bottoms  and  swamp 
lands  of  West  Tennessee,  Cooper. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Faris,  3. 

The  upland  geological  formations  of 
Obion,  Safford,  53. 

Fnderground  water  resources,  Glenn, 

6. 

Obion  River. 

Drainage  of  the  river  bottoms  and 
swamp  lands  of  West  Tennessee, 
Cooper. 

Drainage  problems  in  Tennessee, 
Ashley,  G. 

Examination  of  Obion  River,  Ben- 
yaird,  3. 

Improvemnt  of  Obion  River,  Adams, 
1,  4,  7 and  9;  Biddle,  4,  6,  9,  13 
and  22;  Kingman,  23. 

Improvement  of  Obion  and  Forked 
Deer  Rivers,  Barden,  2;  Harts,  13,‘ 
21  and  •29'  Newcomer,  7 and  14; 
Sears,  4, 

Preliminary  examination  of  Obion 
and  Forked  Deer  Rivers,  Sears,  1. 

Preliminary  examination  of  Obion 
River,  Barlow,  9. 

Survey  of  North  Forked  Deer  River 
from  Dyersburg  to  main  stream, 
and  thence  to  Obion  River,  Bid- 
dle, 3. 

Survey  of  North  Forked  Deer  River 
from  Dyersburg,  Tennessee,  to  its 
junction  with  the  Obion  River, 
Biddle,  5. 

Underground  water  resources,  Glenn, 

6. 

Oil  and  Gas. 

Cumberland  Gap  coal  field,  Ashley  2 
and  3. 

Geography  of  petroleum,  geology  of 
petroleum,  Wrigley. 

Geology  and  mineral  resources  of  part 
of  Cumberland  Gap,  Ashley  and 
Glenn. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Saffoi'd,  22. 

Geological  report  on  the  petroleum 
lands  and  leases  of  Capt.  L.  H. 
Thickstun,  Harper  (D.),  2. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew'  and  Safford,  2. 

Mineral  Oil,  Newberry. 


Oil  and  Gas — Continued. 

Mineral  resources  of  the  United 
State  Williams  (Albert,  Jr.),  1,  2 
and  3;  Day  (D.  T.),  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  G, 
7,  8,  9,  10,  ll'  12,  13,  14,  15,  16,  17, 
18,  19,  20,  21,  22  and  23. 

Notes  on  the  geological  position  of 
petroleum  reservoirs  in  southern 
Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  Safford, 
9. 

Oil  and  gas  developments  in  Ten- 
nessee, Munn. 

Oil  boom  in  Tenessee,  Schmits. 

Oil  region  of  Tennessee,  with  some 
account  of  its  other  resources  and 
capabilities,  Killebrew,  4. 

Report  of  a geological  reconnoissance 
of  the  lands,  freehold  and  lease- 
hold of  the  Cumberland  Basin  Pe- 
troleum and  Mining  Company,  Ely. 

Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Agriculture, 
Statistics  and  Mines,  Killebrew,  16. 

Report  on  lands  of  the  Jackson  Min- 
ing and  Petroleum  Company,  Saf- 
ford, 51. 

Statistical  reports,  Shiflett,  4,  5,  6, 
7,  8 and  9. 

Well  records.  Lines. 

Onyx. 

Resources  of  East  Tennessee,  South- 
ern Railway,  2. 

Ordovician. 

Cincinnati  group  in  Western  Ten- 
ne.ssee,  between  Tennessee  River 
and  the  Central  Basin,  Foerste,  5. 

Variation  in  the  thickness  of  the  sub- 
divisions of  the  Ordivician  of  In- 
diana, Foerste,  6. 

Overton  County. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew’  and  Safford,  2. 

Soil  survey  of  Overton  County,  Ayrs 
and  Hill. 

Standingstone  folio,  Campbell,  1. 

P. 

Paleontology. 

A critical  summary  of  Trodst’s  un- 
published manuscript  on  the  cri- 
noids  of  Tennessee,  Wood  (Elvira). 

Association  of  the  gasteropod  genus 
Cuclora  W'ith  phosphate  of  lime  de- 
posits, Miller  (Arthur  M.). 

Camden  chert  of  Tennessee  and  its 
Lower  Oriksany  fauna,  Safford  and 
Schuchert. 

(Catalogue  of)  Paleozoic  sponges  of 
North  America,  Head  (W.  R.). 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  .TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


1 01 


Paleontology — Continued. 

Contributions  to  the  eoal  flora  of 
Tracy  City,  Brown  (C.  S.). 

Correlation  papers,  Cretaceous,  White 
(C.  A.). 

Description  d’un  nouveau  genre  de 
fossiles,  Troost.  11. 

Description  of  a new  species  of  fossil 
asterias,  Troost,  14. 

Description  of  new  and  remarkable 

fossils  from  the  paleozoic  rocks, 

Miller  and  Gurley,  2. 

Description  of  new  forms  of  upper 

Cambrian  fossils,  Walcott,  5. 

Description  of  new  species  *of  Fossil 
Crustaccea  from  the  Dower  Silurian 
of  Tennessee,  Safford  and  Vodges. 

Description  of  new  species  of  pale- 

ozoic echinodermata.  Miller  and 
Gurley,  4. 

Description  of  some  more  species  of 
invertebrates  from  the  paleozoic 
rocks,  Miller  and  Gurley,  6. 

Die  Silurische  Fauna  des  westlicheu 
Tennesse,  Roemer. 

exhibition  of  certain  bones  of  Megal- 
oynx  not  befoi'e  known,  Safford,  2G. 

Fauna  of  the  Dower  Cambrian  of 
Olenellus  zone,  Walcott,  4. 

Finding  of  the  remains  of  the  fossils 
sloth  at  Big  Bone  Cave,  Tennessee, 
Mercer. 

•Gastropoda  of  the  Chazy  formation, 
Raymond. 

List  of  Tenessee  Crinoids,  Troost,  22. 

New  and  interesting  species  of  pale- 
ozoic fossils.  Miller  and  Gurley,  3. 

New  genera  and  species  of  Echino- 
dermata, Miller  and  Gurley,  6. 

New  species  of  crinoids  from  Illinois 
and  other  States,  Miller  and  Gurley, 
1. 

New  species  of  Echinodermata  and  a 
new  crustacean  from  the  paleozoic 
rocks.  Miller  and  Gurley,  7. 

New  species  of  paleozoic  inverte- 
brates from  Illinois  and  other 
States,  Miller  and  Gurley,  8. 

Notes  on  the  Middleton  formation  of 
Tennessee.  Mississippi  and  Ala- 
bama, Safford,  20. 

Notes  on  fossils  fr-om  Tennessee, 
Winchell  (A.),  3. 

(Note  on)  tooth  of  Petalodus  ohioen- 
sis,  Safford,  46. 

On  the  faunal  relations  of  some  of  the 
geologic  groups  of  the  eastern 
United  States,  Rogers  (W.  B.). 

On  the  giganic  remains  which  char- 
acterized the  Transition  series  of 
the  valley  of  the  Mississippi, 
Troost,  3. 


Paleontology  - (’onlinucd. 

On  the  localities  in  Tennessee  in 
wliich  bones  of  giganic  mastodon 
and  Megalonyx  .leffersonii  are 
found,  '’Ih'oost,  2. 

On  the  I’entremitcs  roinwardtii,  a 
new  fossil,  with  I'cmarks  on  the 

. g('nus  Pentremites,  etc.,  Troost,  1. 

On  some  fossils  of  recent  formations, 
Lesquerenx,  2. 

On  species  of  fossil  plants  from  the 
Tertiary  of  Mississippi,  Lesquerenx, 

1. 

On  Silurian  and  Devonic  Cystida  and 
Camarocrinus,  Schuchert,  2. 

On  the  species  of  calceola  found  in 
Tennessee,  Safford,  39. 

Paleontology  (of  New  York),  Hall 
(J.),  5. 

Palaeospongiologie,  Rauff. 

Remains  of  the  mastodons  recently 
found  in  Tennessee,  McCallie,  3. 

Remarks  on  some  fossil  bones  re- 
cently brought  to  New  Orleans 
from  Tennessee  and  from  Texas, 
Carpenter. 

Remarks  on  the  genus  Tetradium 
with  notice  of  the  species  found  in 
Middle  Tennessee,  Safford,  38. 

Perry  County. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

. Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Oil  and  gas  developments  in  Ten- 
nessee, Munn. 

Tennesse  phosphates,  Hayes  12,  and 
17. 

Tennessee  white  phosphates,  Hayes, 

2. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Faris,  3. 

Petroleum. 

Oil  and  gas  developments  in  Ten- 
nessee, Munn. 

Standingstone  folio,  Campbell,  1. 

Wartburg  folio,  Keth,  4. 

Phosphate. 

A brief  recounoissance  of  the  Ten- 
nessee phosphate  fields,  Hayes,  20. 

A new  and  important  source  of  phos- 
phate rock  in  Tennessee,  Safford, 
17. 

Columbia  folio,  Hayes  and  Ulrich. 

Commercial  development  of  the  Ten- 
nessee phosphate,  Memminger. 

Geological  relations  of  the  Tennessee 
brown  phosphate,  Hayes,  21. 

Handbook  of  Tennessee,  Paine. 

Horizon  of  phosphate  rocks  in  Ten- 
nessee, Safford,  18. 


102 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Phosphate — Continued. 

Mining  Tennessee  phosphates,  Keyes. 
Ihiosphate  deposits  of  Tennessee 
during  1897,  Brown  (L.  P.),  1. 
Phosphate  deposits  of  the  United 
States,  Van  Horn. 

Phosphates  deposits  of  the  southern 
States,  Brown  (L.  P.),  3. 

Phosphate  deposits  of  Tennessee, 
Killebrew,  10. 

Phosphate  deposits  in  Maury  County, 
Tennessee,  Killebrew',  9. 

Phosphate  deposits  of  Tennessee, 
Killebrew',  17. 

Phosphate  of  Tennessee,  Meadows 
and  Brown. 

Phosphate  mining  in  Tennessee, 
Ruhm,  1. 

Phosphate  rocks  of  Tennessee,  Phil- 
lips, 2. 

Phosphate  rock,  Ewing. 

Phosphate  rock  in  the  South,  O’Neal. 
Present  and  future  of  the  Mt.  Pleas- 
ant phosphate  field,  Ruhm,  2. 

On  the  phosphate  rocks  of  Tennessee, 
Phillips,  1. 

Southern  Railway  territory.  Southern 
Railway,  1. 

Statistical  reports.  Hargis,  1;  Lloyd, 
2;  Shiflett,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8 and  9. 
Tabulated  analyses  of  commercial 
fertilizers,  Thompson. 

Tennessee  phosphates,  Hayes,  17,  12 
and  25;  Johnson  (R.  O.  D.). 
Tennessee  phosphate  mining  during 

1896,  Brown  (L.  P.),  6. 

Tennessee  phosphate  rocks,  Safford, 

45. 

Tennessee  phosphate  fields,  Ruhm,  3,. 
Tennessee  phosphate  mines  during 

1897,  Brown  (L.  P.),  8. 

Tennesse  phosphate  field,  Brown, 

(L.  P.),  7. 

White  phosphate  of  Tennessee, 
Hayes,  18. 

White  phosphates  of  Decatur  County, 
Eckel,  2. 

Physiography. 

General  topography  of  Middle  Ten- 
nessee, Safford,  41. 

Geological  dates  of  origin  of  certain 
topographic  forms  on  the  Atlantic 
slope  of  the  U.  S.,  Davis,  2. 
Measurement  of  mountains  of  west- 
ern North  Carolina,  Guyot,  2. 

Notes  and  comments  on  Hull’s  Phy- 
sical Geologj'  of  Tennessee  and  ad- 
joining districts,  Focrste,  9. 

On  Appalachian  mountain  system, 
Guyot,  1. 


Physiography — Continued. 

On  the  geology,  mineralogy,  scenery 
and  curiosities  of  parts  of  Virginia, 
Tennessee,  Cornelius. 

On  the  topography  of  Nashville,  Fos- 
ter (Wilbur  F.). 

On  the  physical  geology  of  Tennessee 
and  adjoining  districts  in  the  U.  S., 

Hull. 

Origin  of  cross  valleys,  Davis,  1. 

Physio-geographical  and  agricultural 
features  of  the  States  of  Tennessee 
and  Kentucky,  Safford,  12. 

Physiography  of  the  Chattanooga 
district  in  Tennessee,  Georgia  and 
Alabama,  Hayes,  19. 

Physical  topography  in  its  relation 
to  medicine,  Currey,  3. 

Some  stages  of  Appalachian  erosion, 
Keith,  1. 

Southern  Appalachians,  Hayes,  11. 

The  Appalachian  River  in  eastern 
Tennessee,  White  (C.  H.). 

The  Cherokee  Nation  of  Indians, 
Royce. 

The  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  pene- 
plains of  eastern  Tennessee,  Dodge. 

The  Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  40. 

The  geomorphology  of  the  southern 
Appalachians,  Hayes  and  Camp- 
bell. 

The  Tertiary  history  of  the  Tennes- 
see River,  Johnson  (D.  W.). 

The  topography,  geology  and  water 
supply  of  Sewanee,  Safford,  49. 

Pickett  County. 

Oil  and  gas  developments  in  Ten- 
nessee, Munn. 

Standingstone  folio,  Campbell,  1. 

Pleistocene. 

On  the  relationship  of  the  Pleistocene 
to  the  pre-Pleistocene  formations 
of  the  Mississippi  basin  south  of 
the  limits  of  the  glaciation,  Cham- 
berlain and  Salisbury. 

Polk  County. 

A brief  notice  of  some  facts  con- 
nected with  the  Ducktown,  Tenn., 
copper  mines,  Tuomey. 

Analysis  of  Idocrase  from  Ducktown, 
Mallett. 

Cleveland  folio,  Hayes,  14. 

Copper  deposits  of  the  eastern  United 
States,  Weed,  3. 

Copper  deposits  of  the  Appalachian 
states.  Weed,  4. 

Copper  mines  of  the  United  States, 
Weed  2. 

Der  Ducktow'ii  - Kufergrubendistrict 
in  den  Vereinigten  Staaten  von 
Nord-Amerika,  Wendeborn. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  .TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


103 


Polk  County — Continued. 

Cuektown  eopper  inining'  district, 
McCallie,  1. 

Ducktown  ore  deposits  and  the  treat- 
ment of  the  Ducktown  copper  ores, 
Henrich. 

Ducktown,  Tenn.  copper  mining  dis- 
trict, Brewer  (Wm.  M.),  1. 

Erosion  at  Ducktown,  Glenn,  7. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2, 

, Minerals  of  the  copper  mines  at 
Ducktown,  Kemp,  2. 

Mining  and  smelting  copper  in  the 
Ducktown  district,  Higgins,  2. 

Notes  and  recollections  concerning 
the  mineral  resources  of  northern 
Georgia  and  western  North  Caro- 
lina, Blake,  1. 

On  the  copper  lodes  of  Ducktown  in 
east  Tennessee,  Ansted. 

Report  on  the  Ducktown  copper 
region  and  the  mines  of  the  Union 
Consolidated  Mining  Company, 
Shepard  (C.  U.),  2 and  3. 

Report  on  the  Ocoee  and  Hiwassee 
mineral  district,  Killebrew,  2. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Bauer,  1. 

The  deposits  of  copper  ores  at  Duck- 
town, Tenn.,  Kemp,  3. 

Types  of  copper  deposits  in  the 
southern  United  States,  Weed,  5. 

Powell's  River. 

Examination  of  Powell’s  River,  King, 
56. 

Examination  of  Powell’s,  Clinch  and 
Emory  Rivers,  McFarland  (Wal- 
ter), 3. 

Preliminary  examination  of  Powell’s 
River,  Kingman,  14, 

Profiles  of  rivers  (in  Tennessee), 
Gannett,  6. 

Putnam  County. 

Geology  of.  Tennessee,  Safford,  22, 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Oil  and  gas  developments  in  Ten- 
nessee, Munn. 

Standingstone  folio,  Campbell,  1. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Bauer,  2. 

Pyrlte. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 


R. 

Rainfall. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

In  Gibson  County,  Morgan  and 
McCrory. 

Red  River. 

Examination  of  Red  River,  King,  57. 

Improvement  of  Red  River,  King,  20. 
25,  42  and  53. 

Rhea  County. 

Chattanooga  folio,  Hayes,  9. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Kingston  folio,  Hayes,  S. 

Pikeville  folio,  Hayes,  15. 

Soil  survey  of  the  Pikeville  area,  Wil- 
der and  Geib. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Bauer,  1. 

The  Dayton  coal  mine  explosion, 
Clute,  1. 

Richland  River. 

Preliminary  examination  of  Richland 
River,  Kingman,  15. 

River  Improvement. 

See  under  river  by  name;  or  Harts, 
King,  Gooethals,  Bingham,  Biddle, 
Bergland,  Banyaurd,  Barden, 
Adams,  Willard,  Weitzel,  Sears, 
Robert  (Henry  M.),  Overman, 
Newcomer,  Miller  (A.  M.),  McFar- 
land (Walter),  Long.  Knight  and 
Kingman. 

River  Survey. 

See  under  river  by  name  or  King, 
Gaw,  Fitch,  Biddle,  Benyaurd,  Bar- 
low,  Anon.,  12,  Willard,  Weitzel, 
Suter,  Sears,  Roessler,  Robert 
(Henry  M.),  Newcomer,  McFarland 
(Walter),  Knight  and  Kingman. 

Roads. 

Practical  road  building  in  Madison 
County,  Tenn.,  Lancaster. 

Progess  reports  of  experiments  with 
dust  prevention,  road  preservation 
and  road  construction.  Page,  3. 

Progress  reports  of  experiments  with 
dust  preventatives,  Page,  1. 

Public  roads  of  Tennesee,  Eldridge. 

Tar  and  oil  for  road  improvement. 
Page,  2, 


104 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Roane  County. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Kingston  folio,  Hayes,  8. 

Koudon  folio,  Keith,  6. 

Tennessee  marbles,  Keith,  15. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Bauex’,  1. 

The  town  of  Cardiff and  lands 

and  mines  of  the  Cardiff  Coal  and 
Iron  Company,  Smalley. 

Robertson  County. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Oil  and  gas  developments  in  Ten- 
nessee, Munn. 

I’ortland  cement  resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Ulrich,  1. 

Rutherford  County. 

Descriptoin  of  a mass  of  meteoric 
iron  discovered  near  Murfreesboro, 
Troost,  16. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Oil  and  gas  developments  in  Ten- 
nessee/ Munn. 

S. 

Salt. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Saltpetre. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Sand. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Orange  sand,  Lagrange  and  Appo- 
mattox, Hilgard  (E.  W.),  2. 

Statistical  reports,  Shiflett,  4,  5,  6, 
7,  8 and  9. 

Sandstone. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

.Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Statistical  reports,  Shiflett,  1,  2,  3, 
4,  5,  6,  7,  8 and  9. 

Sandstone-Iron. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Underground  water  resources,  Glenn, 

6. 

Savannah  River, 

Examination  for  a canal  to  connect 
the  waters  of  the  Savannah  River 
with  those  of  the  Hiwassee  and 
Tennessee,  King,  56. 


Scott  County. 

Briceville  -folio,  Keith,  7. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Oil  and  gas  developments  in  Ten- 
nessee, Munn. 

Southern  Appalachian  coal  field, 
Hayes,  23. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Bauer,  1. 

Wartburg  folio,  Keith,  4. 

Sequatchie  County. 

Chattanooga  folio,  Hayes,  9. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Oil  and  gas  developments  of  Ten- 
nessee, Munn. 

Pikeville  folio,  Hayes,  15. 

Profiles  of  rivers  (in  Tennessee), 
Gannett,  6. 

Sewanee  folio,  Hayes,  10. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Bauer,  1. 

Sequatchie  River. 

Preliminary  examination  of  Sequat- 
chie River,  Robert  (Henry  M.),  5. 

Sevier  County. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Knoxville  folio,  Keith,  5. 

Maynardville  folio,  Keith,  16. 

Tennessee  marbles,  Keith,  15. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Bauer,  1. 

Shelby  County. 

Artesian-well  pumps  at  Memphis, 
Engineering  Record. 

Clays  of  West  Tennessee,  Nelson. 

Drainage  of  the  river  bottoms  and 
swamp  lands  of  West  Tennessee, 
Cooper. 

Formations  and  artesian  wells  of 
Memphis,  Safford,  14. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Oil  and  gas  developments  of  Ten- 
nessee, Munn. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Bauer,  2; 
Faris,  2. 

The  upland  geological  formations  of 
Obion.  Dyer,  Lauderdale,  Tipton 
and  Shelby  Counties — Safford,  53. 

Underground  water  resources,  Glenn, 

6. 

Water  supply  of  Memphis,  Safford,  14. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


105 


Silver. 

Cranberry  folio,  Keith,  13. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Slate. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Knoxville  folio,  Keith,  5. 

Loudon  folio,  Keith,  6. 

Southern  Railway  territory.  Southern 
Railway,  1. 

Smith  County. 

Description  of  three  varieties  of  me- 
teoric iron.  Troost,  18. 

Fluorite  and  barite  in  Tennessee, 
Watson,  2.  • 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Oil  and  gas  developments  of  Ten- 
nessee, Munn. 

Soapstone. 

Asheville  folio,  Keith,  11. 

Cranberry  folio,  Keith,  13. 

Soil. 

Cumberland  coal  field,  Ashley,  2 and 

3. 

Geological  and  mineral  resources  of 
part  of  the  Cumberland  Gap  coal 
field,  Ashley  and  Glenn. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Report  on  the  culture  and  curing  of 
tobacco  in  the  United  States,  Kil- 
lebrew, 5. 

Review  of  the  general  soil  map  of  the 
Cotton  States,  Hilgard  (E.  W.),  4. 

Soil  survey  of  Coffee  County,  McLen- 
don a-nd  Zappone. 


Soil  survey 

of 

Davidson 

County, 

Smith  and 

Bennett. 

Soil  survey 

of  Giles  County, 

Tenn., 

Ayrs  and 

Gray. 

Soil  survey 

of 

Grainger 

County, 

McLendon 

and 

Lyman. 

Soil  survey 

of 

Henderson 

County, 

Carr  and 

Bennett. 

Soil  survey 

of 

Lawrence 

County, 

Mooney  and  Ayrs,  2. 

Soil  survey  of  Madison  County,  Ly- 
man, Bennett  and  McLendon. 

Soil  survey  of  Overton  County,  Ayrs 
and  Hill. 

Soil  survey  of  the  Greeneville  area, 
Mooney  and  Ayrs,  1 and  3. 

Soil  survey  of  the  Pikeville  area. 
Wilder  and  Geib. 

The  soils  of  Tennessee,  Vanderford. 


Statistical  Reports, 

Biennial  report  of  A.  J.  McWhirter, 
Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  Mc- 
Whirter, 1. 

Biennial  report  of  the  Bureau  of  Ag- 
riculture. Statistics  and  Mines, 
Hold. 

Biennial  report  of  the  Commissioner 
of  Agriculture,  McWhirter,  2. 

Eleventh,  Twelfth  and  Thirteenth 
annual  reports  of  the  Mining  De- 
partment, Shiflett,  3. 

Nineteenth  annual  report  of  the  Min- 
ing Department,  Shiflett,  9. 

Report  of  C.  L.  Jungerman,  Assistant 
Geologist  of  the  Bureau  of  Agri- 
culture, Statistics  and  Mines,  Jung- 
erman, 

Report  of  Jo  C.  Guild,  Inspector  of 
Mines,  Guild,  2. 

Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Labor,  Sta- 
tistics and  Mines,  Wood  (A.  H.), 
(Sixth  annual  report). 

Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Labor,  Sta- 
tistics and  Mines,  Hargis,  2,  (Sev- 
enth annual  i-eport). 

Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Labor,  Sta- 
tistics and  Mines,  Shiflett,  1, 

(Ninth  annual  report). 

Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Labor,  Sta- 
tistics and  Mines,  Shiflett,  2, 

(Tenth  annual  report). 

Stewart  County. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Portland  cement  resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Ulrich,  1. 

Stone — Building. 

Asheville  folio,  Keith,  11. 

Briceville  folio,  Keith,  7. 

Cleveland  folio,  Hayes,  14. 

Columbia  folio,  Hayes  and  Ulrich. 

Cranberry  folio,  Keith,  13. 

Cumberland  Gap  coal  fleld,  Ashley, 
2 and  3. 

Geology  and  mineral  resources  of 
part  of  Cumberland  Gap,  Ashley 
and  Glenn. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Greeneville  folio,  Keith,  3. 

Illustrations  of  polished  rock  sur- 
faces, Morgan  (H.  J.). 

Knoxville  folio,  Keith,  5. 

Loudon  folio,  Keith,  6. 

McMinnville  folio,  Hayes,  16. 

Maynardville  folio,  Keith,  16. 

Morristown  folio,  Keith,  17, 

Notice  of  the  Oolitic  formation  in 
America,  etc..  Lea  (I.). 


106 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


stone — Building — Continued. 

Pikeville  folio,  Hayes,  15. 

Relation  of  the  strength  of  marble 
to  its  structure.  Perry. 

Statistical  reports,  Shifllett,  4,  5,  6, 
7,  8 and  9. 

Stones  for  building  and  decoration, 
Merrill,  1. 

Stevenson  folio,  Hayes,  13. 

Tennessee  (building  stone).  Cotton 
and  Gattinger. 

Tennessee  marble  as  a building  stone, 
Ferris  (Chas.). 

The  Nashville  division.  Southern 
Railway,  4. 

Stone — Lithographic. 

Lithographic  stone  from  Tennessee, 
Howe. 

Stevenson  folio,  Hayes,  13. 

Stoneware  and  Brick  Clays. 

Clays  of  West  Tennessee,  Nelson. 

Stoneware  and  brick  clays  of  western 
Tennessee  and  northwestern  Mis- 
sisippi,  Eckel,  3. 

Stratigraphy. 

Appomattox  formation  on  the  Mis- 
sisippi  embayment,  McGee,  1. 

Cambrian  system  in  the  United 
States  and  Canada,  Walcott,  2. 

Chart  of  geological  nomenclature  in- 
tended to  express  the  relation  of 
Minnesota  to  the  great  geological 
series  of  the  earth,  Winchell,  (N. 
H.) 

Classification  of  the  geological  for- 
mations of  Tennessee,  SafCord,  19. 

Correlation  of  the  Lower  Silurian 
horizons  of  Tennessee,  Ulrich,  2. 

Correlation  papers,  Cretaceous, 
White  (C.  A.). 

Description  of  two  new  species  of 
fossil  shells  of  the  genera  sca- 
phites  and  Crepidula,  etc.,  Morton. 

Documents  anciens  et  nouceaux  sur 
la  faune  premordiale  et  le  systeme 
taconique  en  Amerique,  Barrande. 

General  features  of  the  alluvial  plain 
to  the  Mississippi  River  below  the 
mouth  of  the  Ohio,  Hilgard  (E. 
W.).  1. 

Midway  stage,  Harris,  1. 

Modes  of  depositon  of  the  Lafayette 
formation  in  the  Mississippi  valley, 
Hilgard  (E.  W.),  7. 

North  America  Mesozoic  and  Ceno- 
zoic  geology  and  paleontology. 
Miller  (S.  A.),  2. 

Notes  and  description  of  fossils  from 
the  Marshall  groups  of  the  eastern 
States,  with  notes  on  fossils  from 
other  formations,  Winchell  (A.),  2- 


Stratigraphy — Continued. 

Notes  on  the  Middleton  formation  of 
Tennessee,  Mississippi  and  Ala- 
bama, Safford,  20. 

Observations  on  the  unification  pf 
geological  nomenclature,  with  spe- 
cial reference  to  the  Silurian  for- 
mation of  North  America,  Miller 
(S.  A.),  1. 

On  the  Cretaceous  and  superior  for- 
mations of  western  Tennessee,  Saf- 
ford, 8. 

On  the  geological  age  and  equiva- 
lents of  the  Marshall  group,  Win- 
chell (A.),  1. 

On  the  relations  of  the  middle  and 
upper  Silurian,  Hall  (J.),  7. 

Remarks  on  the  drift  of  the  Western 
and  Southern  States,  Hilgard  (E. 
W.),  6. 

Remarks  on  the  formations  com- 
prised under  the  the  terms  “Orange 
sand”,  McGee,  6. 

Remarks  on  the  relative  age  of  the 
Niagara  and  the  so-called  Lower 
Helderberg  groups,  Worthen. 

Remarks  on  the  taconic  system, 
Stevens. 

Remarks  on  the  thickness  and  iden- 
tity of  the  Calciferous  formations 
from  Canada  to  Tennessee,  Wal- 
cott, 3. 

Silur-fauna  des  w’estlichen  Tennes- 
see, Roemer. 

Tennessee,  Safford,  13. 

The  age  and  origin  of  the  LaFayette 
formation,  Hilgard  (E.  W.),  8. 

The  Columbia  formation  in  the  MIs- 
sisippi  embayment,  McGee,  5. 

The  LaFayette  formation,  McGee, 
4. 

The  Loess  of  the  Mississippi  valley 
and  the  aeolian  hypothesis,  Hil- 
gard (E.  W.),  5. 

The  Middleton  formation  of  Tennes- 
see, Mississippi  and  Alabama,  Saf- 
ford, 33. 

The  upland  geological  formations  of 
Obion,  Dyer,  Lauderdale,  Tipton 
and  Shelby  Counties — Safford,  53. 

Use  of  the  term  Linden  and  Clifton 
limestones  in  Tennessee  geology, 
Foerste,  3. 

Utica  slate  and  related  formations 
of  the  same  geological  horizon, 
Walcott,  1. 

Cambrian. 

Cambrian  system  of  the  United 
States  and  Canada,  Walcott,  2. 

Notes  on  the  Cambian  rocks  of  Vir- 
ginia and  the  southern  Appalach- 
ians, Walcott,  6.. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


107 


stratigraphy — Cont  inuod. 

Pro- Cambrian  geology  of  North 
America,  Van  Hise. 

Ivomarks  on  the  thickness  and  iden- 
tity of  the  Calciferous  formation, 
Walcott,  3. 

Carhonifero  u s . 

Carboniferous  of  the  Appalachian 
Basin,  Stevenson,  2. 

Cretaceous. 

Correlation  papers,  Cretaceous,  White 
(C.  A.). 

On  the  Cretaceous  and  superior  for- 
mations of  western  Tennessee,  Saf- 
ford,  8. 

The  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  pene- 
plains of  eastern  Tenessee,  Dodge. 

Devonian. 

Correlation  papers,  Devonian  and 
Carboniferous,  Williams. 

Lower  Carboniferous  of  the  Appa- 
lachian Basin,  Stevenson,  1. 

On  Marcellus  and  Hamilton  of  the 
south  and  west,  Rogers  (H.  D.),  3. 

Silurian  ad  Devonian  limestones  of 
west  Tennessee,  Foerste,  4. 

Ordovician. 

A correlation  of  the  lower  Silurain 
horizons  of  Tennessee,  with  those 
of  New  York,  Ulrich,  2.  ^ 

Cincinnati  group  in  western  Tennes- 
see, Foerste,  5. 

Lower  Silurian  deposits  of  the  tippei' 
Mississippi,  Winchell  (N.  H.)  and 
Ulrich. 

On  the  parallelism  of  the  Lower  Si- 
lurian groups  of  Middle  Tennessee 
with  those  of  New  York,  Safford,  2. 

Preliminary  notes  on  Cincinnatian 
fossils,  Foerste,  8. 

Silurian  basin  of  Middle  Tennessee, 
Safford,  1. 

Utica  slate  and  related  formations, 
Walcott,  1. 

Variation  in  thickness  of  subdivisions 
of  Ordivician,  Foerste,  6. 

Paleozoic. 

Paleozoic  intraformational  conglom- 
erates, Walcott,  7. 

Quaternary. 

Drift  of  southern  States,  Hilgard  (E. 
W.),  6. 

On  the  geological  history  of  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  Hilgard  (S.  P.). 

Quaternary  formation  of  the  State  of 
Mississippi,  Hilgard  (E.  W.),  3. 

Remarks  on  the  formations  com- 
prised under  the  term  “Orange 
sand”,  McGee,  6. 

The  Columbia  formation,  McGee,  5. 


Stratigraphy — Continued. 

The  loess  of  Mississippi  valley,  Hil- 
gard (E.  W.),  5. 

Silurian. 

Die  Silurische  Fauna  des  westlichen 
Tennessee,  Roemer. 

Late  Niagaran  strata  of  West  Ten- 
nessee, Pate  and  Bassler. 

Silurain  and  Devonian  limestones  of 
Tennessee  and  Kentucky,  Foerste, 
1. 

Silurian  and  Devonian  limestones  of 
western  Tennessee,  Foerste,  4. 

Upper  Silurian  beds  of  West  Tennes- 
see, Safford,  7. 

Use  of  the  term  Linden  and  Clifton 
limestones,  Foerste,  2 and  3. 

Tertiary. 

Age  and  origin  of  the  LaFayette  for- 
mation, Hilgard  (E.  ’W.),  8. 

Appomattox  formation  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi embayment,  McGee,  1. 

Contributions  to  the  Tertiary  geology 
and  paleontology  of  the  United 
States,  Heilprin,  2. 

Lafayette  formation,  McGee,  4. 

Mode  of  deposition  of  the  LaFayette 
formation,  Hilgard  (E.  W,),  7. 

Orange  sand,  Lagrange  and  Appo- 
mattox, Hilgard  (E.  W.),  2. 

Remarks  on  the  formation  comprised 
under  the  term  “Orange  Sand”, 
McGee,  6. 

Southern  extension  of  the  Appomat- 
tox formation,  McGee,  2. 

Tertiary  ‘geology  of  eastern  and 
southern  United  States,  Heilprin,  1. 

The  llgnitic  stage,  Harris,  2. 

The  midway  stage,  Harris,  1. 

Structural  Geology. 

Folded  faults  of  the  southern  Appa- 
lachians, Keith,  12. 

Fossiliferous  sandstone  dikes  in  the 
Eocene  of  Tennessee  and  Ken- 
tucky, Glenn,  2. 

Geology  of  Chilhowee  Mountain  in 
Tennessee,  Keith,  2. 

Message  from  the  President  of  the 
United  States,  Roosevelt. 

Notes  on  the  age  and  structure  of  the 
several  mountain  axes  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  Cumberland  Gap, 
Shaler. 

Note  on  a fine  upthrow  fault  at  Em- 
breeville  Furnace,  Lesley,  2. 

On  a cross  anticlinal  in  the  coal 
measure  of  eastern  Tennessee,  Les- 
ley, 3. 

On  the  faults  of  southern  Virginia, 
Lesley,  1. 


108 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


structural  Geology — Continued. 

On  the  physical  structure  of  the  Ap- 
palachian chain,  etc.,  Rogers  and 
Rogers. 

Remarks  on  the  changes  which  take 
place  in  the  structure  and  com- 
jiosition  of  mineral  veins,  Whitney, 

The  overthrust  faults  of  the  southern 
Appalachians,  Hayes,  1. 

Sullivan  County. 

Bristol  folio,  Campbell,  2. 

Description  of  the  Roane  Mountain 
Quadrangle,  Keith,  8. 

Economic  geology  of  the  Bristol  and 
Big  Stone  Gap  section,  Boyd  (C. 
R.),  2. 

Estillville  folio,  Campbell,  3, 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Greeneville  folio,  Keith,  3. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew"  and  Safford,  2. 

Soil  survey  of  the  Greeneville  area, 
Mooney  and  Ayrs,  3. 

Soil  survey  of  the  Greeneville  area, 
Tenn.-N.  C.,  Mooney  and  Ayrs,  2. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Bauer,  1. 

Sumner  County. 

A brief  reconnoissance  of  the  Ten- 
nessee phosphate  fields,  Hayes,  20. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Oil  and  gas  developments  of  Ten- 
nessee, Munn. 


Tennessee  River — Continued. 

Report  on  examinations  and  surveys 
on  the  Tennessee  River,  Gaw. 

Report  on  examinations  and  surveys 
(made  in  1830),  Long. 

Report  upon  survey  of  Tennessee 
River,  Robert  (Henry  M.),  1. 

Resurvey  of  the  Tennessee  River, 
Anon.,  12. 

Survey  of  the  Tennesse  River,  King- 
man,  1 and  2. 

Tennessee  River  above  Chattanooga, 
King,  80  and  81. 

Tennessee  River — Muscle  Shoals. 

Operating  and  care  of  Muscle  Shoals 
canal,  Barden,  5;  Bingham,  4; 
Goethals,  2,  3,  6 and  8;  Harts,  3, 
8,  16  and  24. 

Operating  and  care  of  Muscle  Shoals, 
Kingman,  3,  18,  28,  33,  and  38; 

Knight,  5 and  14;  Newcomer,  3, 
11  and  19. 

Profiles  of  rivers  (in  Tennessee), 
Gannett,  6. 

Tennessee  River  at  Muscle  Shoals, 
Newcomer,  8. 

Timber. 

Briceville  folio,  Keith,  7. 

. Cranberry  folio,  Keith,  13. 

Knoxville  folio,  Keith,  5. 

Loudon  folio,  Keith,  6. 

Maynardville  folio,  Keith,  16. 

Morristown  folio,  Keith,  17. 

Wartburg  folio,  Keith,  4. 

See  Forests. 


Talc. 


T. 


Asheville  folio,  Keith,  11. 


Tennessee  River. 

Examination  for  canal  to  connect  the 
waters  of  the  Savannah  River  with 
those  of  the  Hiwassee  and  Ten- 
nessee, King,  56. 

Examination  of  Tennessee  River  at 
Moccasin  Bend,  Kingman,  8. 

Improvement  of  Tenn.  River,  Biddle, 
14  and  21;  Barden,  6;  Barlow,  5,  17, 
24,  34,  35  and  54;  Bingham,  5;  Goet- 
hals, 1,  4,  5 and  7;  Harts,  2,  9,  17 
and  25;  King.  11,  12,  27,  34,  45,  59, 
68,  73,  75  and  76;  Kingman,  2,  17, 
29,  34  and  39;  Knight,  6 and  15; 
McFarland  (Walter),  4,  8,  11,  13 

and  14;  Newcomer,  4,  12  and  20: 
Overman;  Robert  (Henry  M.),  7; 

Weitzel,  1,  2 and  3. 

Preliminary  report  on  survey  of  Ten- 
nessee River,  Kingman,  9. 


Tipton  County. 

Clays  of  West  Tennessee,  Nelson. 

Drainage  of  the  river  bottoms  and 
swamp  lands  of  West  Tennessee, 
Cooper. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Oil  development  in  Tennessee,  Munn. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Paris,  2. 

The  upland  geological  formations  of 
Obion,  Dyer,  Lauderdale,  Tipton 
and  Shelby  Counties,  Safford,  53. 

Underground  water  resources,  Glenn, 

6. 

Titanium. 

Distribution  of  titanic  oxide  upon 
the  surface  of  the  earth,  Dunning- 
ton. 

Trousdale  County. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  .TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


109 


Azoic  system  and  its  proposed  sub- 
divisions, Whitney  and  Wadsworth. 

(Jeology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Magnetic  iron  ores  of  the  Unaka 
Mountains,  North  Carolina  and 
Tennessee,  N. 

On  llnakyte,  an  epidotic  rock  from 
the  Unaka  range,  on  the  borders 
of  Tennessee  and  North  Carolina, 
Bradley,  1. 

Round  about  Asheville,  Willis,  2. 

Unicoi  County. 

Asheville  folio,  Keith,  11. 

Description  of  the  Roane  Mountain 
(luadrangle,  Keith,  8. 

Greeneville  folio,  Keith,  3. 

Mt.  Mitchell  folio,  Keith,  9. 

Terrestrial  magneRsm,  Bauer,  1. 

Union  County. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Lead  and  zinc  deposits  of  the  Vir- 
ginia-Tennessee  region,  Watson,  1. 

Maynardville  folio,  Keith,  16. 

Prospectus  of  the  Southern  Zinc 
Company,  Anon.,  9. 

Tennessee  marbles,  Keith,  15. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Bauer,  1. 

Zinc  in  eastern  Tennessee,  Clarke 
(W.  C.),  2. 

V. 

Van  Buren  County. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

McMinnville  folio,  Hayes,  16. 

Pikeville  folio,  Hayes,  15. 

Soil  survey  of  the  Pikeville  area. 
Wilder  and  Geib. 

W. 

Warren  County. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

McMinnville  folio,  Hayes,  16. 

Oil  and  gas  developments  in  Ten- 
nessee, Munn. 

Record  of  well  boring  in  Warren 
County,  Satterfield. 

Washington  County. 

Description  of  the  Roane  Mountain 
quadrangle,  Keith,  8. 

Embreeville  estate,  Johnson  (Guy 
R.),  1 and  2. 


Washington  County — Continued. 

Fluorite  and  barite  in  Tennessee, 
Watson,  1. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Greeneville  folio,  Keith,  3. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Bauer,  1. 

Water. 

An  inquiry  into  the  present  quality 
of  the  public  water  supply  of  Nash- 
ville, Brown  (L.  P.),  5. 

Bibliographic  review  and  index  of 
papers  relating  to  underground 
water,  etc..  Fuller. 

Erosion,  at  Ducktown,  Tennessee, 
Glenn,  7. 

Filtering  galleries  as  applied  to  the 
water  supply  of  Nashville,  McDon- 
ald. 

Forestry  and  stream  fiow.  Harts,  1. 

Message  from  President  of  the  United 
States,  Roosevelt. 

Mineral  waters,  Peale. 

New  well  and  hydraulic  pumping  at 
Peoria,  111.,  Maury. 

Notes  on  the  wells,  springs  and  gen- 
eral water  resources  of  Tennessee, 
Glenn,  4. 

Notes  on  the  underground  water  of 
Tennesse  and  Kentucky,  Glenn,  10. 

Preliminary  list  of  deep  borings  in 
the  U.  S.,  Darton. 

Report  of  the  Chief  Engineer  to  the 
Water  Supply  and  Sewerage  Com- 
missioners, Hermany. 

Report  of  water  committee  on  i:)ub- 
lic  water  supply  for  the  city  of 
Memphis,  Hampton,  et  al. 

Report  on  chemical  analysis  of  Dav- 
idson County  water.  Day  (Wm. 
C.),  2. 

Report  upon  the  results  of  boring  at 
Memphis,  Tenn.,  Wilson. 

Slack  water  navigation  and  public 
health,  Safford,  32. 

Sources  of  contamination  of  Nash- 
ville drinking  water  Day,  (Wm. 
C.),  1. 

Statistical  reports,  Shiflett,  4,  5,  6, 
7,  8 and  9. 

Summary  of  the  mineral  production 
of  the  U.  S.  in  1904,  Day  (D.  T.). 

Surface  water  supply  of  the  U.  S., 
Horton,  Hall  and  Bolster. 

'rhe  influence  of  forests  on  streams, 
Glenn,  11. 

The  mineral  waters  of  the  U.  S., 
Crook. 

The  resources  of  the  valley  of  the 
Cumberland  River,  Safford,  44. 


110 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  .TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Water — Continued. 

The  topography,  geology  and  water 
supply  of  Sewanee,  Safford,  49. 

The  water  supply  of  Chattanooga, 
Kothmell  and  Eaton. 

The  water  supply  of  Erin,  Tennesee, 
Safford,  43. 

The  water  supply  of  Memphis,  Saf- 
ford, 14. 

The  source  of  Nashville  water  sup- 
ply, Walker. 

Llnderground  waters  of  eastern  U.  S., 
Clenn,  9. 

rnderground  waters  of  Tennessee 
and  Kentucky,  Glenn,  G. 

Water  Power. 

Appalachian  powers.  Southern  Rail- 
way, 3. 

Asheville  folio,  Keith,  11. 

Cranberry  folio,  Keith,  13. 

Greeneville  folio,  Keith,  3. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Knoxville  folio,  Keith,  5. 

Loudon  folio,  Keith,  6. 

Maynardville  folio,  Keith,  16. 

Morristown  folio,  Keith,  17. 

Relation  of  the  southern  Appalachian 
Mountains  to  the  development  of 
water  power,  Leighton,  Hall  and 

Bolster. 

Resources  of  East  Tennessee,  South- 
ern Railway,  2. 

Some  Tennessee  water  powers,  Wilks. 

The  Nashville  division,  Southern 

Railway,  4. 

Water  powers  and  eligible  sites  for 
manufacturing  industiries,  Kille- 
brew', 15. 

Water  powers  on  eastern  tributaries 
of  the  Mississippi,  Greenleaf. 

Water  Resources. 

Destructive  floods  in  the  U.  S.  in 
1904,  Murphy. 

Engineers’  report  on  the  waterworks 
system  of  Memphis,  Hilder,  Om- 
berg  and  Bell. 

Index  to  the  hydrographic  progress 
reports  of  the  LT.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
Hoyt  and  Wood. 

Papers  on  conservation  of  water  re- 
sources, Leighton, 
ton. 

Profiles  of  rivers  (in  Tennessee), 
Gannett,  6. 

Prof.  Guyot’s  measurements  of  the 
Allegheny  system,  Gilman. 

Report  of  progress  of  stream  meas- 
urements for  the  year  1904,  Hall, 
Johnson  and  Hoyt. 


Water  Resources — Continued. 

Report  of  progress  of  stream  meas- 
urements for  1905,  Hall,  Hanna  and 
Hoyt. 

Report  of  the  Mississippi  River  Com- 
mission for  1881,  Gilmore. 

Report  on  municipal  water  purifica- 
tion investigations,  Schuerman. 

Report  on  the  waterworks  system  of 
Memphis,  Lundie. 

liiver  surveys  and  profiles  made  dur- 
ing 1903,  Hall  and  Hoyt. 

Surface  water  supply  of  Ohio  and 
lower  eastern  Mississippi  River 
drainages.  Hall,  Grover  and  Horton. 

The  quality  of  surface  waters  of  the 
U.  S.,  Dole. 

Wayne  County. 

Cincinnati  group  in  western  Tennes- 
see, Foerste,  5. 

Description  of  some  new  species  of 
invertebrates  from  the  paleozoic 
rocks  of  Illinois  and  adjacent 
States,  Miller  and  Gurley,  6. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Silurian  and  Devonian  limestones  of 
western'  Tennessee,  Foerste,  4. 

Tennessee  phosphates,  Hayes,  12  and 
17. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Faris,  3. 

Weakley  County. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Faris,  3. 

Wells — Artesian. 

Artesian-well  pumps  at  Memphis, 
Tenn.,  Engineering  Record. 

Formations  and  artesian  wells  of 
Memphis,  Tenn.,  Safford,  14. 

Well-Boring. 

Record  of  well-boring  in  Warren 
County,  Satterfield. 

West  Tennessee. 

A second  visit  to  North  America, 
Lyell. 

Clays  of  western  Kentucky  and  Ten- 
nessee, Crider. 

Clays  of  West  Tennessee,  Nelson. 

Clays  of  the  United  States,  Ries. 

Drainage  of  the  river  bottoms  and 
swamp  lands  of  West  Tennessee, 
Cooper. 

Drainage  problems  of  Tennessee, 
Ashley,  6. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Ill 


West  Tennessee — Continued. 

Die  Silurische  Fauna  des  westlichen 
Tennessee,  Koeiner. 

Geology  of  tlie  Mississippi  embay- 
inont,  Dabney. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Saffoi'd,  22. 

Geology  of  West  Tennessee,  Tenney, 

1. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Midway  stage,  Harris,  1. 

Mississippi  valley,  its  physical  geo- 
graphy, etc.,  Foster  (J.  W.). 

Observations  of  the  geological  struc- 
ture of  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi, 
Nuttall. 

On  some  fossil  plants  of  recent  for- 
mations, Lesquereux,  2. 

On  some  species  of  fossil  plants  from 
the  Tertiary  of  Mississippi,  Les- 
quereux, 1. 

On  the  elevation  of  the  banks  of  the 
Mississippi,  Usher. 

Regions  of  West  Tennessee  sulphur 
waters  and  chalybeate  waters,  Saf- 
ford, 52. 

Silurian  and  Devonian  limestones  in 
western  Tennessee,  Foerste,  4. 

Silu-Fauna  des  westlichen  Tennessee, 
Roemer, 

Stoneware  and  brick  clays  of  western 
Tennessee  and  northwestern  Mis- 
sissippi, Eckel,  3. 

The  economic  and  agricultural  geol- 
ogy of  the  State  of  Tennessee,  Saf- 
ford, 47. 

The  Loess  of  the  Mississippi  valley 
and  the  aeolian  hypothesis,  Hilgard 
(E.  W.),  5. 

Underground  water  resources,  Glenn, 

6. 

White  County. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

McMinnville  folio,  Hayes,  16. 

Oil  and  gas  developments  in  Ten- 
nessee, Munn. 

Pikeville  folio,  Hayes,  15. 

Standingstone  folio,  Campbell,  1. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  Faris,  1. 

Wiliamson  County. 

Columbia  folio,  Hayes  and  Ulrich. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 


Williamson  County — Continued. 

Inti’oduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Tennessee  phosphates,  Hayes,  12. 

Wilson  County. 

Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Oil  and  gas  developments  in  Ten- 
nessee, Mun. 

Wolf  River. 

Preliminary  examination  of  Wolf 
River,  Roessler;  Fitch. 


Geology  of  Tennessee,  Safford,  22. 

Greeneville  folio,  Keith,  3. 

Introduction  to  the  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, Killebrew  and  Safford,  2. 

Lead  and  zinc  deposits  of  the  Vir- 
ginia-Tennessee  region,  Watson,  1. 

Les  princeipeaux  gisements  de  min- 
eras  de  zinc  des  Estats-Unis  d’Am- 
erique,  Demaret. 

Maynardville  folio,  Keith,  16. 

Mineral  resources  along  the  line  of 
the  East  Tennessee-Virginia  and 
Georgia  division  of  the  Southern 
Railway,  Brewer  (Wm.  M.),  2. 

Morristown  folio,  Keith,  17. 

Production  and  properties  of  zinc, 
Ingalls. 

Prospectus  of  the  Southern  Zinc 
Company,  Anon.,  9. 

Recent  zinc  mining  in  East  Tennes- 
see, Keith,  10. 

Southern  Railway  territory.  Southern 
Railway,  1. 

Statistical  reports,  Shillett,  1,  2,  3, 
4,  5,  7,  8 and  9. 

The  Nashville  divison.  Southern  Rail- 
way, 4. 

Zinc  belt  of  Claiborne  and  Union 
Counties,  Tennessee,  Clarke  (W. 
C.),  2. 

Zinc  deposit  of  Tennessee,  Gordon,  3. 

Zinc  in  eastern  Tennessee,  Clarke, 
(W.  C.),  2. 

Zinc  mining  in  Tennessee. 

Zircons. 

Note  on  zircons  in  Unaka  magnetite, 
Blake,  2. 


.iV( 


';U  ■i?l,li; ' 


^ li")  »V‘ , 


rv 


\ 


,.j„ 


,:v<^,  V ' :• 

1 ^ '..'.I’S  ' '/il'  ' . ‘ 

" -/it/tr'f,  4^'^  ■ V.  ;■  '1/  ' 

y «‘4, . ■ ,* 


l)lHLlOGkAPllY  Ol'  'fENNliSSEE  GEOLOGY.  J]3 

Classified  Key  to  Index 


Agricultural  geology  81 

Alum  81 

Analyses  . . 81 

Anderson  County  81 

Appalachians  81 

Artesian  wells  ' 81 

Asbestos  81 

Barite  82 

Bauxite  82 

Bedford  County 82 

Benton  County  82 

Big  Hatchie  River 82 

Big  Pigeon  River 82 

Bledsoe  County  82 

Blount  County  82 

Bowlder  82 

Bradley  County  82 

Cacoxene  82 

Campbell  County  82 

Caney  Fork  River 82 

Cannon  County  82 

Carroll  County  82 

Carter  County  82 

Caves  82 

Cement  82 

Central  basin  82 

Cheatham  County  82 

Chester  County  82 

Chromite  82 

Claiborne  County  82 

Clay  County  82 

Clay  82 

Climate  84 

Clinch  River  84 

Coal  ; 84 

Cocke  County- 85 

Coffee  County  85 

Copper  85 

Copperas  8G 

Corundom  86 

Crockett  County  86 

Cumberland  County  86 

Cumberland  Plateau  86 


114  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  .TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 

Cumberland  River  86 

Havidson  County  86 

Decatur  County  87 

DeKalb  County  87 

Dickson  County  87 

I drainage  87 

I. Hick  River 87 

Dyer  County  87 

Dynamic  geology  87 

Earthquake  • 87 

East  Tennessee  87 

Economic  geology  88 

Elk  River  88 

Emory  River  88 

Fayette  County  88 

Fentress  County  88 

Fertilizer  88 

Flint  89 

Fluorite  89 

Forests  89 

Forked  Deer  River 89 

Franklin  County  89 

French  Broad  River 89 

Garnet  90 

General  geology  90 

Geography  91 

Gibson  County  91 

Giles  County  91 

Gold  91 

Grainger  County  91 

Granite  91 

Gravel  92 

Greene  County  92 

Grundy  County  92 

Gypsum  92 

Hamblen  County  92 

Hamilton  County  92 

Hancock  County  92 

Hardeman  County  92 

Hardin  County  92 

Hawkins  County  92 

Haywood  County  92 

Health  resorts  92 

Henderson  County  92 

Henry  County  93 

Hickman  County  93 

Historical  geology  93 

Hiwassee  River  93 

Holston  River  93 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


115 


Houston  County  ^>3 

Humphreys  County  93 

Idocrase  93 

Iron  93 

Jackson  County  94 

James  County  94 

Jefferson  County  95 

Johnson  County  95 

Knox  County  95 

Kraurite  95 

Lake  County  95 

Lauderdale  County  95 

Lawrence  County  95 

Lead  95 

Lewis  County  95 

Lignite  95 

Little  Pigeon  River 96 

Little  Tennessee  River 96 

Lime  96 

Limestones  96 

Lincoln  County  96 

Loudon  County  96 

Macon  County  : 96 

Madison  County  96 

Manganese  96 

Marble  96 

Marion  County  97 

Marshall  County  ' 97 

Maury  County  97 

McMinn  County  97 

McNairy  County  97 

Meigs  County  97 

Meridian  lines  97 

Meteorites  97 

Mica  98 

Middle  Tennessee  98 

Millstone  98 

Mineral  paints  98 

Mineral  resources  98 

Mineral  waters  99 

Monroe  County  99 

Montgomery  County  99 

Moore  County  99 

Morgan  County  99 

Natural  gas  99 

Navigation  99 

Nickel  99 

Nolichucky  River  9^ 

Obey’s  River  99 


116 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


Obion  County  

Obion  River  

Oil  and  gas 

Onyx  

Ordovician  

Overton  County  

Paleontology  

Perry  County  

Petroleum  ! 

Phosphate  

Physiography  

Pickett  County  

Pleistocene  

Polk  County  

Powell’s  River  

Putnam  County  

Pyrite  

Rainfall  

Red  River  

Rhea  County  

Richland  River  

River  improvement  

River  survey  

Roads  

Roane  County  

Robertson  County  

Rutherford  County  

Salt  

Saltpetre  

Sand  

Sandstone  

Sandstone-iron  

Savannah  River  

Scott  County  

Sequatchie  County  

Sequatchie  River  

Sevier  County  

Shelby  County  

Silver  

Slate  

Smith  County  . 

Soapstone  

Soil  

Statistical  reports  

Stewart  County  

Stone  

Building  

Lithographic  

Stoneware  and  brick  clays 


100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

,101 

,101 

101 

,102 

.102 

.102 

.102 

.103 

.103 

.103 

.103 

.103 

.103 

.103 

.103 

.103 

.103 

.104 

.104 

.104 

.104 

.104 

.104 

.104 

.104 

.104 

.104 

.104 

.104 

.104 

.104 

.105 

.105 

.105 

.105 

.105 

.105 

.105 

.105 

.105 

.106 

.106 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY.  117 

Stratigraphy  lOG 

Cambrian  lOG 

Carboniferous  107 

Cretaceous  107 

Devonian  107 

Ordovician  107 

Paleozoic  107 

Quaternary  107 

Silurian  107 

Tertiary  107 

Structural  geology  107 

Sullivan  County  108 

Sumner  County  ! .108 

Talc  108 

Tennessee  River 108 

Tennessee  River  Muscle  Shoals 108 

Timber  108 

Tipton  County  108 

Titanium  108 

Trousdale  County  108 

Unaka  109 

Unicoi  County  109 

Union  County  109 

Van  Buren  County  109 

Warren  County 109 

Washington  County  109 

Water  * 109 

Water  power  110 

Water  resources  110 

Wayne  County  110 

Weakley  County  . .110 

Wells  110 

Artesian  110 

Boring  110 

West  Tennessee  110 

White  County  Ill 

Williamson  County  Ill 

Wilson  County  Ill 

Wolf  River  Ill 

Zinc  Ill 

Zircons  Ill 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  TENNESSEE  GEOLOGY. 


119 


Publications  of  the  State  Geological  Survey  of  Tennessee 


The  following  list  shows  the  publications  issued  by  the  State  Geological 
Survey  or  in  preparation  at  the  time  this  bulletin  goes  to  press,  March, 
1911.  Except  for  five  hundred  copies  of  each  publication  (which  are  re- 
served for  sale  at  the  cost  of  printing),  the  bulletins  will  be  sent  free  on 
request,  accompanied  by  stamps,  made  to  the  State  Geologist,  Capitol  An- 
nex, Nashville,  Tenn. 


Bulletin  Nos. 
Bulletin  No. 


B. 

C. 

Bulletin  No.  2. — 

A. 

B. 

C. 

D. 
K. 


Bulletin  No. 


Bulletin 

No. 

4.- 

Bulletin 

No. 

5. 

Bulletin 

No. 

6.- 

Bulletin 

No. 

7.- 

Bulletin 

No. 

8.- 

Bulletin 

No. 

9. 

A. 

B. 

Bulletin 

No. 

10.- 

Bulletin 

No. 

11.- 

Bulletin 

No. 

12. 

1-A,  2-A,  2-E,  2-G  and  3,  issued. 

1. — Geological  work  in  Tennessee  (Parts  A and  B issued). 

A.  The  establishment,  purpose,  object  and  methods  of  the  State 
Geological  Survey;  by  Geo.  H.  Ashley;  33  pages,  issued  July, 
1910;  postage,  2 cents. 

Bibliography  of  Tennessee  and  related  subjects;  by  Elizabeth 
Cockrill. 

History  of  Geological  work  in  Tennessee;  by  L.  C.  Glenn  (in 
preparation). 

Preliminary  papers  on  the  Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee;  by 
Geo.  H.  Ashley  and  others.  (Parts  A,  E and  G issued.) 

Outline  introduction  to  the  Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee;  by 
Geo.  H.  Ashley;  issued  September  10,  1910;  postage,  2 cents. 
The  coal  fields  of  Tennessee;  by  Geo.  H.  Ashley  (in  preparation). 
The  iron  ores  of  Tennessee;  by  R.  P.  Jarvis  (in  prepartion). 

The  marble  of  East  Tennessee;  by  C.  H.  Gordon  (in  preparation). 
Oil  and  gas  development  in  Tennessee;  by  M.  J.  Munn  (issued), 
postage,  2 cents. 

The  phosphate  deposits  of  Tennessee;  by  Lucius  P.  Brown  (in 
preparation). 

Zinc  Mining  in  Tennessee;  by  S.  W.  Osgood  (issued);  postage, 
1 cent. 

Preliminary  Geological  map  of  Tennessee,  (in  preparation). 

— Drainage  Reclamation  in  Tennessee;  74  pages;  issued  July,  1910; 
postage,  3 cents. 

Di’ainage  Problems  in  Tennessee;  by  Geo.  H.  Ashley;  pp.  1-1.^; 
postage,  1 cent. 

Drainage  of  Rivers  in  Gibson  County,  Tennessee;  by  A.  E.  Mor- 
gan and  S.  H.  McCrory;  pp.  17-43;  postage,  1 cent. 

The  Drainage  Law  of  Tennessee;  pp.  45-74;  postage,  1 cent. 

— Administrative  Report  of  the  State  Geologist  for  1910. 

. — Clay  deposits  of  West  Tennessee;  by  Wilbur  A.  Nelson  (in 
press). 

— Road  Building  in  Tennessee;  by  Geo.  PI.  Ashley  (in  preparation"). 

, — Water  Resources  of  Tennessee;  by  L.  C.  Glenn  (in  preparation). 
— Economic  Geology  of  the  Dayton-Pikeville  Region;  by  W.  C. 

Phalen  (in  preparation). 

—Studies  of  the  Forests  of  Tennessee. 

An  investigation  of  the  forest  conditions  in  Tennessee;  by  R. 
Clifford  Hall  (in  preparation). 

A study  of  the  growth  of  the  second  growth  hardwoods;  by 
W.  W.  Ashe  (in  preparation). 

— The  marbles  of  East  Tennessee,  illustrated  with  colored  plates; 

by  C.  H.  Gordon  (in  preparation). 

— Preliminary  report  on  copper  deposits  of  Polk  County;  by  W. 
H.  Emmons  (in  preparation). 

. — The  undeveloped  small  water  powers  of  Tennessee;  by  J.  A. 
Switzer  and  Geo.  H.  Ashley  (in  press). 


A. 


B. 


C. 


It  was  the  original  plan  of  the  Survey  to  publish  the 
material  on  The  History  of  Geological  Work  in  Ten- 
nessee, as  Bulletin  1-C ; but  from  a change  of  plans,  it 
was  published  as  the  leading  article  in  Volume  II,  No. 
5,  of  The  Resources  of  Tennessee,  under  the  title.  The 
Growth  of  Our  Knowledge  of  Tennessee  Geology, 
This  number  of  The  Resources  of  Tennessee,  is  here- 
with inserted,  in  order  to  complete  the  publications  as 
originally  outlined. 


VOL.  2.  NO.  5 NASHVILLE  MAY,  1912 


Improvement  of  navigable  streams  in  Tennessee.  Lock  and  Dam  on  the  Cumberland 
River,  near  Nashville. 


IN  THIS  ISSUE 

Presentation  of  Marble  Slab  to  Southern  Commercial  Congress. 

By  A,  H.  Purdue. 

The  Growth  of  Our  Knowledge  of  Tennessee  Geology. 

By  L.  C.  Glenn. 

New  Publications. 

News  Notes. 


THE  RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE 

A Magazhie  Devoted  to  the  Description^  Conservation  a7id 
Develop?ne7it  of  the  Resources  of  Tennessee 

Published  Monthly  at  Nashville  by 
THE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  TENNESSEE 
A.  H.  Purdue,  State  Geologist 

Entered  as  second-class  matter  July  14, 1911,  at  the  Postoffice  at  Nashville,  Tenn., 
under  the  act  of  July  16,  1894. 


Presentation  of  Marble  Slab  to  Southern  Commer- 
cial Congress  by  State  Geologist. 

Mr.  Chalnnaii,  Ladies  and  Gcnilcincn: 

The  Southern  Commercial  Congress  has  for  its  prime  object  the  de- 
velopment and  conservation  of  the  sources  of  wealth  in  a large  section 
of  our  country.  It  already  has  taken  rank  with  the  great  organizations  of 
the  United  States — I might  say  of  the  world — and  ultimately  its  influence 
will  be  felt  by  every  man,  woman  and  child  in  the  entire  South. 

The  two  main  sources  of  wealth  are  the  soil  on  one  hand  and  the  mines 
and  quarries  on  the  other.  So  it  is  entirely  fitting  that  the  State  of 
Tennessee,  through  its  Geological  Survey,  should  present  to  this  Con- 
gress, as  representative  of  its  mineral  resources,  this  slab  of  marble  taken 
from  our  quarries,  upon  which  the  gavel  of  such  historic  significance, 
graciously  to  be  presented  by  the  Ladies  Hermitage  Association,  shall 
fall  in  calling  this  Congress  to  order  during  its  sessions  in  our  capital 
city.  The  slab  has  upon  it  tlie  following  inscription : 


It  is  with  the  greatest  pleasure  that  I present  it. 


GROWTH  OF  KNOWLlCDGIi  OF  TJCNN.  GI'TJF.OGY.  167 

The  Growth  of  Our  Knowledge  of  Tennessee 

Geology. 

r.V  L.  C.  GLENN. 


Alortginal  Period. 

Some  of  our  earliest  Tennessee  history  is  intimately  connected  with 
and  really  in  large  measure  determined  by  our  geology,  and  the  knowl- 
edge of  this  geology,  or  rather  of  its  results,  long  antedates  the  arrival 
of  the  white  man. 

A slight  fault  in  the  .Ordovician  rocks  at  Nashville  has  for  untold  ages 
permitted  salt  water  to  find  its  way  to  the  surface  and  form  a spring  that 
has  been  known  for  ages  both  to  the  wild  animals  and  to  the  aborigines. 
It  is  probable  that  the  discovery  of  this  salt  spring  or  lick  was  first  made 
by  wild  animals,  for  it  was  known  to  them  some  few  thousand  years  ago 
when  the  mastodon  lived  in  this  region,  since  its  bones,  tusks  and  teeth 
have  been  found  in  the  muck  and  mire  of  the  spring.  After  the  mastodon 
tiad  become  extinct  the  spring  con  tinned  to  be  a great  gathering  place 
for  the  buffalo,  the  elk,  and  the  deer,  as  well  as  for  the  animals — including 
man — that  come  to  prey  upon  them. 

The  aborigines  were  probably  thus  first  attracted  to  the  spot.  Later 
they  learned  how  to  obtain  salt  by  Ijoiling  the  water,  for  fragments  of 
the  large,  crude,  flat-bottomed  earthenware  pans  in  which  they  made  salt 
are  found  mingled  with  the  bones  of  living  and  extinct  animals  is  the  mud 
about  the  spring.  Whether  the  early  aborigines  who  built  the  mounds 
and  buried  their  dead  in  stone  cysts  were  the  first  to  boil  salt  here  can 
not  now  be  known,  though  it  would  seem  probable,  as  they  once  lived  in 
I'irge  numbers  in  and  near  where  Nashville  is  now  situated. 

Period  of  Exploration.  Settlement  and  Early  Travel. 

It  is  certain  that  when  in  1714  the  first  Erench  trader  pushed  up  the 
Cumberland,  he  found  this  salt  lick  frequented  by  vast  herds  of  buffalo 
and  other  animals  that  came  for  salt,  and  by  the  Indians,  who  came  for 
the  game.  The  advantages  of  such  a s])ot  for  a trading  post  were  rec- 
ognized at  once  by  the  Erench,  and  one  was  established  and  maintained 
until  the  English  came  in  1780,  and  settled  at  the  Erench  Lick,  as  it  was 
then  called.  Ont  of  this  settlement  Nashville  has  grown.  It  may  fairlv 

Note — For  references  to  the  articles  mentioned  in  this  review  of  Tennessee  Ge- 
ology,  the  reader  shonld  considt  ]\liss  Cockrill’s  l>i1)liography  of  Tennessee  Geology. 
Full  citations  here  are  confined  chietly  to  articles  not  contained  in  that  1)ihliography. 
Acknowledgments  and  thanks  are  due  Dr.  G.  P.  ]\rerrill  and  the  Smithsonian  In- 
stitution for  the  use  of  cuts  of  Maclure,  Owen,  Lesley,  Lesquereux,  Plilgard,  Win- 
chell,  Bradley  and  Chamherlin. 


168 


RESOURCES  OE  TENNESSEE. 


be  said  that  this  bit  of  early  geological  knowledge,  on  the  part,  first,  of 
the  wild  animals,  then  the  Indians,  and  later  the  Erench  and  English,  was 
the  vleterinining  factor  in  the  location  of  what  was  to  be  the  future  capital 
of  our  State. 

This  matter  of  obtaining  salt  was  equally  vital  to  the  early  settlers,  and 
as  the  various  other  salt  licks  of  the  region  were  discovered  by  the  hunt- 
ers, they  either  became  centers  for  settlement,  or  were  frequented  on 
hunting  expeditions.  As  early  as  1789  public  measures  were  taken  to 
encourage  salt  making  in  Middle  Tennessee,  as  all  the  salt  then  used  was 
brought  from  St.  Genevieve,  Mo.,  and  cost  sixteen  dollars  or  more  per 
hundred  weight. 

In  East  Tennessee  the  settlement  that  began  in  1768  soon  led  to  the 
discovery  of  various  minerals,  among  which  was  iron  ore,  and  before  the 
end  of  the  eighteenth  century  iron-making  had  been  begun  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  state,  though  specific  references  to  the  earliest  forges  in  that 
section  are  difficult  to  obtain. 

Goodspeed*  says  that  there  was  a bloomary  in  Washington  Gounty  in 
1790,  another  at  Elizabethton  built  about  1795,  and  at  Wagner’s  on  Roane 
Creek,  the  same  year.  He  says  the  forge  on  Camp  Creek,  Greene  County, 
the  Mossy  Creek  forge  and  the  Dumpling  forge  were  all  built  in  1797. 
The  first  furnace  in  West  Tennessee  was  probably  the  Cumberland  fur- 
nace in  Dickson  County,  built  between  1790  and  1795,  and  another  early 
one  was  the  Brown  furnace  in  Montgomery  County  built  about  1802. 

Andrew  Michaux,f  who  was  probably  the  first  scientific  exporer  of 
the  state,  mentions  in  1795  an  iron  works  or  forge  near  Mossy  Creek  in 
Jefferson  County.  JMichaux  crossed  the  state  from  North  Carolina  to 
Nashville,  thence  went  north  into  Kentucky,  and  next  year  returned  to 
North  Carolina,  and  although  primarily  interested  in  botany,  has  lefr  in 
his  journal  occasional  notes  that  show  that  he  was  also  interested  in 
geology.  He  mentions  a mineral  occurring  in  East  Tennessee  that,  wijen 
powdered,  would  dye  cotton  red,  showing  that  the  dyestone  properties 
of  the  Clinton  red  hematite  had  already  been  recognized  there.  He  de- 
scribes the  rocks  about  Nashville  as  some  clayey,  and  others  limestone, 
as  lying  horizontal  and  abounding  in  marine  petrifactions.  He  also  men- 
tions the  occurrence  at  Nashville  of  petrifactions  of  land  and  fresh  water 
shells,  and  so  must  have  seen,  while  here,  some  of  the  beds  of  Pleistocene 
shells  found  on  the  old  flood  plain  terraces  of  the  Cumberland  River  in 
and  about  the  city. 

*A  History  of  Tennessee,  pp.  260-261,  Goodspeccl  Pnb.  Co.,  Nashville,  1886. 

tSargent,  C.  S.,  Portions  of  the  Journal  of  Andre  Michanx,  Botanist,  written 
during  liis  travels  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  1785  to  1796.  Amer.  Pliilos. 
Soc.,  Proc.,  Vol.  36,  pp.  1-145,  1889.  Also  portions  translated  into  English  in 
Ihwaites,  R.  C. : Travels  west  of  the  Alleghenies,  Cleveland  Ohio,  1904. 


GROWTH  o\<  KN()WLiG)(;i{  tj^:nn.  gp:()i.()(;y.  169 


In  1802  h\  A.  jM icliaux/^'  a son  of  iXndrcw  Miclianx,  and  also  a natural- 
ist, made  a journey  from  Lexington,  Ky.,  to  Nashville,  and  then  went 
east  to  Knoxville,  Greeneville  and  Jonesboro,  and  thence  crossed  the 
monntains  to  Morganton,  N.  C.  He  describes  the  greater  part  of  Ten- 
nessee west  of  the  Cnml)erland  Monntains,  as  reposing  on  horizontal 
beds  of  chalky  substance;  says  salt  springs  are  abundant  in  the  state,  but 
that  none  had  yet  been  worked ; speaks  of  finding  a black  shale  with  a 
white  efilorescence  on  it  on  Roaring  River — evidently  the  Chattanooga 
black  shale — mentions  caves  from  which  an  earth  used  in  dyeing  cloth  is 
obtained,  and  finally  tells  us  that  lime  was  then  made  at  Knoxville  and 
shipped  by  boat  to  New  Orleans. 

The  above  mentioned  reference  to  cave  earth  by  the  younger  Michaux 
is  followed  by  several  other  references  to  the  same  subject  in  the  next 
few  years,  showing  that  the  people  of  the  state  were  thus  early  explor- 
ing caves  in  search  of  niter  for  the  manufacture  of  gunpowder.  A great 
impetus  to  such  search  was  given  by  the  war  of  1812,  which  caused  a 
greatly  increased  demand  for  gunpowder,  and  at  the  same  time  shut  off 
the  usual  foreign  supply  of  niter  necessary  for  its  manufacture.  During 
this  war  many  caves  in  Tennessee  were  ransacked  for  cave  earth  from 
which  niter  was  obtained.  Two  Nashville  firms  alone  are  said  to  have 
bought  $150,000  worth  of  niter  in  1813.  After  peace  had  been  made 
with  Great  Britain  the  niter  industry  languished,  and  although  scattering 
references  are  made  to  it  for  a few  years,  it  was  probably  soon  aban- 
doned. While  the  industry  lasted,  the  largest  and  more  accessible  caves 
at  least  were  pretty  thoroughly  worked.  In  this  working,  many  bones, 
both  of  man  and  of  living  and  extinct  animals,  were  found,  nearly  all  of 
wliich  were  thrown  aside  and  destroyed.  One  writer,  for  instance,  men- 
tions seeing  in  one  place  about  a hundred  human  skulls  from  skeletons 
that  had  been  unearthed  by  the  workers  in  the  cave.  In  a cave  in  White 
County  the  skeleton  of  a Alegalonyx  was  found  back  some  two  miles 
from  the  entrance.  Fortunately  part  of  this  or  another  skeleton  from 
the  same  cave  was  saved,  and  some  of  it  is  in  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences  in  Philadelphia,  and  the  rest  is  at  \Tnderbilt  University. 

In  1809,  William  Maclure  published  his  Observations  on  the  Gcologv 
of  the  United  States,  with  a colored  geological  map  of  the  region  east 
of  the  Mississippi.  This  was  the  first  attempt  to  construct  such  a map 
of  America,  and  although  he  is  said  to  have  crossed  and  recrossed  the 
Alleghenies  no  less  than  fifty  times  in  his  travels  in  quest  of  geological 
information,  neither  the  map  nor  the  report  evince  much  actual  acquaint- 
ance with  Tennessee.  It  seems  probable  that  he  has  been  into  East 
lennessee,  and  he  may  have  passed  westward  to  Nashville,  but  he  almost 

*Michaux,  F.  A.,  Travels  to  the  west  of  the  Allegheny  Mountains,  London,  1805. 


170 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


certainly  laiew  nothing  of  the  section  of  the  state  between  the  Tennessee 
and  tiie  M ississi])pi  rivers.  A second  edition  of  his  Observations  was 
pul^lished  in  1817,  with  a revised  map.  There  are  very  few  direct  state- 
ments as  to  Tennessee,  excei)t  for  the  part  of  the  State  east  of  the  Citm- 

heriand  Mountains,  and  the  Tennes- 
see part  of  the  revised  map  is  less  ac- 
curate than  the  original.  His  work, 
however,  for  several  decades  influenc- 
ed the  views  of  others  who  wrotf^  on 
Tennessee  geology,  and  so  deserves  a 
brief  word. 

From  the  North  Carolina  line  west- 
ward half  way  across  the  valley  of 
East  Tennessee  the  rocks  are  repre- 
sented in  both  editions  of  the  ]\Iaclure 
map  as  being  fossiliferous  and  lying 
tilted  more  or  less  on  edge,  and  they 
are  regarded  as  Transition  in  age. 
The  western  half  of  the  Great  Val- 
ley is  left  uncolored  in  the  older  map, 
save  for  a narrow  belt  just  east  of 
Knoxville,  represented  as  containing 
salt  and  gypsum.  The  author  may 
either  have  been  undecided  as  to  the 
WILLIAM  MACLURE  these  rocks  or  uncertain  as  to 

the  position  of  the  boundary  line  between  the  rocks  to  the  east  and  those 
to  the  west.  In  the  revised  map  of  1817  the  rocks  in  the  western  half 
of  the  Great  Wiley  of  East  Tennessee,  although  tilted  on  edge,  are  re- 
garded as  belonging  to  the  same  division  as  the  rocks  of  the  Cumberland 
Plateau,  and  of  Middle  and  \Wst  Tennessee.  The  chief  characteristic 
possessed  in  common  by  these  rocks,  and  the  sole  one  on  which  they 
were  grouped  together  as  a unit,  was  that  they  were  all  flat-lying.  To 
them  the  name  Secondary  was  applied.  In  the  original  map  these  Sec- 
ondary rocks  extend  from  the  eastern  edge  of  the  Cumberland  Plateau 
westward  to  include  a very  narrow  strip  west  of  the  Tennessee  River  as 
it  crosses  the  State  northward,  then  a blank  belt  occurs,  west  of  which 
alluvium  is  represented  as  covering  the  western  half  of  West  Tennessee. 
In  the  revised  map  all  of  West  Tennessee  is  represented  as  of  the  same 
age  as  the  Cumberland  Plateau  and  Middle  Tennessee. 

Although  evidently  not  acquainted  with  West  Tennessee,  Maclure 
makes  an  interesting  guess  in  his  revised  work  in  saying  that  since  the 
Tennessee  River  heads  far  back  in  the  Primitive  area  of  western  North 
Carolina,  it  will  be  apt  to  bring  down  much  sand  and  gravel,  and  that  in 


GROWTH  OF  KNOWJ>Fl)GF  OF  TFNN.  GEOLOGY.  171 


coiisequcnco  the  Stale  of  Tei’.nessee  may  contain  a greater  area  of  grave! 
ridges  and  sand  beds  than  the  other  states  of  the  Mississippi  basin,  whose 
chief  rivers — like  the  Ohio,  for  example — flow  from  areas  of  shale  and 
limestone,  and  so  bring  down  only  line  alluvium.  One  has  but  to  exam- 
ine such  counties  as  Wayne,  Hardin,  Ferry  and  others  in  that  section  of 
the  State  to  recognize  the  presence  of  coarse  deposits  whose  existence 
Maclure  thus  shrewdly  guessed. 

When  one  considers  the  time  and  circumstances,  it  is  not  to  be  won- 
dered that  this  first  attempt  at  a geological  map  should  contain  so  much 
error.  It  is  unfortunate,  however,  that  Tennessee  should  have  been 
probably  the  least  known  of  all  the  states  to  Maclure,  and  that  the  in- 
fluence of  his  errors  should  have  been  perpetuated  so  long.  Even  Doctor 
Troost  did  not  wholly  escape  this  influence. 

Following  Maclure,  Nuttall  seems  to  have  been  the  next  scientific  trav- 
eller to  have  left  notes  of  journeys  through  our  state.  Although  he  was 
chiefly  a botanist  and  ornithologist,  yet  he  also  made  observations  on 
geology  during  his  travels.  He  made  a number  of  journeys  into  the  in- 
terior of  the  Mississippi  Valley  between  1809  and  1820,  and  during  these 
journeys  was  in  Tennessee  one  or  more  times.  He  mentions  the  lime- 
stone just  east  of  Cumberland  Gap  and  the  great  amount  of  niter  found 
in  caves  in  the  Cumberland  Mountain  region  of  Tennessee.  Following 
Maclure,  he  ascribes  the  limestone  to  what  was  then  known  as  the  great 
Secondaiy  formation,  and  mentions  lignite  as  having  been  found  in  the 
soft  deposits  of  the  Mississippi  Valley. 

On  December  16,  1811,  the  first  shock  of  the  New  Madrid  earthquake 
occurred,  and  succeeding  shocks,  some  of  considerable  intensity,  were 
felt  for  some  years,  while  occasional  lighter  shocks  continue  down  until 
the  present  day.  This  earthquake  caused  much  Assuring  and  disturbance 
of  the  surface,  and  numerous  changes  of  level  occured  in  the  northwest- 
ern corner  of  Tennessee.  In  one  of  the  sunken  areas  water  gathered 
and  formed  Reel  foot  Lake.  The  region  was  sparsely  inhabited  at  that 
time  and  contemporary  accounts  are  not  as  numerous  or  as  full  as  would 
be  desirable.  One  of  the  best  early  accounts  is  l)y  Mitchill,^  while  others 
are  given  by  Dow,-  Foster,*'^  Flint, Bringier,®  Haywood, Audubon,'  Le- 
Sieur,®  and  others — a number  of  these  are  quoted  by  Safford,®  Broad- 
head,^*^  Fuller,^ ^ McGee,’-  and  Shepard.’®  Fuller  has,  in  1912,  publish- 
ed a very  detained  account  of  the  earthquake.’^ 

1.  Mitchill,  S.  L.,  Lit  and  Philos.  Soc.  N.  Y.,  Trans.,  Vol.  1,  pp.  281-307,  1815. 

2.  Dow,  Lorenzo,  Works,  Cincinnati,  1850,  p.  344. 

3.  Foster,  J.  W.,  The  Mississippi  Valley,  Chicago  and  London,  1869. 

4.  Flint,  Timothy,  Recollections  of  the  Last  Ten  Years,  Boston,  1826,  pp.  222-228. 

5.  Bringier,  L.,  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  1st  Ser.,  Vol.  3,  pp.  20-22,  1821. 


172 


RESOURCES  OE  TENNESSEE. 


Along’  with  Jameson’s  translation  of  Cuzdcr's  Theory  of  the  Earthy 
there  was  published  in  1818  S.  L.  Mitchill's  Observations  on  the  Geology 
of  North  America.  lie  held  the  fanciful  belief  that  the  Great  Lakes  are 
the  remnants  of  former  great  seas  that  once  covered  much  of  the  interior 
of  the  continent,  hut  that  escaped  by  breaking  through  their  barriers.  He 
regarded  Cumberland  Gap  as  one  of  the  avenues  of  escape,  but  thought 
that  the  widest  gap  in  the  confining  barrier  was  between  the  Cumberland 
Mountains  and  the  highlands  of  southern  Missouri.  He  describes  Pleisto- 
cene fossils  from  practically  all  of  the  surrounding  states,  but  gives  none 
from  Tennessee.  There  is  in  fact  no  evidence  in  his  work  that  he  had 
ever  been  in  our  State,  or  had  any  specific  knowledge  as  to  its  geology. 

In  1818  the  Rev.  Elias  Cornelius,  in  going  from  Boston  to  New  Or- 
leans, crossed  East  Tennessee,  and  gave  the  results  of  his  observations 
on  its  geology  in  the  first  volume  of  the  American  Journal  of  Science.  He 
describes  the  limestone  east  of  the  Cumberland  Mountains  as  inclined, 
and  says  some  near  Knoxville  looks  like  variegated  marble,  but  had  not 
yet  been  tested.  The  strata  of  the  Cumberland  Plateau  and  Middle  Ten- 
nessee are  described  as  horizontal,  and  the  Cumberlands  are  recognized 
as  being  table  mountains,  structurally,  and  composed  of  both  limestone 
and  sandstone  strata.  He  describes  the  magnificent  views  from  Look- 
out IMountain,  mentions  “the  Suck,”  the  caves  and  the  making  of  niter, 
and  refers  to  the  common  minerals  described  by  Kain  in  the  same  volume 
of  the  Journal. 

The  writer  thus  alluded  to  was  John  H.  Kain,  of  Tennessee.  Although 
his  article  occupies  but  eight  pages  in  the  American  Journal  of  Science, 
it  contains  much  more  information  than  any  preceding  article  on  the 
geology  of  the  state,  and  may  in  fact,  be  regarded  as  the  first  distinctly 
geological  description  of  any  part  of  the  state.  He  describes  the  ridge 
and  valley  topography  of  East  Tennessee,  and  criticises  Maclure’s  map 
for  not  extending  the  Transition,  or  tilted  rock,  area  northwestward  to 
include  all  of  the  Valley  of  East  Tennessee.  He  describes  the  limestone, 
clay,  slate  and  gypsum,  and  mentions  the  baryta  of  Sevier  County  and 
the  lead  of  Grainger  and  Davidson  counties.  He  says  immense  quanti- 

6.  Haywood,  John,  Nat.  and  Aborig.  Hist.  Tenn.,  1823. 

7.  Audubon,  J.  J.,  See  Audubon  and  His  Journals,  Vol  2,  pp.  234-237,  Scribners, 

1897. 

8.  LeSieur,  G.,  See  Szvitzler’s  Hist,  of  Mo.  or  Campbelhs  Gazetteer  of  Mo. 

9.  Safiford,  J.  M.,  Geol.  of  Tenn.,  pp.  123-125,  1869. 

10.  Broadhead,  G.  C.,  Amer.  Geologist,  Vol.  30,  pp.  76-87,  1902. 

11.  Fuller,  M.  L.,  Science,  n.  s.,  Vol.  21,  pp.  748-749,  1905. 

12.  McGee,  W J,  Amer.  Geologist,  Vol.  30,  pp.  200-201,  1902. 

13.  Shepard,  E.  M.,  Jour.  Geol.  Vol.  13,  pp.  45-62,  1905. 

14.  Fuller,  M.  L,  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull.,  496,  1912. 


GROWTH  KNOWLEDGl^  TI^:NN.  GEOr.OGY.  ]73 


tics  of  coal  arc  rcpoiicvl  to  exist  in  the  Cuinhcrland  JVIoiiiitaiiis,  and  that 
a bed  of  excellent  (jiiality  was  then  worked  near  Knoxville,  but,  because 
of  the  abundance  of  wood,  was  used  only  in  forges.  Gold  and  silver 
were  reported  to  exist,  hut  he  regards  the  accounts  as  vague  and  uncer- 
tain and  not  to  be  credited.  A red  iron  ore  was  then  used  to  manufacture 
paint  near  Knoxville,  and  numerous  caves  , in  the  Cumberland  and  other 
mountains  w'cre  very  productive  of  niter. 

Kain  thus  gives  us  in  1(S19  our  first  definite  information  as  to  the  use 
of  coal  and  mineral  paint  in  the  state,  and  it  would  seem  likely  that  niter 
making  had  not  entirely  ceased  at  that  time.  The  reported  finds  of  gold 
\vere  no  doubt  fictitious,  as  Kain  believed,  for  Troost  speaks  of  being 
present  on  Coca  Creek  in  1830,  when  the  first  authentic  discovery  of 
gold  was  made  in  the  state.  The  silver  was  of  course  a myth. 

In  clearness,  directness,  and  brevity,  this  article  of  Kain’s  stands  out 
in  such  contrast  to  all  that  had  previously  been  written  on  Tennessee 
geology  that  it  is  to  be  regretted  that  he  did  not  write  more.  We  know 
nothing  further  of  him,  save  that  he  was  a Tennessean  and  probably  lived 
in  upper  East  Tennessee. 

Four  years  later,  in  1823,  John  Haywood  published  his  curious  Natural 
and  Aboriginal  History  of  Tennessee.  He  gives  for  the  natural  history 
of  the  state  a quaint  mixture  of  fact  and  fancy.  The  prominent  physical 
features  of  the  State  are  ascribed  to  the  sculpturing  power  of  the  Noach- 
ian  deluge.  In  Middle  Tennessee  a great  basin  was  thus  scooped  out, 
which  was  filled  with  the  water  of  the  Cumberland  River  and  formed  a 
great  lake  whose  level  rose  until  it  overflowed  the  rim  on  the  northwest 
side  and  gradually  deepened  its  outlet  until  the  lake  was  drained.  This 
fanciful  idea  of  a lake  having  once  filled  the  central  basin  of  Tennessee 
has  persisted  in  some  minds  down  to  the  present  day.  On  a par  with 
the  above  idea  was  his  credulity  regarding  fossils  and  freaks  of  nature. 
He  describes  petrified  snakes  and  mushrooms  near  Nashville,  petrified 
turkey  eggs  near  Sparta,  with  the  yolk  clearly  visible,  and  adds  petrified 
hickory  nuts  and  walnuts  and  ])etrified  horse  hoofs  and  tracks ; while 
in  West  Tennessee  he  believed  there  was  abundant  evidence  of  former 
\olcanic  activity.  Fie  adds  a description  of  milk  sickness,  and  ascribes 
it  to  poisonous  mineral  matters  in  the  soil — an  explanation  of  this  piiz- 
:ding  disease  that  is  probably  as  good — or  as  worthless — as  any  that  our 
best  physicians  today  can  offer. 

Yet  in  spite  of  his  fancies  he  gives  us  certain  geological  facts  worthy 
of  note.  He  describes  the  flat  or  tilted  position  of  the  rocks  in  various 
parts  of  the  State  and  mentions  the  marine  shells  in  the  rocks  of  East 
and  Middle  Tennnessee  and  the  huge  oyster  shells  just  west  of  the  Ten- 
nessee River,  while  there  and  farther  west  there  was  petrified  wood. 
Mention  is  made  of  caves  and  their  nitrous  earths ; of  marbles  in  East 


174 


RESOURCES  OE  TENNESSEE. 


Tennessee;  of  biihrstone,  plaster  of  Paris  and  salt  waters;  of  lead  ore 
being  worked  in  Jefferson  County;  of  iron  being  worked  at  Bell’s  and 
Napier’s  furnaces  in  West  Tennessee;  and  of  finding  a huge  claw  in  the 
White  County  cave  and  huge  tusks  and  teeth  in  various  parts  of  the  state. 

We  thus  see  that  marble  and  lead  were  then  known  and  the  latter 
mined  in  East  Tennessee,  and  that  two  furnaces  were  in  operation  in  our 
western  iron  belt. 

In  1828,  Porter  gives  some  brief  notes  on  the  geology  seen  in  a journey 
from  Natchez  through  Nashville  to  Louisville.  He  mentions  mountains 
of  flat  lying  limestone  covered  with  cedars  south  of  Nashville,  and  says 
some  of  them  were  capped  with  clay  slate.  In  these  we  recognize  the 
Lebanon  or  Glade  limestone  of  Saff'ord,  and  the  overlying  Chattanooga 
and  Tullahoma  shales. 

The  next  year  in  a brief  article  in  Vol.  16  of  the  American  Journal  of 
Science,  Vanuxem  identified  the  lower  rocks  of  Ohio,  Kentucky  and 
Tennessee,  with  the  Trenton  of  New  York,  thus  making  perhaps  the 
first  definite  correlation  of  Tennessee  rocks  with  those  of  New  York.  He 
called  attention  to  Maclure’s  errors,  especially  to  the  one  of  assuming 
all  horizontal  rocks  to  be  Secondary,  and  declared  that  inclination  is  fal- 
lacious for  discriminating  age,  that  fossils  are  the  first  criterion,  and  the 
position  and  mineral  character  are  subordinate. 

In  1831,  Doctor  Ramsy  read  before  the  Medical  Society  of  Tennessee 
at  its  first  annual  meeting  a paper  with  the  suggestive  title,  “The  Medi- 
cal Topography  of  East  Tennessee.”  His  opening  sentence  is;  “The  in- 
fluence of  climate  and  of  physical  causes  in  general  on  the  human  sys- 
tem suggests  the  propriety  of  introducing  the  following  notice  of  the 
medical  topography  of  East  Tennessee,  with  a brief  reference  to  the 
face  of  the  country,  its  geology  and  atmospheric  vicissitudes.”  He  then 
describes  the  climate,  geology  and  medicinal  springs  of  that  section  of 
the  state,  and  remarks  that  although  the  rocks  of  East  Tennessee  are 
generally  regarded  as  of  Secondary  age — as  Maclure  and  others  follow- 
ing him  believed — yet  they  are  really  older  and  should  be  grouped  with 
the  younger  part  of  the  Transition  age,  as  it  was  then  known.  It  will 
thus  be  seen  that  this  noted  physician  and  Tennessee  historian  not  only 
had  advanced  ideas  as  to  the  relation  between  topography,  geology,  cli- 
mate and  disease,  but  knew  enough  of  geology  itself  to  correct  erroneous 
views  then  held  as  to  the  geology  of  the  region  in  which  he  lived. 

This  may  be  said  to  end  the  preliminary  periods  in  the  history  of  Ten- 
nessee geology.  They  were  characterized  by  occasional,  unorganized  in- 
dividual effort,  most  of  which  was  incidental  and  cursory,  and  the  net 
results  were  not  of  great  importance. 


GROWTH  Ol^'  KN()WLIG)(;h:  Ol^'  GI^:()I.OGY.  175 


PivKioi)  OF  S'l  A'nc  CjF()i.(x;i(:al  vSurvicy. 

The  next  period  \v«'is  one  of  oroanized  effort,  and  may  be  said  to  date 
from  the  delivery,  to  tlie  State  Lei^islatiire  on  October  19,  1831,  of  an 
address  on  the  i^eoloi^y  of  the  state  ])y  Dr.  Gerard  Troost.  Doctor 


GERARD  TROOST 
First  State  Geologist 

Troost  had  moved  to  Tennessee  probably  in  1827,  and  early  in  \ 328  had 
been  elected  professor  of  geology  in  the  University  of  Nashville.  He  at 
once  began  to  familiarize  himself  with  the  geology  of  the  state,  and 
from  the  above  mentioned  lecture,  which  was  a plea  for  the  establish- 


176 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


nicnt  of  a state  geological  survey,  we  fin-vl  that  he  liad  soon  become  well 
informed  as  to  the  state’s  natural  resources,  so  far  as  they  were  then 
known. 

It  is  of  interest  to  see  from  this  address  what  he  had  already  learned 
in  his  geological  excursions  over  the  State.  He  knew  of  the  chief  oc- 
currences of  zinc,  lead,  manganese,  gold,  marble  and  slate,  but  regarded 
these  as  subordinate  in  value  to  the  iron  and  coal.  ‘T  look  forward  with 
full  confidence,”  he  said,  “to  the  time  when  our  Cumberland  ^Mountains, 
rich  in  excellent  iron  ore  and  coal,  will  become  the  Birmingham  of  the 
West.”  The  marble  he  regarded  as  “equal,  if  not  superior,  to  the  finest 
Italian.”  He  was  evidently  of  far  vision — probably  the  original  con- 
servationist— for  he  urges  that  the  owners  of  coal  pro])erty  should  not 
be  allow^ed  to  take  out  the  part  most  easily  removed  and  abandon  and  lose 
the  rest,  but  says  that  it  is  ‘‘of  the  highest  importance  that  this  kind  of 
property  be  placed  under  proper  regulations,  which  would  put  it  out  of 
the  power  of  the  present  owner  to  deprive  his  successors  of  the  benefits, 
which,  under  proper  management,  would  accrue  to  them,” — all  of  which 
is  good  doctrine  today — and  probably  is  as  little  practiced  as  in  his  day. 

He  urged  that  it  ’was  of  the  greatest  importance  that  the  inhabitants 
of  new''  states  should  become  acquainted  wdth  the  natural  capacities  of 
their  country.  The  address  seems  to  have  speedily  produced  results  for 
the  Legislature  established  a geological  survey,  and  on  December  21, 
1831,  Doctor  Troost  was  appointed  State  Geologist  and  continued  as 
such  until  February  4,  1850.  Tins  was  the  first  persistent  attempt  on  the 
part  of  any  state  or  country  to  maintain  for  any  considerable  time  an 
official  geological  survey.  The  first  state  geological  survey  ever  estab- 
lished was  by  North  Carolina  in  1824,  but  it  was  short  lived,  ending  in 
1827.  The  attempt  in  South  Carolina  in  1825  was  even  shorter  as  it 
lasted  but  the  one  year.  The  third  attempt  w'as  by  Massachusetts,  which 
planned  a geographic  survey  of  the  state  in  1830,  but  added,  as  an  after- 
thought, first  a geological,  and  still  later  a biological  examination.  The 
geological  survey  of  Massachusetts  lasted  for  three  years. 

The  appropriations  for  the  Troost  survey,  renew^ed  biennially  for 
nearly  tvrenty  years,  first  gained  recognition  for  the  idea  that  the  con- 
tinued maintenance  of  a bureau  for  the  investigation  and  development 
of  its  natural  resources  is  as  pro])er  and  beneficial  a function  of  state 
government  as  the  maintenance  of  bureaus  of  health,  education,  or  ag- 
riculture, and  this  idea  has  come  to  prevail  in  practically  all  of  the  pro- 
gressive states  of  the  Union. 

The  official  results  of  Doctor  Troost’s  work  as  State  Geologist  were 
embodied  in  ten  Ifiennial  reports,  of  wdiich  the  first,  second  and  tenth  were 
never  published.  Of  those  that  w^'ere  published  very  few^  copies  are  in 


GROWTH  OH  KNOW^IJiDGl^:  OI^'  T1^:NN.  GE()\A)(sY.  177 


existence  today.  The  unolYcial  results  include  a nninber  of  articles  ])uh- 
lislied  chierty  in  the  'rraiisacfioiis  of  the  Geological  Society  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  in  the  American  Journal  of  Science,  a full  list  of  which  is 
i^iven  in  the  l)il)liog'ra])hy  appended  to  the  writer’s  article  on  Doctor 
Troost  in  the  .American  Geologist  for  February,  1905,  where  additional 
details  concerning-  his  life  and  work  may  be  found.  This  unofficial  list 
also  includes  a monograph  on  crinoids  that  was  submitted  to  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution  and  after  a long  and  unfortunate  delay  has  recently 
been  revised  by  IMiss  Wood  and  published  as  Bulletin  64  of  the  U.  S. 
National  Muscnni,  as  is  more  fully  related  on  page  214. 

The  address  delivered  to  the  Legislature  in  1831  is  generally  regarded 
as  the  first  report,  and  is  even  sometimes  catalogued  as  such,  whereas  in 
reality  it  was  merely  a plea  for  the  establishment  of  a survey.  The  first 
report  was  presented  at  the  called  session  of  the  Legislature  in  1832,  but 
was  not  published.  It  contained  a general  account  of  the  more  promi- 
nent geological  features  of  the  State,  so  far  as  they  were  then  known 
to  Doctor  Troost,  a detailed  description  of  Davidson  County,  and  an 
outline  of  the  extent  of  the  coal-bearing  area  of  the  state.  It  may  also 
have  included  a description  of  parts  of  some  of  the  counties  adjacent 
to  Davidson  that  were  included  in  the  second  report.  An  extract  from 
the  first  report  is  given  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Geological  Society 
of  Pennsylvania,  Vol.  1,  pp.  240-243. 

The  second  report  was  presented  at  the  regular  session  of  the  Legis- 
lature in  1833,  and  the  succeeding  reports  at  the  biennial  sessions  that 
followed.  The  second  report  was  referred  to  a committee  who  recom- 
mended that  instead  of  publishing  it  a brief  summary  prepared  by  them- 
selves be  published  instead.  From  this  summary*  we  learn  that  it  con- 
tained a general  outline  of  the  geology  of  the  State.  The  eastern  part 
of  the  State  belonged  to  the  Transition,  the  Cumberland  Plateau  to  the 
coal  formation,  which  rested  on  an  oolitic  limestone  that  overlies  the 
limestones  of  Middle  Tennessee,  and  is  overlaid  by  argillaceous  and  silic- 
eous rocks  that  contain  rich  iron  ores,  and  these  in  turn  are  overlaid  in 
Western  Tennessee  by  Tertiary  formations,  lie  then  describes  the  geol- 
ogy of  Davidson,  Williamson  and  Maury  counties,  and  states  that  he 
had  begun  the  analysis  and  stndy  of  the  various  soils  of  the  state  as  an 
aid  to  agriculture.  He  was  convinced  that  the  eastern  part  of  the  State 
was  especially  rich  in  mineral  resources,  the  finest  marbles  abounded, 
and  rich  iron  deposits  already  supported  a number  of  iron  works  then  in 
operation. 

In  the  third  report  the  coal  area  of  the  state  is  delineated  on  a map 
and  briefly  described.  Attention  is  called  to  the  ])ossibility  of  mistaking 
*Hoiisc  Jour,  for  1833,  pp.  303-305. 


178 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


llic  black  shale  for  coal  or  roofing’  slate.  The  marl  or  rotten  limestone 
of  the  Cretaceous  is  described  and  the  fertilizing  properties  and  methods 
of  using  it  are  set  forth.  The  iron  ores  of  the  western  iron  belt  are  re- 
ferred to  briefly  and  twenty-seven  furnaces  or  more  are  mentioned  as 
in  operation  in  that  belt,  while  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  State  there  were 
a number  of  others.  There  is  added  from  the  unpublished  second  report 
the  result  of  the  investigations  of  the  soils  of  Davidson,  Williamson  and 
Maury  counties. 

Gold  was  discovered  in  the  Ocoee  district  on  Coker  or  Coqua  Creek, 
and  in  the  Tellico  River  in  1830,  and  for  some  years  created  so  much  in- 
terest and  excitement  that  the  Legislature,  in  1836,  requested  Doctor 
Troost  to  make  a special  examination  of  that  district.  The  results  ^f 
this  examination  are  given  in  the  fourth  report  after  an  introductory 
discussion  of  the  principles  of  geology  and  a description  of  the  divisions 
of  the  rocks  from  the  oldest  to  the  youngest.  In  this  discussion  he  al- 
ludes, with  evident  disapproval,  to  the  new  terms  Silurian  and  Cambrian, 
‘Ty  which  the  geological  nomenclature,  adready  redundant  in  the  ex- 
treme with  insignificant,  barbarous,  or  silly  words,  has  again  been  en- 
riched.” He  believed  like  the  Rogers  brothers  that  local  names  should 
not  be  used  in  scientific  nomenclature,  because  both  of  their  meaningless 
character  and  of  national  or  local  prejudices  and  jealousies.  The  report 
proper  describes  the  rocks  of  the  Ocoee  district  with  its  gold,  marble, 
slate,  and  iron.  He  seems  impressed  with  the  relation  of  the  Sequatchie 
Valley  to  the  Tennessee  River,  and  suggests  that  this  river  may  have 
once  cut  across  Walden’s  Ridge  and  gone  down  that  valley.  In  a note 
he  adds  a list  of  the  fossils  of  the  mountain  limestone  and  of  Pleistocene 
mammals  found  by  him. 

In  the  fifth  report  Doctor  Troost  gave  a general  description  of  the 
geology  of  the  whole  State,  accompanied  by  a colored  geological  map 
and  an  east-west  vertical  section  across  the  state.  From  these  it  is  evi- 
dent that  he  believed  the  rocks  of  the  Nashville  basin  and  the  surround- 
ing Highland  Rim  to  belong  to  the  same  division,  and  to  be  younger  than 
the  tilted  rocks  of  East  Tennessee.  The  soil  and  mineral  resources  of 
Cocke  County  were  described,  especial  attention  being  given  to  the  iron 
ores.  The  iron  furnaces  and  ores  of  other  parts  of  the  State  were  no- 
ticed briefly,  and  silver  ore  and  mineral  waters  were  mentioned.  In  an 
appendix  was  given  a considerable  list  of  fossils  with  descriptions  of  a 
number  of  new  species. 

The  first  part  of  the  sixth  report  is  devoted  to  the  geology  of  Middle 
and  East  Tennessee,  which  is  redescribed  and  assigned  to  the  Cambrian 
and  Silurian.  The  rocks  of  all  Middle  Tennessee  are  referred  to  the 
Silurian  as  the  term  was  then  used  by  Murchison,  and  the  fossils  found 


GROWTH  Ol^'  KNOWLEDGE  OE  T]^:NN.  GK()\J)GY.  17!) 


in  them  arc  listed,  and  some  of  them  descrihed.  ddiere  is  a description  of 
Sevier  County,  accompanied  l)y  a map,  and  notes  are  given  of  the  oc- 
currence of  alum,  sahi)etre  and  iron  ore  and  of  the  com])Osition  of  a 
number  of  mineral  waters. 

In  the  first  i^art  of  the  seventh  report  the  geology  of  Davidson  County 
is  described  with  detailed  references  to  the  minerals  found,  and  a brief 
notice  of  the  fossils  of  the  county,  of  the  iron  ore  of  the  Harpeth  River 
region,  and  of  the  meteorites  of  the  state.  The  green  sand  of  McNairy 
and  adjoining  counties  is  described  at  some  length,  and  its  probable  fu- 
ture importance  stressed.  There  is  a list  of  the  reptiles  and  fresh  water 
shells  of  the  State,  and  in  a supplement  there  is  a brief  account  of  the 
lead  and  zinc  ores  of  East  Tennessee.  A colored  geological  map  of 
Davidson,  Williamson  and  Maury  counties  accompanies  this  report.  This 
map  was  originally  intended  to  accompany  the  second  report  which,  as 
has  been  seen,  was  never  published. 

The  eighth  report  describes  some  four  routes  by  which  a railroad  might 
be  constructed  from  Nashville  to  Chattanooga,  and  directs  attention  to 
tile  coal,  iron,  limestone  and  other  minerals  of  economic  importance  in 
the  region  that  would  be  traversed  by  the  road.  In  obedience  to  a reso- 
lution of  the  Legislature,  a report  on  the  limestone,  or  so-called  marble, 
of  Caney  Fork  was  added. 

In  the  first  part  of  the  ninth  report  there  is  a description  of  Jefferson 
County,  while  in  the  second  part  the  various  zinc  ores  of  the  state  are 
described,  some  analyses  of  them  are  given,  and  a number  of  types  of 
furnaces  for  zinc  smelting  are  described  and  illustrated  by  a 
sheet  of  mechanical  drawings  showing  the  plan  of  construction  of  each. 
The  processes  of  extracting  zinc  from  its  ore  and  of  making  brass  are 
given.  From  the  attention  given  to  zinc  deposits.  Doctor  Troost  must 
have  regarded  them  as  promising. 

The  tenth  report  was  presented  to  the  House  of  Representatives  on 
January  12,  1850,  and  seventy-five  copies  were  ordered  to  be  printed 
for  the  use  of  the  House.  No  edition  was  ever  published,  and  neither 
the  manuscript  nor  any  of  the  copies  ordered  printed  for  the  House  can 
now  be  found.  It  would  seem  from  an  editorial  note  in  the  American 
Journal  of  Science,  based  on  a letter  from  Troost  himself,  that  the  re- 
port was  very  brief,  and  was  accompanied  by  his  monograph  on  the 
Crinoidea.  The  Legislature  declined  to  publish  this  monograph,  but  it 
was  later  accepted  by  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  and  has  finally  been 
published,  as  may  be  seen  by  reference  to  page  214. 

In  addition  to  his  reports  as  State  Geologist,  Doctor  Troost  published 
in  1834  and  1835  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Geological  Society  of  Penn- 
sylvania, a number  of  papers  describing  various  Tennessee  fossils  and 


180 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


rocks,  aiu'  sent  one  ])a|)er  to  the  Geological  Society  of  S ranee,  in  which 
a innnber  of  new  forms  were  illustrated  and  described.  A decade  later, 
from  1845  to  1848,  he  became  interested  in  meteorites,  a good  number 
of  which  had  been  found  in  the  State,  and  ])ublished  several  articles  de- 
scriptive of  them. 

It  is  difficult  to  summarize  correctly  and  brielly  the  work  of  our  first 
State  Geologist.  Aluch  of  his  work  was  a labor  of  love  for  the  meager 
apt)ropriation  scarcely  more  than  ])aid  his  field  expenses  and  hence  limit- 
ed his  work  to  the  study,  either  of  merely  the  broader  geological  and 
economic  problems  of  the  state,  or  of  the  more  detailed  problems  of 
oidy  very  restricted  areas.  As  a result,  while  the  general  geological 
features  of  the  state  were  soon  deterniined,  yet  the  details  of  very  lilcle 
of  it  were  worked  out,  even  in  the  general  way  in  which  details  were  then 
understood. 

Troost  determined  the  general  distribution  within  the  state  of  the 
various  rock  formations  then  discriminated  and  located  and  described 
the  mineral  deposits  of  chief  value  or  greatest  promise.  He  delineated 
the  coal  area  of  the  state,  called  attention  to  the  importance  of  both  the 
eastern  and  the  western  belts  of  iron  ores,  regarded  the  marble  as  very 
excellent  in  c[uality,  and  the  roofing  slate,  lead,  zinc  and  various  other 
materials  of  East  Tennessee  and  the  green  sand  of  West  Tennessee  as 
probably  of  much  value.  He  did  not  regard  the  gold  of  the  eastern  nor 
the  lead  of  the  middle  part  of  the  state  as  of  great  promise.  He  recog- 
nized how  valuable  the  study  of  soils  might  be  made  to  the  farmer,  and 
made  numerous  analyses  of  soils,  minerals  and  mineral  waters.  The 
niain  purpose  of  his  work  was  economic,  and  it  undoubtedly  gave  im- 
portant guidance  to  the  efforts  then  being  made  to  develop  the  coal,  iron, 
marble  and  other  resources  of  the  state. 

The  two  decades  from  1830  to  1850,  almost  coextensive  with  the  Troost 
survey,  were  a period  of  rapid  development  in  the  infant  science  of  geol- 
ogy, and  of  rapid  increase  in  our  knowledge  of  the  geology  of  the 
country  at  large.  Although  in  Tennessee  geology,  most  of  our  increased 
knowledge  during  this  period  was  due  to  tlie  labors  of  Doctor  Troost, 
yet  certain  others  made  contributions  that  are  deserving  of  notice. 

In  a work  entitled  a ‘'Vieze  of  the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi,'’  pub- 
lished in  1832,  the  author,  Robert  Baird,  gave  a description  of  Tennes- 
see, that  contains  frequent  references  to  her  mineral  resources.  His  in- 
formation was  compiled  from  various  well  known  sources  and  adds  com- 
paratively little  to  our  knowledge,  and  practically  the  same  may  be  said 
of  Flint's  Flistory  and  Geography  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  published 
the  same  year.  He  gives  the  same  lists  and  localities  of  minerals  and 
the  same  supposed  petrifactions  of  turkey  eggs,  horse  hoofs  and  other 
freaks  that  were  given  l)y  Elay  wood  in  1823. 


llROVVTll  OF  KNOVVLFDGI^:  OF  TENN.  GFOr.(J)GY.  l8J 


1^'roni  an  article  by  Jacob  Peck  in  the  /Inicricaii  Journal  of  Science  in 
18vF\  it  is  evident  that  mining  was  then  receiving  its  first  serions  atten- 
tion in  liast  Tennessee,  due  doubtless  in  large  incasnre  to  the  interest 
aroused  by  the  discovery  of  gold  in  18v30,  as  related  by  Troost  in  his 
report  on  the  Ocoee  district.  Llis  map  gives  coal  and  iron  along  the 
cast  face  of  the  Cumberland,  and  marlde,  lead,  zinc  and  gold  in  the  valley 
region  to  the  east. 

In  1834,  Morris  gives  in  his  Tennessee  Gazetteer,  a good  topographic 
description  of  the  state,  with  brief  notes  on  the  more  important  minerals. 

In  1834,  Featherstonhangh  crossed  East  Tennessee  and  the  Cumberland 
Mountains  and  spent  some  time  in  Nashville,  where  he  at  once  sought 
Doctor  Troost,  of  whom  he  gives  in  his  Excursions  Through  the  Slave 
States,  published  in  1844,  an  intimate  and  interesting  account  as  he  found 
liini  with  his  students,  his  minerals  and  fossils — and  his  pet  snakes.  The 
two  examined  together  the  geology  about  Nashville  and  made  excursions 
into  the  Harpeth  hills.  Featherstonlraugh  recognized  Silurian  strata  in 
the  rocks  of  East  Tennessee,  and  saw  that  the  rocks  of  the  Cumberland 
Plateau  were  of  younger  age.  He  gave  a section  down  the  Cumberland 
from  the  Carboniferous  to  the  rocks  about  Nashville,  and  referred  in- 
cidentally to  the  minerals  about  Nashville  and  elsewhere. 

The  decade  from  1830  to  1840  was  one  of  niarked  activity  in  many 
states  in  promoting  schemes  for  internal  im])rovcments,  such  as  canals, 
highways  and  railroads.  In  1836,  Tennessee  entered  upon  such  wmrk  by 
appointing  A.  M.  Lee,  State  Engineer  and  directing  him  to  make  suiwmys 
for  certain  proposed  railroads  and  turnpikes.  In  the  report  rendered  by 
him  in  1837,  he  describes  in  a clear  manner  the  topographic  features  of 
the  counties  examined  and  gives  the  elevation  of  numerous  points.  This 
is  probably  the  first  determination  of  the  actual  elevation  of  points  over 
the  general  surface  of  the  state,  unless  Col.  S.  H.  Long  had  done  some 
such  work  in  examining  a route  across  the  Cumberland  Plateau  in  1834. 
Colonel  Long,  in  1830,  had  examined  the  Tennessee  River  from  Knox- 
ville to  Chattanooga,  and  determined  some  relative  elevations,  but  these 
were  probably  not  connected  and  were  not  tied  to  sea  level  for  many 
years  afterward. 

Hall,  in  a book  of  travels,  published  in  1840,  describes  the  minerals 
and  geology  of  the  region  about  Nashville,  evidently  getting  his  informa- 
tion from  Doctor  Troost. 

In  1842,  E.  G.  Smith,  published  in  London,  a pamphlet  setting  forth 
the  resources  and  conditions  in  East  Tennessee  for  the  purpose  of  at- 
tracting immigration.  From  it  one  learns  that  there  were  then  in  upper 
East  Tennessee  ‘"extensive”  iron  furnaces,  nail  mills  and  foundries,  and 
that  there  had  recently  been  started  near  Rogersville,  an  establishment 


182 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


for  quarrying  and  working  the  marble  of  that  locality.  This  was  the 
earliest  marble  works  of  the  State,  and  it  is  said  to  have  been  organized 
through  the  personal  efforts  of  Uoctor  Troost,  so  great  was  his  faith  in 
the  value  of  the  marble  there. 

At  a meeting  of  the  Association  of  American  Geologists  and  Natural- 
ists, held  in  Boston  in  1842,  W.  B.  and  FI.  D.  Rogers  presented  a paper' 
on  the  physical  structure  of  the  Appalachian  chain.  They  had  studied 
the  folded  mountain  belt  of  East  Tennessee  and  recognized  the  prevail- 
ing steep  southwestward  dips  and  the  fracturing  and  frequent  faulting 
on  the  northwest  limb  of  the  anticlinal  ridges.  Troost  and  others  had 
observed  these  dips,  but  no  one  else  had  made  a special  study  of  that 
particular  type  of  structure  since  made  classic  by  this  work  of  the  Rog- 
ers brothers  and  now  known  as  Appalachian  structure.  This  paper  was 
followed  at  the  1843  meeting  by  a discussion  by  H.  D.  Rogers  of  the 
Marcellus  or  Black  Shale  in  which  it  appears  that  he  and  his  brother  had 
traced  it  south  to  its  disappearance  at  the  end  of  Clinch  Alountain  in  a 
great  fault,  and  that  they  had  again  found  it  on  Caney  Fork  and  in  the 
Harpeth  ridge  and  elsewhere  in  Middle  Tennessee.  This  was  in  turn 
followed  by  the  presidential  address  of  H.  D.  Rogers  in  1844  in  which 
he  shows  an  intimate  personal  knowledge  of  the  stratigraphy  and  pale- 
ontology of  the  East  Tennessee  rocks.  He  and  his  brother  had  doubtless 
given  more  time  to  the  study  of  that  section,  and  had  a better  knowledge 
of  its  complex  structure  than  any  one  else  at  that  time.  He  refers  to 
the  great  value  of  the  pioneer  work  that  had  been  done  in  Tennessee  by 
both  Troost,  whose  work  we  have  already  discussed,  and  by  Owen,  whom 
we  will  next  consider. 

D.  D.  Owen  joined  Doctor  Troost  as  a volunteer  assistant  in  1833,  and 
made  a reconnoissance  of  a considerable  part  of  Middle  and  West  Ten- 
nessee. Later,  while  engaged  in  survey  work  in  neighboring  states,  he 
probably  made  special  trips  to  certain  other  parts  of  Tennessee  for  study 
and  comparison,  and  may  have  maintained  a correspondence  with  Doctor 
Troost  and  thus  kept  in  touch  with  developments  in  Tennessee  geology. 
Certain  it  is  that  he  shows  considerable  knowledge  of  the  sequence  of  the 
formations  in  the  Cumberland  Plateau  and  Middle  Tennessee  and  delin- 
eates some  of  them  with  a fair  approach  to  accuracy  on  the  map  accom- 
panying his  article  on  the  geology  of  the  western  states  of  North  Amer- 
ica, read  in  1842  before  the  Geological  Society  of  London,  and  published 
in  1846.  He  also  presented  the  subject  in  1843  before  the  Association 
of  American  Geologists  and  an  abstract  was  published  in  the  American 
Journal  of  Science  of  that  year. 

The  Tennessee  data  in  both  the  article  and  the  map  were  given  partly 


GROWTH  i)V  KNOWLEDGE  OE  TENN.  GEOLOGY.  183 


on  his  own  and  partly  on  Doctor  Troost’s  authority.  The  Tennessee 
part  of  his  map  is  an  improvement  on  Troost’s  map  of  1838,  in  that  the 
rocks  of  Middle  Tennessee  that  had  been  grouped  together  by  Troost, 
are  separated  in  downward  sequence  into  the  pentremital  limestone,  lower, 
siliceous  (Salford’s  Tnllahoma),  argillaceous  (Chattanooga  shale)  and 
calcareous  (Silurian  and  Ordovician).  He  did  not,  however,  recognize 

the  lowest  or  calcareous  rocks  about 
Nashville  as  occupying  an  elliptical 
area  entirely  surrounded  by  a rim  of 
the  higher  rocks.  The  realization  of 
this  fact  was  reserved  for  Safford 
some  ten  years  later. 

It  was  doubtless  to  the  section  and 
information  furnished  by  Owen,  that 
James  Hall  o\ved  his  recognition  of 
the  southward  extension  of  the  Cin- 
cinnati axis  to  the  Nashville  region,* 
since  he  had  not  visited  the  region  in 
person. 

In  1846,  Loomis,  who  was  familiar 
with  much  of  the  New  York  section, 
identified  the  Ordovician,  Silurian  and 
Devonian  in  the  Harpeth  hills  with 
the  corresponding  formations  in  New 
York  on  the  basis  of  both  lithological 
auvl  paleontological  similarity. 

In  the  same  year  Carpenter  exploded  the  myth  or  hoax  that  the  gi- 
gantic fossil  man  18  feet  high,  then  on  exhibition  in  New  Orleans,  had 
recently  been  found  in  Tennessee  by  showing  that  it  was  merely  a por- 
tion of  the  remain  of  a mastodon  skilfully  arranged  and  appropriat<^ly 
restored. 

Lyell,  also  in  1846,  when  on  his  second  visit  to  the  United  States, 
passed  up  the  Mississippi  River  studying  the  alluvial  deposits  and  the  ef- 
fects of  the  New  Madrid  earthquakes  of  1811-12.  He  landed  at  New 
Madrid  and  examined  the  adjacent  region  in  Missouri,  but  did  not  cross 
into  Tennessee.  His  observations  on  the  bluffs  and  alluvial  plain  of  the 
Mississippi,  while  void  of  many  specific  references  to  this  State,  contain 
much  that  is  applicable  to  it. 

*Hall,  James,  /Issoc.  Amer.  Geol.  and  Nat.,  Trans.,  p.  288,  1843,  and  Geol.  N.  Y., 
Vol.  4,  p.  513,  1843. 


D.  D.  OWEN 


184 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


The  Decade  from  1850  to  1860. 

We  have  seen  that  in  matters  of  classification  Doctor  Troost  adhered 
strongly  to  the  old  terms,  Primary,  Transition  and  Secondary,  and  only 
toward  the  last  came  to  use  the  barbarous  new  terms  Carbrian  and  Silu- 
rian. lie  deprecated  so  strongly  the  use  of  local  geographic  terms  to 
designate  geological  formations,  tliac  he  would  neither  adopt  local  ones 
nor  use  the  New  York  ones  then  coming  into  vogue,  but  preferred  de- 
scriptive terms,  such  for  example,  as  the  blue  or  the  cliff  limestone,  the 
aluminous  slate  or  the  siliceous  stratum.  The  time  was  ripe,  however, 
for  the  adoption  of  a more  detailed  classification,  and,  whether  to  be 
deprecated  or  not,  the  trend  of  the  times  had  determined  that  this  classi- 
fication should  have  a geographic  terminology.  The  use  of  the  old  terms 
ended  with  Troost’s  death  in  1850,  and  a new  terminology  was  intro- 
duced the  succeeding  year  by  the  publication  of  an  article  in  the  American 
Journal  of  Science  on  the  Silurian  basin  of  Middle  Tennessee  by  James 
M.  Safford,  a young,  able  and  enthusiastic  geologist,  who  had  taken  the 
chair  of  natural  science  at  Cumberland  University  in  1848,  and  at  his  own 
expense  had  explored  the  Nashville  region  so  energetically  that  he  was 
able  in  the  above  article  to  classify,  describe  and  map  the  rocks  of  the 
Nashville  basin  in  essentially  the  manner  they  are  classified  today.  He 
recognized  the  Nashville  region  as  a basin  eroded  from  a low,  broad  dome, 
and  recognized  a marked  unconformity  between  the  black  shale  and  the 
Nashville  rocks.  The  oldest  of  these  rocks  he  called  the  Stone’s  River 
group;  next  came  the  Nashville,  and  each  of  these  had  three  subdivisions; 
then  the  Harpeth  limestone — our  Silurian  ; then  the  Black  shale ; and  final- 
ly the  Siliceous  group  with  two  subdivisions.  These  divisions  were  all 
based  on  both  lithological  and  paleontological  characters  and  lists  of  the 
fossils  characteristic  of  each  were  included.  This  paper  and  the  ac- 
companying map  evinced  an  unusual  amount  of  energy  as  well  as  great 
rapidity  and  clearness  of  grasp  of  stratigraphy  and  structure,  and  really 
marked  the  beginning  of  the  modern  era  in  Tennessee  geology. 

This  was  followed  by  Safiford’s  reading  a paper  at  the  Cleveland  meet- 
insf  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science  in  18c3, 
showing  by  paleontological  data  that  the  Stone’s  River  group  was  equiva- 
lent to  the  Black  River  group  of  New  York,  and  the  Nashville  group  to 
the  Hudson  group;  that  the  intervening  Trenton  group  of  New  York 
was  not  represented  about  Nashville  by  a distinct  scries  of  rocks,  but 
that  the  fossils  of  the  lower  Trenton  were  mingled  with  the  Stone’s 


GROWTH  OI^^  KNOWLEDGE  OE  TENN.  GEOr.OGY.  185 


JAMES  M.  SAFFORD 
Second  State  Geologist 


186 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


River  group  and  those  of  the  middle  and  upper  Trenton  with  the  Nash- 
ville group.  This  same  year  Salford’s  Silurian  basin  map  was  republished 
with  a brief  description  of  the  topography,  in  the  Southern  Journal  of 
Medical  and  Physical  Science. 

Meantime  James  Hall  at  the  Albany  meeting  of  the  American  Asso- 
ciation in  1851  called  attention  to  the  excellent  work  of  Saft’ord  in  Ten- 
nessee, and  to  the  Silurian  basin  article  and  map,  and  correlated  Safford’s 
divisions  with  the  New  York  ones  by  means  of  the  collections  of  fossils 
that  he  had  aided  Salford  in  determining.  The  cordial  relationship  thus 
early  established  between  Hall  and  Sallord  continued  unbroken  as  long  as 
they  lived. 

Salford  published  no  further  articles  until  his  first  report  as  State 
Geologist  was  rendered  to  the  Legislature  in  December,  1855.  Before 
sketching  the  work  of  the  Salford  Survey,  which  extended  nearly  to  the 
close  of  the  1860-1870  decade,  brief  notice  will  be  taken  of  the  contri- 
butions of  others  during  the  decade  from  1850  to  1860. 

Geological  maps  first  demand  a word.  Marcou  published  a geological 
map  of  North  America  in  1853,  which  the  writer  has  not  seen.  The 
Tennessee  portion  of  this  map  could  not  have  been  based  on  personal  ob- 
servations, since  Marcou  did  no  work  in  this  state,  but  must  have  had 
the  maps  of  Troost  and  Owen  as  its  sources.  Although  Salford’s  map  of 
the  Silurian  basin  of  Middle  Tennessee  had  been  published  in  1851,  and 
was  far  in  advance  of  any  other  mapping  that  has  previously  been  done 
in  the  State,  yet  it  seems  not  to  have  been  used  by  Marcou,  judging  by 
Hitchcock’s  geological  map  of  the  United  States,  published  in  1854,  which 
Marcou  claimed  had  been  taken  from  his  and  Maclure’s  map.  If  the 
Tennessee  portion  of  Hitchcock’s  map  is  taken  from  Marcou,  then  Mar- 
cou must  in  turn  have  himself  derived  his  Tennessee  data  from  Owen  for 
the  mapping  of  Tennessee  by  Hitchcock  — especially  in  the  peculiar 
curved  or  hooked  outline  given  the  formations  in  the  Harpeth  River  re- 
gion of  Middle  Tennessee  is  essentially  alike  that  of  Owen’s  map  of  1842. 

This  may  all  be  said  and  yet  cast  no  reflection  on  either  Hitchcock  or 
Marcou  since  all  compilers  of  general  maps  must  necessarily  depend  upon 
the  mapping  of  others  for  very  large  portions  at  least  of  the  area  covered. 
They  may  both  be  criticised,  however,  for  not  delineating  Middle  Ten- 
nessee as  Safford  had  mapped  it  in  1851  instead  of  as  Owen  had  mapped 
it  in  1842. 

Durir.g  several  decades  the  development  of  both  the  limonitic  iron 
ores  of  the  western  iron  belt  and  the  hematite  ores  of  the  eastern  part 
of  the  state  had  been  in  progress,  and  we  have  al really  noticed  the  state- 


(iROWTH  KNC)WI>1U)GK  Oh'  TENN.  GICOf.OGY.  187 


nicnt  made  by  Troosl  that  in  18vS5  there  were  twenty-seven  or  more  fur- 
naces and  forces  in  the  western  1)elt.  The  census  of  1<S40  ^^avc  d'ennes- 
sce  third  rank  in  tlic  United  States  in  iron  production.  Jn  1849  there 
were  reported  forty-seven  furnaces  and  ninety-two  Ijloomarics  and  roll- 
ing mills  in  the  State.  With  an  annual  output  of  30,200  tons  of  pig  iron, 
according  to  the  census  of  1850,  the  State  then  held  fifth  rank  in  iron 
production.  This  production  increased  steadily  until  the  Civil  War.  In 
1854  it  was  some  40,300  tons,  worth  $2,000,000,  and  in  1856  was  esti- 
mated at  about  50,000  tons.  These  furnaces  were  all  small,  as  they  were 
everywhere  at  that  time.  Practically  all  of  this  iron  was  made  with 
charcoal,  and  had  a wide  reputation  for  exceptional  strength  and  tough- 
ness. 

The  first  important  development  of  the  Ducktown  copper  deposits  be- 
gan in  1850,  although  the  first  discovery  had  been  made  about  1843,  when 
searching  for  placer  gold,  and  a trial  shipment  of  90  casks  of  black  cop- 
per ore  had  been  made  to  Boston  in  1847.  An  unsuccessful  attempt  had 
also  been  made  in  1847-8  to  use  the  gossan  of  the  copper  vein  for  iron 
production,  but  it  was  found  to  be  red  short  and  worthless.  By  1853 
the  production  of  copper  had  attracted  general  attention,  and  geologists 
were  attracted  to  the  region  to  study  and  report  on  the  ore  deposits. 
Among  these,  J.  D.  Whitney  and  W.  P.  Blake  visited  the  region  in  1853, 
and  Whitney  describes  the  rocks  as  highly  metamorphosed  schists  and 
the  copper-bearing  veins  as  weathered  above  ground  water  level,  the  cop- 
pjer  leached  out  of  the  gossan  by  surface  waters  and  carried  down  and 
deposited  in  concentrated  form  as  the  rich  black  ore  found  at  water  level, 
while  below  this  the  vein  consisted  of  unchanged  sulphides.  This  Duck- 
town  copper  deposit  thus  early  described  by  Whitney  has  become  a class- 
ic example  of  surficial  weathering  and  enrichment  at  ground  water  level. 
This  description  was  also  embodied  in  1854  in  his  Metallic  JVcalth  of  the 
United  States. 

In  1855,  Tuomey,  after  visiting  the  Ducktown  region,  concluded  that 
the  rich  black  copper  ores  were  derived  not  from  lean  sulphides,  such 
as  those  found  below  ground  water  level,  but  from  a rich  copper  sulphide 
that  he  thought  had  existed  in  the  u])per  weathered  part  of  the  vein,  and 
thought  that  similar  pockets  of  rich  sulphides  might  be  found  at  greater 
depths.  Pie  failed  entirely  to  recognize  concentration  as  having  played 
any  part  in  the  changes  that  had  occurred.  Whitney  took  exception  to 
one  of  Tuomey’s  statements,  and  in  an  article  a few  months  later  in  the 
American  J o'nrnal  of  Science,  repeats  very  fully  and  clearly  his  belief  in 
■weathering  and  concentration  as  responsible  for  the  enrichment  at  ground 


188 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


water  level.  These  Ducktowii  deposits  of  rich  black  copper  oxide  were 
probably  the  first  ores  in  this  country  to  be  recognized  as  due  to  second- 
ary enrichment  and  the  clear  recognition  of  this  process  as  an  important 
factor  in  the  formation  of  ore  deposits  it  would  seem  should  be  credited 
to  Whitney. 

A history  of  the  copper  discovery  and  development  at  Ducktown,  with 
a description  of  the  geology  and  ore  deposits,  was  given  in  the  Southern 
Journal  of  Medical  and  Physical  Science  in  1855,  by  Currey  and  Proctor.  '" 

In  the  winter  of  1854-5  Ansted  made  an  examination  of  the  copper 
region,  and  in  1857  described  the  veins  and  the  enclosing  country  rock  in 
the  Quarterly  Journal  of  the  Geological  Society  of  London.  He  thought 
that,  independently  of  direct  aqueous  action,  the  veins  were  filled  by 
chemical  force  by  segregation  from  the  country  rock  or  below  and  con- 
cluded that  the  black  copper  came  in  by  a different  and  subsequent  action 
from  that  which  formed  the  lower  sulphides,  and  hence  is  not  the  de- 
composed derivative  of  the  present  sulphides. 

In  1859  Shepard  made  a report  on  the  Ducktown  region.  From  it  we 
learn  that  they  were  then  roasting  and  smelting  the  sulphide  ores  and 
producing  a 40  to  50  per  cent  matte  for  shipment.  The  fumes  from  the 
roasting  pens  were  killing  the  vegetation.  The  mine  waters  were  being 
run  over  scrap  iron  for  the  recovery  of  their  copper  content.  The  re- 
port contains  nothing  new  concerning  the  geology  or  ore  deposit. 

Just  as  there  was  much  activity  in  iron  and  copper  production  from 
1850  to  1860,  so  there  was  a marked  increase  in  coal  production  during 
this  decade.  Kain,  it  will  be  remembered,  said  in  1819,  that  coal  was 
then  mined  near  Knoxville,  but  was  used  only  in  forges,  so  great  was 
the  abundance  of  wood.  The  next  specific  reference  is  in  1835,  in  Troost’s 
third  report,  pages  4 and  5,  where  he  says : ‘^A  few  miles  east  from 
Pikeville,  in  Bledsoe  and  Rhea  counties,  are  several  outcrops  of  coal, 
some  of  which  are  opened  and  furnish  the  coal  for  several  of  the  black- 

*Ciirrey  had  been  a pupil  and  was  later  a voluntary  field  assistant  of  Troost, 
and  although  a physician,  had  retained  an  interest  in  geology.  He  was  then  editor 
of  the  above  mentioned  journal,  and  was  writing  for  it  a series  of  articles  on  the 
geology  of  the  state  that  were  later  to  appear  in  book  form,  as  we  shall  see  pres- 
ently. Proctor  was  state  assayer,  and  in  this  capacity  had  become  familiar  with 
the  deposits  and  developments  at  Ducktown,  and  both  Currey  and  Safford  ac- 
knowledged their  indebtedness  to  him  for  information  on  the  copper  region.  Saf- 
ford credits  him  with  the  data  on  which  he  based  the  map  of  the  region  published 
as  an  inset  on  Salford’s  first  geological  map  of  the  State.  Aside  from  this  we 
know  nothing  else  of  Proctor  nor  of  how  long  the  office  of  state  assayer  was 
maintained. 


GROWTH  OR  KNOWLKDGIC  OF  TICNN.  GKOl.OGY.  189 


smiths’  shops  of  Wasliington,  Rikcvillc  and  surrounding  country.  Con- 
tinuing on  Walden’s  ridge  from  these  coal  banks  in  a direction  from 
southwest  to  northeast,  we  find  several  beds,  one  lately  opened  by  Mr. 
Gillenwaters,  and  another  near  the  turnpike  road  from  Kingston  to  the 
Crab-orchard  belonging  to  Mr.  J.  Kimbrow.  They  are  worked  at  present, 
and  the  coal  transferred  to  New  Orleans  by  boats,  which  are  loaded  in 
the  Tennessee  River,  wdiich  is  only  three  miles  from  the  coal  bank.” 
Again  he  says : “In  Fentress  County  several  pits  have  been  opened  by 
General  Rodgers,  who  sent  the  coal  down  the  Obey  and  Cumberland 
rivers.” 

Mining  must  have  continued  regularly  at  Gillenwaters’  and  at  Kim- 
brow’s,  for  in  his  ninth  report,  published  in  1848,  Troost  says  the  coal 
from  these  places  was  highly  esteemed  on  the  Mississippi  steamboats  as  a 
steam  coal,  and  in  New  Orleans  as  a gas  coal.  It  is  probable  that  the 
shipment  of  coal  down  the  Cumberland  from  Fentress  County  was  not 
found  profitable  and  was  soon  abandoned,  as  Safiford  says  in  his  first 
report,  presently  to  be  described,  that  21,428  tons  were  brought  down  the 
Cumberland  from  Kentucky  in  1854,  but  makes  no  mention  of  Tennessee 
production  being  shipped  down  the  river. 

Although  coal  mining,  as  we  thus  see,  had  become  established  before 
1850,  yet  it  was  confined  to  a very  few  places,  and  the  production  was 
small  and  subject  to  much  variation.  The  general  outlines  of  the  coal- 
bearing area  of  the  state  had  been  made  known  by  Troost,  but  no  W'Ork 
had  been  done  either  to  determine  the  number  of  coal  seams  at  any  given 
place  or  to  trace  the  areal  extent  of  any  given  bed,  so  that  Whitney  says 
in  1854  in  his  Metallic  Wealth  of  the  United  States  that  scarcely  any- 
thing practical  is  known  of  the  coal  fields  of 
Tennessee.  In  1854  the  ])roduction  of  coal  in 
Tennessee  was  only  8,300  tons. 

Lesley  in  an  article  on  the  Cumberland  coal 
fields  in  Tennessee  in  1855,  called  attention  to 
the  coal  in  the  Sewanee-Tracy  City  region,  and 
gave  details  of  sections  at  several  places  where 
coal  was  mined  for  local  use.  He  had  proba- 
bly investigated  that  region  for  the  Sewanee 
Mining-  Company,  which  had  been  organized  in 
1854,  and  soon  began  the  construction  of  a 
branch  railroad  from  Cowan  up  the  mountain 
to  Sewanee,  over  which  they  began  shipping 
coal  in  June,  1855.  The  completion  of  the 
Nashville  and  Chattanooga  railroad  in  1854  led  to  the  opening  about 
this  same  time  of  coal  mines  in  the  Raccoon  Mountains  near  Chattanooga, 


190 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


and  ihe  increase  in  coal  mining  was  so  great  that  Safford  estimated  the 
production  in  1855  at  20,784  tons. 

In  1859  Buckley  published  the  results  of  his  barometric  measurements 
of  the  elevations  of  a number  of  high  peaks  on  the  North  Carolina-Ten- 
nessee  line,  made  in  1858,  and  added  the  elevations  of  a number  of  other 
points  determined  by  Guyot  in  1856.  This  was  probably  the  earliest 
barometric  work  of  any  consequence  within  the  state. 

Shortly  after  Doctor  Troost’s  death  efforts  were  made  to  reestablish 
the  geological  survey  as  an  aid  in  developing  the  mineral  resources  of 
the  state  to  which  much  attention  was  then  being  directed,  as  has  been 
seen  from  the  sketches  given  of  the  iron,  copper,  and  coal  development. 

Doctor  Richard  O.  Currey  wrote  with  this  purpose  in  view  a series  of 
articles  that  were  published  in  the  NasJwillc  Banner  in  1853,  and  later 
formed  tlie  basis  of  a more  extensive  series  of  articles  published  in  his 
Southern  Journal  of  the  Medieal  and  Physieal  Seiences  at  intervals  from 
1854  to  1857  and  then  republished  in  book  form. 

When  the  Legislature  reestablished  the  geological  survey  in  1854, 
Doctor  Currey  was  a candidate  for  the  position  of  state  geologist,  and  in 
furthering  his  candidacy  had  prepared  and  published  a geological  map 
of  the  state.  This  map  is  probably  exceedingly  rare,  as  it  was  issued 
with  Currey \s  Journal,  which  had  but  a limited  circulation.  It  is  not  gen- 
erally known,  as  Marcou  does  not  list  it  in  his  Mapoteea  Geologiea  Ameri- 
cana, and  the  only  two  copies  the  writer  has  ever  seen  are  in  the  geologi- 
cal library  at  \’anderbilt  Lhiiversity.  In  it  all  of  West  Tennessee,  except 
tlie  Alississippi  River  alluvium,  is  regarded  as  Cretaceous.  In  Middle 
Tennessee  the  outlines  of  the  pre-  and  post-Devonian  formations  are 
traced  with  considerable  accuracy,  and  the  coal  area  is  given.  In  East 
Tennessee,  the  formations  recognized  are  the  Devonian,  Upper  and  Low- 
er Silurian,  iNletamorphic  and  Primary,  all  of  which  are  represented  in 
the  accom])anying  section,  as  dipping  uniformly  to  the  southeast  and  re- 
peated by  faulting.  The  chief  advance  when  compared  to  Troost’s  map 
was  in  the  better  representation  of  Middle  Tennessee,  where  in  1851, 
Saff'ord  had  outlined  the  geology  of  his  Silurian  basin.  Wdien  Curiey 
republished  his  geology  in  book  form  in  1857,  it  is  of  interest  to  note  his 
frank  endorsement  of  tlie  geological  map  of  the  state  that  had  meanwhile 
lieen  published  by  his  successful  rival  for  the  position  of  state  geologist 
by  saying  in  his  preface,  “Professor  Safford  has  published  an  excellent 
ma])  to  accompany  his  First  Report,  which,  by  his  kindness,  I am  ])er- 
rnitted  to  obtain  for  insertion  in  the  present  volume.” 

Currey  descrilied  the  general  geology  and  structure  of  the  State  very 


GROWTH  KNOWLICDGIC  OI^'  TKNN.  GI<:OI.OGY.  191 


niiich  I'roiii  the  stan(l])()int  Doctor  Troosl  liad  done.  The  main  ])ortioii 
of  the  work,  however,  was  devoted  to  the  economic  mineral  resources  of 
the  state. 

In  Febrnarv,  1854,  tlie  General  Assembly  reestablished  the  state  ^eo- 
looical  survey,  and  in  March,  Rrof.  James  M.  Salford,  of  Gnmhcrland 
University,  was  elected  State  Geologist,  lie  at  once  obtained  leave  of 
absence  from  the  university  and  entered  upon  the  active  discharge  of  his 
duties.  He  had  for  four  years  or  more,  at  his  own  expense,  spent  his  vaca- 
tions traveling  over  the  state  studying  its  geology,  and  had  published  his 
hist  article  as  has  been  seen  in  1851.  In  December,  1855,  he  submitted 
his  first  biennial  report.  It  was  a geological  reconnoissance  of  the  entire 
state,  and  showed  that  its  author  had  already  gained  a remarkably  clear 
insight  into  the  intricacies  of  the  structure  and  formations  of  the  state. 
It  also  exhibited  the  well  balanced  proportion  and  slear  insight  that  was 
characteristic  of  his  later  and  larger  work. 

The  first  chapter  set  forth  the  objects  and  utility  of  the  survey,  and 
the  second  gave  a concise  topographic  description  of  the  state.  Then 
followed  the  main  portion  of  the  report  devoted  to  the  economic  geology 
of  the  state  in  which  were  discussed  the  occurrence  of  iron,  copper,  lead, 
zinc,  gold,  silver  and  aluminum — the  “new  metab’ — , coal,  lignite,  marble, 
marl,  salt,  cement  rock,  roofing  slate  and  other  materials  too  numerous 
to  mention.  Then  followed  a chapter  on  the  geological  structure  of  the 
state  in  which  the  complex  folding  and  faulting  of  East  Tennessee,  and 
the  effects  of  erosion  there  and  elsewhere  in  the  State,  were  clearly  de- 
scribed. A final  chapter  was  devoted  to  the  geological  formations  of  the 
State,  with  their  great  range  from  ancient  gneisses  and  schists  to  recent 
alluvium. 

In  its  quick  grasp,  admirable  balance  and  due  proportion,  this  report 
of  only  164  pages,  covering  the  entire  state,  and  rendered  less  than  two 
years  after  the  beginning  of  official  work,  has  rarely  been  equalled.  Merrill 
pays  it  high  tribute  by  saying:*  “This  report  shows  on  the  part  of  Saf- 
ford  a thorough  insight  into  the  intricacies  of  the  structure  of  the  state 
and  an  ability  to  grasp  the  salient  features  and  master  the  broader  prob- 
lems in  a manner  perhaps  not  realized  by  many  of  his  contemporaries  and 
successors.”  This  report  was  accompanied  by  a geological  map  of  the 
state  printed  in  black  and  white,  and  showing  by  a system  of  numbers 
or  names,  the  fourteen  formations  that  he  had  discriminated.  The  scale 
was  12  miles  to  the  inch,  with  an  inset  map  of  the  copper  region  on  a 
scale  of  to  the  inch.  A section  east  and  west  across  the  state 

gave  a clear  idea  of  the  structure,  and  the  map  as  a whole  gave  a good 
idea  of  the  surface  geology,  though  the  later  edition  of  the  map  issued 

*:v]enill,  G.  P.,  Rept.  U.  S.  Naf.  Mns.,  for  1904,  p.  458. 


192 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


with  the  1869  report  contained  much  additional  information,  especially  as 
regards  the  smaller  details  of  structure. 

The  second  biennial  report  rendered  in  1857  was  merely  a report  of 
progress  consisting  of  eleven  pages.  The  two  years  since  rendering  the 
first  report  had  been  spent  filling  in  details  in  the  broad  outline  sketched 
in  that  first  report.  This  detailed  work  was  not  yet  finished,  and  until 
it  had  been,  it  was  not  advisable  to  attempt  a final  report.  This  brief 
report  was  the  subject  of  caustic  criticism  by  Doctor  Currey  in  the  No- 
vember, 1857,  number  of  his  Journal.  The  criticism  is  explained  by  the 
first  marginal  annotation  penciled  by  Safford  in  his  copy  of  the  Journal, 
which  is  as  follows : ^'This  ebullition  of  temper  took  place  immediately 
after  the  editor’s  defeat  in  the  Legislature  by  ‘Safford’ — hence  his  ire  and 
misrepresentations.”  Other  annotations  show  that  Safford  was  amused 
rather  than  offended  by  the  editorial.  The  ebullition,  indeed,  seems  to 
have  spent  itself  before  the  editorial  was  finished,  for  its  concluding 
sentence  is,  “But  the  present  State  Geologist  deserves  credit  for  his  sys- 
tematic arrangement  of  this  work,  and  for  his  accurate  map  of  the  ge- 
ology of  Tennessee,  and  trustingl}^  we  look  forward  two  years  to  a re- 
port that  will  contribute  to  the  wealth  of  the  state.”  The  incident  passed 
without  affecting  the  friendship  of  the  two  men. 

The  third  biennial  report  was  rendered  in  1859  and  like  its  predeces- 
sor, was  a brief  statement  of  progress  only.  He  estimated  that  a final 
report,  the  first  hundred  pages  of  which  had  already  been  prepared, 
would  require  about  a year's  additional  time  for  completion.  This  work 
was  prosecuted  vigorously,  and  part  one,  discussing  the  physical  geog- 
raphy of  the  state,  and  embracing  the  first  125  pages  of  the  final  report, 
had  been  printed  hi  1861,  when  the  Civil  War  stopped  the  publication, 
and  the  completed  report  did  not  appear  until  1869.  Consideration  of 
it  will  be  postponed  until  other  publications  that  preceded  it  have  been 
noted. 

Safford  contributed  a short  note  to  the  American  Journal  of  Science 
in  1858,  calling  attention  to  an  important  unconformity  in  Middle  Ten- 
nessee between  the  Ordovician  and  the  Devonian,  caused  by  the  exist- 
ence in  that  region  during  Upper  Silurian  and  Lower  Devonian  time  of 
an  island  of  low-domed  shape  and  structure,  and  the  next  year  in  anoth.er 
brief  article  in  the  same  Journal,  announced  that  the  shape  of  the  marble 
and  some  of  the  other  formations  of  East  Tennessee  showed  that  they 
were  deposited  in  long,  narrow  troughs,  whose  existence  indicated  that 
Appalachian  folding  had  been  initiated  in  the  Silurian.  This  idea  has 
received  strong  confirmation  in  recent  years  from  studies  made  in  the 
region  liy  various  paleontologists,  some  of  whom  were  evidently  igno- 
rant of  tiiis  early  work  of  Safford,  as  may  be  seen  by  reference  to  page 
216. 


GROWTH  OF  KNOWr.EDGli:  OF  TJ^:NN.  GKOl.OGY.  193 


The  several  railway  surveys  made  l)etwccii  1850  and  1860  fiirnislied 
the  elevation  of  many  points,  and  furnished  bases  from  which  otluT 
])oints  might  readily  he  determined.  Professor  Guyot,  who  had  been  in- 
terested for  some  years  in  determining  elevations  in  the  northern  Appa- 
lachians, began  similar  work  in  1856  in  the  Southern  Appalachians,  and 
determined  the  elevation  of  a number  of  gaps  and  peaks  along  the  Ten- 
nessee line.  Some  of  these  were  published  in  the  Asheville  and  other 
local  newspapers,  and  are  given  by  Buckley  in  1859  along  with  determi- 
nations made  by  himself  in  1858.  Guyot  published  his  elevations  in  the 
American  Journal  of  Science  in  1861  with  a map  of  the  region  that  un- 
fortunately was  on  a scale  too  small  to  be  of  more  than  general  value. 

Lesquereiix  published  in  1859  descriptions 
of  some  fossil  plants  collected  by  Safford 
near  Summerville  and  thought  to  be  of  Plio- 
cene age,  and  ten  years  later  published  de- 
scriptions of  other  plants  from  the  Tertiary 
of  West  Tennessee. 

Decade  From  1860  To  1870. 

In  the  few  years  immediately  preceding 
and  following  the  Civil  War  numerous  min- 
ing schemes  were  launched,  and  the  prospect- 
us for  each  usually  contained  a geological 
report  on  the  property.  In  Tennessee  these 
were  usually  zinc,  copper,  coal  or  iron  proj- 
ects before  the  war,  but  just  after  it  most  of  the  reports  were  on  oil  and 
gas  lands.  These  numerous  reports  rarely  contained  anything  of  general 
geological  value,  and  most  of  the  projects  were  ill  advised  and  amounted 
to  nothing. 

From  1860  to  1865,  and  later,  a number  of  articles  appeared  on  the 
Taconic  controversy,  and  usually  reference  was  made  to  Tennessee,  es- 
pecially to  the  Ocoee  series  of  Salford’s  first  report,  but  as  they  con- 
tributed no  new  facts  and  settled  no  controverted  points,  further  refer- 
ence to  them  here  is  unnecessary. 

Flumphreys  and  Abbott’s  Physics  and  Hydraulics  of  the  Mississippi 
River,  and  Foster’s  Mississippi  Valley,  deserve  mention  as  discussing 
matters  pertaining  to  Tennessee  in  common  with  other  states  in  the  Mis- 
sippi  Valley,  but  since  they  in  no  way  pertain  solely  to  Tennessee  they 
need  no  detailed  discussion. 

In  1860  Hilgard  published  a report  on  the  geology  of  Mississippi  that 
contained  much  of  importance  to  the  student  of  West  Tennessee  geology. 
In  Alississippi  the  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  formation  are  more  clearly 


LEO  LESQUEREUX 


194 


RESOURCES  OE  TENNESSEE. 


differentiated,  both  in  their  fossil  contents  and  in  their  lithological  char- 
acter than  they  are  in  West  Tennessee,  so  that  Mississippi  becomes  a 
vantage  ground  from  which  to  attack  the  problems  presented  by  these 
formation  in  Tennessee.  Ililgard  a(lo])ted  Safford’s  term.  Orange  sand, 

but  used  it  in  a much  narrower  sense  than 
Safford  had  in  his  first  biennial  report.  As 
used  by  Ililgard  it  was  synonymous  with 
what  is  now  known  as  the  Lafayette,  a forma- 
tion that  is  widespread  in  its  occurrence  in 
northern  Mississippi  and  West  Tennessee,  but 
is  of  so  puzzling  a character  that  it  has  not 
only  caused  much  difference  of  opinion,  but 
has  even  led  a recent  writer  to  deny  its 
existence  at  certain  places,  such  as  LaGrange, 
Tenn.,  where  in  reality  it  is  well  developed 
and  should  be  readily  discriminated. 

liilgard  regarded  it  as  of  Quaternary  age, 
E.  W.  HILGARD  and  in  1866  returned  to  the  problem  of  the 

origin  of  the  Orange  sand  and  other  later  bluff'  and  terrace  formations 
in  an  article  in  the  American  Journal  of  Science,  in  which  he  adopted 
Tuomey's  idea  that  they  were  the  result  of  the  erosion,  transportation 
and  deposition  caused  by  the  sudden  melting  of  the  northern  ice.  Since 
then  Hilgard  and  others  have  turned  repeatedly  to  the  problem,  and  yet 
the  origin  of  the  Lafayette  is  still  a puzzle. 

Saff'ord  published  in  the  American  Journal  of  Science  in  1860  a note 
calling  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  Calceola  found  in  West  Tennessee 
is  in  the  Silurian,  while  the  European  species,  with  which  it  is  usually 
considered  identical,  is  in  the  Devonian.  He  named  the  Tennessee  spe- 
cies Calceola  Americana. 

In  1862,  Lesley  presented  before  the  American  Philosophical  Society 
'a  paper  on  the  structure  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains  f in  which  he 
conceived  the  Appalachian  ^Tountains  of  the  Great  Valley  region  of 
southwest  Virginia  and  East  Tennessee  to  be  grouped  in  pairs  by  great 
faults  that  extend  for  three  or  four  hundred  miles,  and  had  fractured 
the  rocks  into  parallel  strips  five  to  six  miles  wide.  Each  strip  is  tilted, 
to  the  southeast  so  that  the  upper  edge  of  one  strip  with  Carboniferous 
rocks  abuts  against  the  under  and  Lower  Silurian  edge  of  the  next  strip, 
and  as  each  strip  has  two  hard  sandstone  horizons  whose  upturned  edges 
resist  erosion  more  than  the  intervening  rocks,  they  stand  out  as  a pair 
of  mountain  ridges,  and  the  Great  Valley  will  have  as  many  pairs  of 

*Berry,  E.  W.,  Jour,  of  Gcol,  Vol.  19,  pp.  249-256,  1911. 

^Lesley,  J.  P.,  Aiucr.  Philos.  Soc.  Proc.,  Vol.  9,  pp.  30-38,  1865. 


GROWTH  OF  KNOWi:iH)GIC  OF  TENN,  CRYOLOGY.  Ids 


parallel  iiiounlains  as  lliere  are  parallel  fault  stri])s.  "J'his  c()iice])lion 
may  he  measurably  eorreet  for  southwest  Yiri^iiiia,  but  must  not  be 
I)ushe(l  too  far  for  Ifast  Teuuessee,  where  the  tilted  blocks  iuclude  only 
exceptionally  any  Carbouiferous  rocks,  and  where  the  mountains  are  not 
always  in  ])airs  in  each  fault  strip,  nor  are  the  fault  strips  so  long  or  so 
regularly  spaced  as  the  article  would  lead  one  to  believe. 

In  1847  Ferdinand  Roemer,  a German,  who  had  spent  some  two  years 
studying  the  geology  of  Texas,  stopped  as  he  returned,  in  Nashville  to 
see  Doctor  Troost,  and  was  so  strongly  attracted  by  his  collection  of 
Upper  Silurian  fossils  from  the  glades  of  Decatur  and  Perry  counties 
that  he  spent  some  weeks  in  these  counties  collecting  fossils.  These 
were  taken  to  Germany  with  him  and  were  the  subject  of  an  illustrated 
monograph  in  1860 — Die  Silurische  Fauna  des  Wcstichen  Tennessee — • 
in  which  numerous  species,  especially  of  fossd  sponges,  were  described 
and  illustrated,  and  the  correlation  of  the  fauna  with  that  of  other  re- 
gions in  America  and  Europe  discussed.  Saft'ord,  in  1861,  published  a 
brief  article  in  the  American  Journal  of  Science,  calling  attention  to  the 
fact  that  the  fauna  described  by  Roemer  was  not  the  only  one  occurring 
in  the  glade  region,  and  giving  a detailed  section  of  the  rocks  of  these 
counties.  This  work  of  Roemer  lias  been  largely  instrumental  in  makings 
the  Silurian  of  Decatur  and  Perry  counties  classic  ground  for  the  fossil 
hunter,  and  its  sponges  are  now  known  the  world  over. 

Safford  published,  in  1864,  in  the  American  Journal  of  Science,  an 
article  on  the  Cretaceous  and  later  formations  of  West  Tennessee,  in 
which  he  classifies  and  describes  these  formations  as  he  does  in  his  Ge- 
ology of  Tennessee,  published  in  1869. 

In  1865  the  U.  S.  Coast  Survey  published  its  first  set  of  determina- 
tions of  geographic  positions  in  Tennessee. 

In  1866,  in  an  article  on  the  geological  position  of  petroleum  reser- 
voirs in  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  Safford  showed  that  oil  had  been  ob- 
tained from  Mississippian,  Devonian,  Silurian,  and  Ordovician ' rocks,, 
the  upper  part  of  the  Ordovician  being  the  greatest  producer. 

In  1868,  Bokum,  as  Commissioner  of  Immigration,  published  a smad 
Tennessee  handbook  designed  to  attract  immigrants  and  gave  in  it  a, 
brief,  but  good,  resume  of  the  minerals  and  soils  of  the  state. 

Safford’s  Geology  of  Tennessee,  whose  publication  had  been  delayed 
first  by  the  Civil  War  and  later  by  the  prostration  that  followed  it,  finally 
appeared  in  1869.  A statement  from  Safford  to  the  Legislature  in  1866 
as  to  the  status  of  the  report  shows  that  its  preparation  had  been  ar- 
rested at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  after  the  first  124  pages  had 
been  jirinted  and  several  illustrations  had  been  prepared.  It  was  an  oc- 
tavo of  550  pages  with  eight  plates  of  fossils  and  a colored  geological 


196 


RESOURCES  OE  TENNESSEE. 


map  of  the  State.  Part  1 was  devoted  to  the  physical  geography  of  the 
state,  in  which,  after  a brief  description  of  the  honndaries  and  climate, 
there  was  a detailed  discussion  of  the  features  of  each  of  the  great  natu- 
ral divisions  of  the  state.  This  part  occupied  the  first  125  pages,  and  the 
next  |)art  occupied  pages  127  to  4-16.  This  latter  was  the  main  part  of 
the  report  and  was  devoted  to  a discussion  of  the  geological  structure 
and  formations  of  the  state.  The  next  part,  occupying  pages  446  to  522, 
was  devoted  to  minerals  and  rocTs  of  special  use,  while  the  concluding 
part,  pages  523  to  532,  discussed  the  soils  and  agricultural  features  of 
the  state.  Appended  to  the  section  on  the  geological  formations  was  a 
brief  report  by  A.  Winchell  on  some  fossils  found  immediately  above  the 
Devonian  black  shale  and  considered  by  him  to  be  of  Kinderhook  age. 
Safford  appended  at  the  end  of  the  volume  a brief  note  on  certain  fos- 
sils, especially  tetradium,  a description  of  some  four  species  of  which 
he  had  published  in  the  American  Journal  of  Science  in  1856. 

It  is  a well  rounded,  well  balanced  and  eminently  sane  and  clear  cut 
presentation  of  the  geology  of  the  state  and  of  its  economic  resources 
as  they  veere  known  at  the  time  of  its  preparation,  now  some  sixty  years 
ago.  The  writer  knows  no  similar  sized  single  volume  on  the  geology 
of  any  state  written  either  at  that  time  or  since  that  is  the  equal  of  Saf- 
ford’s  work,  and  the  general  stratigraphic  and  structural  features  worked 
out  by  him  without  the  aid  of  maps  have  stood  remarkably  well  the  test 
of  modern  detailed  investigation  and  mapping.  His  work  necessarily 
could  not  go  into  details  and  give  the  specific  information  that  property 
owners  and  investors  require  today  and  obviously  could  not  discuss  such 
deposits  as  the  blue,  white,  brown  or  nodular  phosphates  or  the  bauxites, 
the  existence  of  which  were  not  known  at  that  time.  It  was  unfortunate 
in  appearing  at  a time  when  our  people  were  still  exhausted  from  the 
war  and  heavily  burdened  by  debt,  so  that  the  development  of  our  min- 
eral resources,  as  of  everything  else,  was  then  a slow  and  difficult  process. 
This  report  has,  nevertheless,  exerted  a ver}^  great  influence  in  the  indus- 
trial development  of  the  state,  especially  directing  pointed  attention  to 
•cur  coal  and  iron  resources.  Many  of  the  subsequent  articles  on  Ten- 
nessee geology  liaA^e  been  largely  or  wholly  compiled  from  this  work  of 
Safierd. 

Although  it  is  impossible  to  discuss  here  even  briefly  the  detailed 
contents  of  this  report,  two  topics,  the  Orange  sand  and  the  Ocoee,  need 
mention.  The  term  Orange  sand  was  used  by  Safford  in  1855  in  his  first 
report  to  include  all  of  the  Cretaceous,  most  of  the  Tertiary  and  the  Ea- 
fayette  of  West  Tennessee.  We  have  already  seen  that  Hilgard  adopted 
the  term  Orange  sand  and  used  it  for  what  we  now  know  as  Lafayette. 
Safford,  in  his  1869  volume,  restricted  the  term  Orange  sand  to  the  middle 


ClROWTIl  OF  KNOWLia)GF  i)U  TKNN.  GKOl.OGY.  197 


or  LaClraiii^c  mcnihcr  of  ihe  Tertiary.  (3thcr  writers  have  also  used  the 
term  in  various  senses,  and  so  mneh  confusion  has  tlierehy  arisen  tliat 
by  common  consent  the  term  has  been  dropped.  FTr  a history  of  the 
varying  uses  see  Milgard  and  Safford’s  article  in  V'olnme  VJII  of  die 
American  Geologist. 

The  second  term,  the  Ocoee,  was  introduced  by  Safford  in  his  first 
report  to  designate  certain  very  old,  highly  metamorphic  rocks  near  the 
North  Carolina  line  that  have  been  assigned  by  the  numerous  geologists 
who  have  since  studied  them  to  practically  all  ages  from  Archean  lo 
Carboniferous,  and  the  real  age  of  at  least  the  lower  part  is  probably 
shout  as  indeterminate  now  as  it  ever  was. 

The  geological  map  accompanying  the  report  was  along  the  same 
general  lines  as  the  author’s  map  of  1855,  but  shows  much  improvement 
in  the  working  out  of  details.  It  has  been  reprinted  many  times  by  the 
Agricultural  Department  of  the  state  and  by  the  Industrial  Bureau  of 
the  Nashville,  Chattanooga  & St.  Louis  Railway.  It  is  still  the  only  geo- 
logical map  of  the  state,  though  new  more  than  forty  years  old. 

Some  of  the  plates  originally  contemplated  for  Safford’s  report  were 
never  published,  as  may  be  seen  from  the  double  designation,  first  by 
letters  not  in  complete  sequence  and  later  by  numbers,  of  the  plates  in 
the  report  as  issued.  Some  additional  illustrations  had  been  prepared  be- 
fore the  war  stopped  the  work,  and  the  writer  has  the  only  copy  of  the 
report  he  has  ever  seen  with  the  panoramic  views  facing  pages  40  and  66, 
described  in  footnotes  on  these  pages,  but  lacking  in  the  copies  usually 
seen. 

The  Decade  From  1870  To  1880. 

This  decade  saw  a gradual  resumption  and  extension  of  mining  ac-  I 
tivities  in  tlie  state.  Most  of  the  geological  work  of  the  period  was  in 
the  sliape  of  reports  on  mineral  properties  made  for  private  parties,  most 
of  which  were  never  published.  No  geological  survey  was  maintained 
by  the  state,  but  the  Bureau  of  Agriculture,  under  the  guidance  of  Col. 

J.  B.  Killebrew,  issued  a number  of  reports  setting  forth  the  mineral  re- 
sources of  the  State  as  we  shall  see  presently,  after  noticing  the  earlier 
publications  of  other  workers  during  the  decade. 

Worthen,  in  1870,  announced  his  belief  that  the  upper  Silurian  of 
West  Tennessee  contained  a mingling  of  Niagara  and  Lower  Llelderberg 
fossils  and  that  the  latter  term  should  be  dropped. 

The  next  year  Hilgard  read  before  the  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science,  a paper  on  the  geological  history  of  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  that  was  full  of  interesting  and  suggestive  points,  whether 
one  agrees  or  not  with  his  belief  that  the  Gulf  may  have  been  isolated 
from  the  Atlantic  during  the  whole  or  a part  of  the  period  between  the 


198 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


Vicksburg-  and  tlic  Champlain.  His  discussion  of  the  loess  and  alluvium, 
and  of  general  conditions  in  the  Embaymcnt  region  during  the  time  just 
indicated  was  especially  good.  In  1879  Hilgard  expressed  his  belief  that 
the  loess  with  which  he  was  familiar  in  the  Mississip]n  Valley,  was  of 
aqueous  not  aeolian  origin. 

In  1871  Winchell  assembled  an  im- 
posing array  of  data  on  the  correla- 
tion of  the  Marshall  or  Waverly 
group,  and  concluded  that  instead  of 
being  the  equivalent  of  the  Chemung 
it  w^as  later  and  of  Sub-carboniferous 
age,  and  thought  that  the  fossils  from 
its  base  given  him  by  Safford  for 
study  would  prove  to  belong  to  the 
Kinderhook. 

During  the  first  half  of  this  decade 
Lesley  made  a report  for  private  par- 
ties on  a number  of  tracts  of  land  in 
the  coal  fields  and  in  the  eastern  iron 
region.  Some  of  these  reports,  such 
as  the  one  on  the  Embree  iron  region, 
were  published,  others  on  coal  areas 
that  were  not  published  are  quoted  from  at  some  length  by  Killebrew  as 
will  be  noted  hereafter.  In  his  article  on  a fault  at  Embree  furnace,  Les- 
le}',  describes  the  ores  and  the  geology  and  structure  and  predicts  that 
coke  must  soon  replace  charcoal  in  the  furnace  there.  In  another  brief 
article  he  announces  his  recent  discovery  of  a cross  anticlinal  axis  in  the 
Cumberland  Alountain  coal  field  of  this  state.  Although  he  gives  no 
hint  as  to  its  location,  it  must  have  been  the  one  northwest  of  Careyville, 
as  this  is  the  only  such  anticline  of  any  importance  in  the  state.  Saf- 
ford must  have  also  known  of  this  anticlinal  break,  although  he  does  not 
make  the  point  quite  clear  in  his  report. 

In  1873,  Hunt,  in  an  article  on  the  copper  of  the  Blue  Ridge  region, 
describes  the  Ducktown  deposits  as  true  veins  posterior  in  origin  to  the 
inclosing  schists,  though  usually  conformable  to  the  schistocity.  Prac- 
tically the  same  statements  are  repeated  in  his  article  on  Ore  Knob  the 
next  year. 

In  1874,  Wilcox  called  attention  to  the  way  many  of  the  streams  of 
the  Southern  Appalachians  rise  in  the  Blue  Ridge  and  flow  northwest- 
ward across  the  Great  Smoky  Alountains,  which  are  much  higher  than 
the  Blue  Ridge,  and  concluded  that  the  streams  were  older  than  the 
mountains  and  persisted  in  their  course  as  the  mountains  rose. 


A.  WINCHELL 


(iROW'ni  Ol'  KNOWLICDGI^:  C)l<  TICNN.  (\Ki)\AH]y. 


199 


In  lcS7-l  Rradloy  dcscrihed  from  Cocke  County  a new  type  of  i^ranitc 
containini^-  epidote  as  a prominent  constituent,  and  the  next  yeai  an- 
nounced his  l)elief  that  tlic  Ocoee  and  other  liighly  metamor])hic  rocks 
alon^-  the  North  Carolina  line  were  of  Lower  Silurian  age,  and  had  been 

subjected  to  metamorphosing  mountain  build- 
ing forces  in  ])ost-Carhoniferous  time.  This 
view  was  embodied  in  1875  in  his  geological 
chart  of  the  United  States,  which  shows  prac- 
tically all  of  East  Tennessee  as  Lower  Silu- 
rian. In  his  article  explanatory  of  the  chart 
he  made  the  interesting  suggestion  that  a 
large  share  of  the  drainage  of  East  Tennes- 
see may  have  gone  directly  southward  to  the 
Gulf  by  the  Tallapoosa  River  system  during 
the  Champlain  period. 

In  1874,  Col.  J.  B.  Killebrew  first  appeared 
as  a contributor  to  the  industrial  and  geologi- 
F.  H.  BRADLEY  cal  literature  of  the  state  in  an  imposing  work 

of  over  1200  closely  printed  pages,  modestly  styled  an  Introduction  to 
the  Resources  of  Tennessee.  Doctor  Safiford  was  joint  autlior  and  re- 
sponsible for  the  geology  of  the  work,  which  was  confined  to  the  eco- 
nomic materials  of  the  state.  These  were  discussed  at  some  length, 
the  articles  devoted  to  certain  minerals,  especially  the  one  on  coal,  con- 
taining much  information  as  to  the  discovery  and  development  of  the 
deposits  worked  at  various  points  in  the  state.  The  work  was  accom- 
panied by  Safford’s  geological  map,  ]^ui)lished  from  the  same  stone  as  the 
1869  edition,  but  with  some  new  lettering  overprinted  relative  to  topo- 
graphic, agricultural  and  mineral  features. 

Killebrew  was  then  Secretary  of  the  Bureau  of  Agriculture,  but  his 
title  was  soon  changed  to  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  Statistics  and 
Mines,  and  as  such  he  issued  in  the  next  eight  years  a number  of  repor  ts 
designed  to  encourage  the  development  of  the  mineral  resources  of  the 
state.  In  some  cases  he  secured  data  for  such  reports  by  a brief  trip  irf 
personal  inspection,  while  in  others  he  had  to  rely  on  replies  to  letters 
of  inquiry  or  the  published  writing  of  Safford  or  others.  Some  of  these 
reports  contain  sections,  logs  of  wells,  analyses,  historic  notes  and  otiier 
data  of  no  little  value. 

In  1876  he  prepared  for  distribution  at  the  Centennial  Exposition  at 
Philadelphia  a handbook  on  the  agricultural  and  mineral  wealth  of  the 
state  in  which  e‘^]:)ecial  attention  was  given  to  the  iron  ores,  and  tlie  prox- 
imity of  the  ores,  tlie  coal  and  the  llux  were  made  prominent.  In  an 
ap])endix  there  are  numerous  analyses  of  iron  ores.  The  book  was  ac- 


200 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


conipanied  by  Safforcbs  geological  map,  newly  drawn,  but  not  materially 
changed. 

In  1877,  he  published  in  his  report  for  1876  a group  of  three  geologi- 
cal articles  the  first  of  which  described  the  Little  Sequatchie  coal  fields 
including  the  Tracy  City  mines.  The  second  was  on  the  Ocoee  and  Hi- 
wassie  mineral  district  and  was  devoted  chiefly  to  iron  and  copper.  The 
third  was  on  the  mineral  resources  along  the  Cincinnati  Southern  and 
the  Knoxville  and  Ohio  railroads,  and  the  country  between.  The  coal 
mines  and  iron  furnaces  are  described,  and  unpublished  reports  of  Les- 
ley on  undeveloped  coal  areas  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state  are  quoted 
at  length.  Each  of  these  articles  is  copiously  illustrated  by  maps. 

In  1877  he  issued  a similar  report 
on  the  oil  regions  of  the  state,  and 
included  it  next  year  in  his  report  for 
1877  and  1878.  This  article  sketches, 
the  history  of  the  search  for  oil,  and 
describes  the  activities  among  the  oil 
men  at  that  time.  It  is  the  fullest  ac- 
count of  the  early  quest  for  oil  that 
has  been  handed  down  to  us. 

The  elements  of  the  geology  of  the 
state  having  been  included  among  the 
subjects  to  be  taught  in  the  public 
schools,  McAdoo  and  White  published 
an  elementary  textbook  in  1875,  which 
was  followed  in  1876  by  Safford  and 
Killebrew’s  elementary  geology  of  the 
state.  The  revision  of  the  latter  book 
in  1900  included  a brief  account  of 
the  phosphates  of  the  state  and  intro- 
duced some  new  formation  names,, 
and  will  be  noticed  on  page  211. 

In  a general  article  on  the  iron  industry,  Newton,  in  1875,  briefly  sum- 
marized conditions  in  Tennessee  as  they  appeared  to  him.  The  Roane, 
Carter  and  Greene  County  regions  in  which  there  were  ten  furnaces  all 
using  charcoal  as  the  chief  fuel,  he  regarded  as  highly  promising,  but 
was  not  so  confident  of  the  future  of  the  West  Tennessee  region  with  its 
fourteen  charcoal  furnaces. 

In  1875  there  was  published  the  report  of  Lieutenant-Colonel  Long 
on  an  examination  of  the  Tennessee  River  from  Knoxville  to  Chatta- 
nooga made  in  1830,  that  in  connection  with  subsequent  descriptions  of 
the  same  section  of  the  river,  especially  that  of  1893,  is  of  especial  value 
to  the  student  of  hydrographic  problems. 


GROWTH  OF  KNOWI.FDGF  OI^'  TFNN.  GIC(J)LOGY.  201 


In  1877,  in  their  second  ret)ort,  the  lioarv'l  of  Health  of  Naslivillc  ])u1)- 
lished  a group  of  sliort  articles  on  the  toi)ography,  geology,  water  sup- 
ply and  climate  of  Nashville  written  by  FTster,  Safford,  Jmpton  and 
Ford  respectively,  that  give  data  of  interest  on  the  subjects  included  in 
the  series.  Tlic  third  retiort  contained  an  article  by  Winchcll  on  the  sani- 
tary geology  of  Naslivillc  in  which  he  disciissses  the  drainage  and  the 
character  of  the  water  from  local  springs  and  wells  and  from  the  Cum- 
berland River. 

The  Decade  From  1880  To  1890. 

In  this  decade  most  of  the  work  sufficiently  important  to  be  noticed 
here  was  published  by  the  State  Board  of  Health  in  their  monthly  bul- 
ietins  or  by  the  State  Department  of  xYgriculture  in  its  regular  or  special 
reports. 

Killebrew,  who  had  been  much  the  most  prolific  writer  of  the  preced- 
ing decade,  published  in  1881,  a goodly  sized  volume  on  iron  and  coal 
that  was  compiled  with  the  assistance  of  Henry  S.  Colton.  In  it  arc 
described  the  Uuaka  magnetites  and  limonites,  the  dyestone,  the  Cum- 
berland Plateau  carbonates,  and  the  western  limonites,  and  statistics  for 
1880  and  analyses  are  given.  In  the  coal  section  there  is  some  discus- 
sion of  the  coal  measures,  but  the  chief  part  is  devoted  to  a description 
of  the  producing  mines.  The  work  has  numerous  maps,  and  gives  much 
general  information  on  coal  and  iron. 

Saltord  began  an  article  on  the  relation  of  the  geological  and  topo- 
graphical features  of  the  state  to  disease,  in  the  first  report  of  the  state 
Board  of  Health,  and  discussed  at  some  length  the  soil,  drainage,  water 
supply,  climate  and  topography  of  the  Unaka  Mountain  region.  In  the 
second  report  he  discussed  brielly  the  similar  features  of  the  Cumberland 
Plateau  region,  but  as  no  further  reports  were  published,  the  article  was 
never  completed. 

Safford  was  employed  by  the  Tenth  Census  to  prepare  a report  on  cot- 
ton growing  in  Tennessee  and  Kentucky,  and  in  his  report  published  in 
1884  he  gives  a good,  topographic  description  of  the  entire  state,  fol- 
lowed by  a special  description  of  the  topography,  soil  and  climate  of  the 
cotton  growing  portion  of  the  state.  The  soil  map  accompanying  the 
report  is  essentially  a geological  one. 

This  census  work  supplemented  by  additional  field  work  during  sev- 
eral seasons,  was  the  basis  of  several  later  reports.  His  report  on  agri- 
cultural geology  in  1884  was  essentially  the  Census  report.  His  cata- 
logue of  mineral  springs  showed  that  in  the  Gulf  embayment  area  of  West 
Tennessee  chalybeate  springs  prevailed.  In  the  old  hard  rocks  there 
and  in  Middle  Tennessee  they  are  sulphur;  in  the  Cumberland  Plateau 
they  are  chalybeate  again,  and  in  East  Tennessee  and  the  Unakas,  where 
the  rocks  vary  greatly,  the  springs  are  also  quite  varied.  Essentially  the 
same  ideas  occur  in  his  1889  articles  on  the  same  subject. 


202 


RESOURCES  OE  TENNESSEE. 


Saflord’s  article  on  the  upland  formations  of  the  counties  along-  the 
Illinois  Central  Railroad  from  Memphis  to  Obion,  gives  a good  idea  of 
the  loess  and  underlying  Lafayette  in  that  section. 

This  and  all  other  work  from  1880  to  1886  inclusive  are  summed  up 
in  his  Economic  and  Agricultural  Geology  of  Tennessee,  where,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  Memphis-Ohion  region,  he  describes  the  surficial  geology 
along  various  other  lines  of  railroad  in  West  Tennessee,  reports  finding 
some  lead  at  the  Frazier  mine  in  DeKalh  County  and  some  zinc  at  tiiC 
Ewing  mine  in  Wilson  County,  and  discusses  the  agricultural  geology 
of  the  state,  especially  with  reference  to  cotton  culture. 

We  learn  from  him  also  that  U.  S.  Coast  Survey  work  had  be- 
gun in  1876  in  Tennessee  by  Professor  Buchanan,  of  Lebanon,  who 
measured  a base  there  and  had  extended  from  it  a system  of  triangulation 
to  connect  Nashville  and  Knoxville,  and  was  then  working  southward 
from  Knoxville  to  connect  with  work  in  Georgia.  The  latitude  and  longi- 
tude of  a number  of  points  had  also  been  determined. 

In  1889,  Safford  rendered  to  the  Legislature  a report  of  the  work 
done  in  1887  and  1888,  in  which  he  mentions  briefly  some  work  on  iron 
ore,  petroleum,  clay  and  granite,  and  then  devotes  the  main  part  of  the 
report  to  the  coals  of  Fentress,  Overton  and  Morgan  counties,  which  had 
been  examined  by  him  for  private  parties.  He  describes  two  areas  of 
considerable  size  of  sub-conglomerate  coal  3 to  5 feet  thick,  separated  by 
a belt  in  which  coal  is  absent  or  too  thin  to  work. 

Colton,  then  inspector  of  mines,  was,  next  to  Safford,  the  most  im- 
portant contributor  during  this  decade.  Llis  report  on  the  coal  mines  of 
the  state  in  1883,  gives  much  information  as  to  both  the  geology  and  the 
development  of  the  coal  region,  and  in  his  article  in  1885  on  the  upper 
coal  measures  of  the  state,  he  gives  the  fullest  account  that  has  so  far 
been  published  of  the  Coal  Creek-Careyville  and  the  Elk  Valley  regions. 
He  named  the  highest  peak  near  Carey ville  Mt.  Safford  and  gives  a sec- 
tion showing  the  principal  coals  found  in  it. 

The  reports  made  by  Jungerman  and  Guild  as  mine  inspectors  are 
confined  largely  to  statements  of  the  conditions  found  at  the  various 
mines,  and  give  little  of  geological  value. 

In  1882,  Llawkins  published  an  official  handbook  of  the  state  that  has 
some  notes  of  interest  by  Walter  Allin  on  the  coal  lands  and  mines  along 
the  Cincinnati  Southern  railroad. 

In  1888,  the  Department  of  Agriculture  issued  a new  edition  of  Saf- 
ford’s  geological  map  of  the  state  published  from  a new  plate  that  has 
been  used  for  all  subsequent  editions,  the  more  recent  ones  of  which  show 
the  ]diosphate  dejwsits  by  an  overprint. 

Beside  the  aliove,  which  were  of  more  or  less  official  nature,  there  were 


GROWTH  OF  KNOWLEDGE  OF  TENN.  GEOI.OGY.  203 


numerous  unofficial  articles  that  deserve  a brief  word,  and  numerous 
others  either  too  remote  in  their  reference  to  Tennessee  or  so  purel)’ 
compilations  from  SalTord  or  others  that  they  add  nothing  to  our  kuov/1- 
etlge  and  are  entirely  omitted. 

Little,  in  1881,  quoted  extensively  the  opinions  of  others  on  the  blue 
clay  of  the  Mississippi  River  and  concluded  that  the  bed  and  banks  of 
the  river  were  not  of  Port  Fludson  clay,  but  are  recent  sands  and  clays  of 
alluvial  origin.  Gilmore  adds  in  the  next  year’s  report  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River  Commission  data  as  to  levels,  profiles  and  logs  of  boreholes 
from  Cairo  to  ^Memphis  that  are  of  value  to  the  hydrographer  and  geolo- 
gist studying  river  activities  and  flood  plain  features. 

In  1883,  Davis  called  attention  to  the  Tennessee  River  leaving  the 
Great  VMlley  at  Chattanooga  and  cutting  westward  across  the  mountains, 
and  from  a study  of  the  relation  between  faults  and  streams  in  that  Vid- 
ley  region  points  out  that  where  a stream  crosses  to  the  upthrow  side  of  a 
fault,  as  many  East  Tennessee  streams  do,  the  fault  must  have  been  of 
slow  growth. 

Elliott,  in  1883,  regarded  the  Great  Smokies  as  the  western  edge  of  a 
great  synclinal  trough  floored  by  Ocoee  strata  and  having  the  Blue  Ridge 
for  its  eastern  edge,  and  considered  it  of  Lower  Silurian  age  or  later. 

Hunt,  in  an  article  in  1883  on  the  decay  of  rocks,  pointed  to  the  great 
decay  in  the  rocks  of  the  Appalachian  Valley,  and  referred  to  the  limo- 
nities  there  as  having  weathered  from  pyrite  or  siderite.* 

In  1884,  in  the  reports  of  the  tenth  census,  Willis  published  brief  notes 
descriptive  of  some  83  localities  in  northeastern  Tennessee  in  which  he  had 
seen  deposits  of  iron  ores.  Most  of  these  were  limonite,  and  many  an- 
alyses are  given.  Chauvenet  gives  similar  notes  on  the  Rockwood-Chat- 
tanooga  Clinton  ore  region  and  on  the  western  limonite  region  with  his- 
toric references  to  the  furnaces  in  the  latter  belt.  The  building  stone 
article  in  these  same  reports  by  Colton  and  Gattinger  is  brief,  and  is 
confined  almost  entirely  to  the  marbles. 

Walcott,  in  1884,  regarded  the  Knox  shale  and  sandstone  as  of  Pots- 
dam age  and  the  Chilhowee  and  Ocoee  as  probably  Lower  Cambrian. 

In  1885  there  was  published  a second  edition  of  Hermany’s  report  on 
the  Memphis  Water  Supply,  originally  made  in  1868.  He  describes  three 
proposed  sources.  Wolf  River,  Hatchie  Lake  and  the  Mississippi. 

In  1886  another  Memphis  water  report,  by  Hampton,  was  published. 
It  was  unfavorable  to  artesian  wells  and  to  Horn  Lake  and  favorable  to 
Wolf  River  as  a proposed  source. 

Bowron,  in  1886,  in  writing  of  the  Sequatchie  region  regarded  the 
Clinton  red  ore  as  due  to  the  replacement,  after  being  uncovered  by  ero- 
sion, of  limestone  by  iron  leached  by  surface  waters  from  the  Devonian 


204 


RESOURCES  OE  TENNESSEE. 


black  sliale  exposed  close  above  the  Clinton,  which  rcLahied  much  of  its 
limestone  where  crossed  and  protected  by  stream  channels. 

Fleming,  in  1887,  described  the  physical  and  chemical  character  oi  rea 
hematite  ores  used  at  Chattanooga,  and  gave  analyses  and  cost  of  pro- 
duction of  iron  there  then,  and  in  the  same  year  AlcCreath  and  dTnvil- 
ners  gave  analyses  of  the  ores  and  cokes  used  in  the  Chattanooga-Rock- 
wood  iron  region  with  observations  as  to  the  quality  and  supply,  and 
finally  Porter,  also  in  1887,  described  the  occurrence  of  the  ores  in  bocl’i 
the  eastern  and  western  iron  belts  with  many  analyses  of  the  ores  from 
all  parts  of  the  stale,  and  of  the  cokes  used  at  the  furnaces,  and  of  the  non 
produced. 

In  1888,  Ulrich  began  in  the  American  Geologist  a somewhat  elaboi  - 
ate  article  on  the  correlation  of  the  Lower  Silurian  of  Tennessee  with 
other  regions,  and  gave  some  lengthy  lists  of  fossils,  but  never  finished 
the  article.  In  connection  with  his  work  on  the  Alinnesota  Survey  the 
same  problem  was  discussed  at  length  by  Winchell  and  Ulrich"^'  in  1807. 

The  Decade  From  1890  To  1900. 

This  decade  was  marked  by  a greater  increase  in  our  knowledge 
Tennessee  geology  than  during  any  preceding  decade  save  that  from  185C 
to  1860.  The  prominent  events  of  the  decade  were  the  discovery  of  phos- 
phate and  the  geological  work  of  the  United  States  Survey.  The  contri- 
hution  made  by  the  state  was  small,  as  Safford  had  no  funds  wi<-h  which. 
to  work,  and  the  Department  of  Agriculture  and  Bureau  of  Mines  could 
GO  but  little  to  help. 

In  1890,  Safford,  in  an  article  on  the  Memphis  water  supply  in  the 
bulletin  of  the  Board  of  Health,  described  the  general  geology  and  un- 
Ger  ground  water  conditions  of  the  Memphis  region,  and  gave  the  local 
section  to  the  bottom  of  the  1165  foot  well.  He  later  wrote  brief  articles 
on  the  water  supplies  of  Nashville,  Erin  and  Sewanee. 

In  the  volume  on  Mineral  Resources  in  1892,  he  divided  the  Tennes- 
see coal  field  into  a sub-conglomerate  series  best  developed  in  Fentress  and 
adjoining  counties,  a middle  series  lying  between  the  conglomerate  and 
the  Emory  sandstone  with  the  Sewanee  as  the  prominent  coal,  and  an 
upper  series  found  only  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  state  with  the 
Coal  Creek  coal  as  it  most  prominent  member. 

In  the  February,  1894,  number  of  the  American  Geologist,  he  described 
and  gave  the  geological  position  of  the  newly  found  blue  phosphate  ju.<.t 
beneath  the  Devonian  black  shale,  and  the  nodular  phosphate  in  the  green 
sand  just  above  the  black  shale.  In  the  Eiigincering  and  Mining  Journal 
of  \])ril  21,  1894,  he  published  another  brief  descrii)tion  of  it,  and  on 
-Final  Repts.  Gcal.  Minn.,  Paleoniology,  Vol.  3.  pt.  2.  pp.  LXXXV-CXXVIIT. 


GROWTH  OF  KNO\VLIG)GI^:  Ol^'  1'IGNN.  GI^OLOGY.  205 


November  1 7,  read  before  a farmers’  insliliile  in  Columbia  another  pa- 
per that  v^as  published  in  the  Agriciiltiiral  Kcporl  in  1 895.  In  it  he  re- 
fers to  a lean  phosphate  in  the  Trenton  at  Totty’s  fiend — a forerunner 
of  the  discovery  late  in  1 895  of  the  brown  ])hosphate  at  that  horizon  at  Mt. 
Pleasant — a discovery  which  he  announced  in  the  Auicrican  Geologist 
for  October,  1896.  He  recognized  it  as  the  leached  residiuim  of  a richly 
phosphatie  limestone,  the  origin  of  whose  phosphatic  content  was  puz- 
zling. 

Aside  from  the  above  economic  work,  Safford  gave  the  name.  Middle- 
ton  formation,  to  the  basal  Eocene  as  found  with  its  green  sand  and 
marine  shells  near  Middleton.  Fie  published  a note  on  some  bones  of 
megalonyx  said  to  have  been  found  in  1884  in  Pig  Bone  Cave,  and  with 
Schuebert  in  1899,  described  the  Camden  chert  with  its  fauna  of  Lower 
Onskany  age. 

The  reports  of  the  State  Bureau  of  Mines,  though  ehielly  devoted  to 
routine  descriptions  of  the  condition  of  the  mines,  have  oeeasional  articles 
worthy  of  brief  notiee. 

A special  report  by  FTrd,  in  1891 — probably  afterward  eounted  the 
first  report  of  the  Bureau  of  Alines — is  devoted  to  the  trouble  at  Coal 
Creek  caused  by  the  presenee  of  conviets  in  the  mines  there.  The  fourth 
report,  besides  Safford’s  artiele  on  phosphate,  contained  one  by  Hayes, 
describing  the  blue,  the  nodular  and  the  white  phosphate,  the  latter  be- 
ing either  a recent  surface  deposit  about  broken  ehert  forming  a breceia 
or  a lean  bedded  deposit  in  the  Ft.  Payne,  replacing  limestone.  In  the 
fifth  report  there  are  some  good  liistorical  notes  on  the  marble  industry, 
a note  on  petroleum,  and  an  artiele  by  Brown  on  the  geology  and  quality 
of  the  phosphate  deposits.  The  sixth  report  eontains  another  artiele  on 
phosphate  by  Brown  in  which  the  Alt.  Pleasant  brown  rock  Is  described. 
In  the  seventh  report  Ormsbee,  in  an  artiele  on  the  rise  and  progress  of 
coal  mining  in  the  state,  in  ignorance  of  the  very  early  work  mentioned 
by  Kain  in  1819,  and  by  Troost  in  1833,  attributes  the  first  eommercial 
mining  to  H.  H.  Wiley  on  Indian  FMrk  of  Poplar  Creek  in  1847.  He 
hauled  coal  some  three  miles  to  water  and  shipped  k by  flat  boats  to 
Huntsville  and  other  points  down  the  Tennessee  River.  Other  small 
banks  were  soon  opened  for  local  use,  but  the  first  extensive  mining  re- 
sulted from  the  building  of  the  Nashville  and  Chattanooga  Railroad  in 
1854.  The  report  gives  a brief  sketch  of  copper  mining  and  a note  on  oil, 
with  a list  of  borings.  Several  succeeding  reports  contain  short  articles 
on  phosphates. 

The  most  important  work  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  was  the  pub- 
lication of  areal  geological  maps  accompanying  folios  covering  the  larger 
part  of  the  Cumberland  Plateau  and  of  East  Tennessee.  Alost  of  these 


206 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


maps  were  made  during  the  early  days  of  the  Survey,  when  its  standards 
of  work,  both  topographic  and  geologic,  were  not  so  high  as  now  and 
when  the  methods  of  investigation  were  less  refined  and  accurate.  At 
that  time  attention  was  more  largely  devoted  to  the  general  geology,  the 
regional  structure,  the  characters  of  the  formations  and  the  geological 
history  of  the  region,  rather  than  to  the  detailed  descriptions  and  eco- 
nomic study  of  the  mineral  resources. 

This  mapping  in  the  coal  field,  though  regarded  as  high  grade  at  the 
time  is  outdistanced  by  the  rapidly  expanding  development  and  improved 
methods  of  current  economic  treatment  so  that  it  now  needs  revision  on 
a larger  and  more  detailed  scale.  This  task  the  United  States  Geologi- 
cal Survey,  in  cooperation  with  the  State  Survey,  has  already  begun. 
The  new  work  is  on  the  scale  of  one  mile  to  the  inch  with  20-foot  con- 
tours, and  leaves  nothing  to  be  desired  either  as  to  topography  or  geology. 

The  members  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  who  did  most  work  in 
Tennessee  during  the  decade  were  Hayes,  Keith,  Campbell,  Walcott  and 
McGee. 

Of  these  Hayes  was  engaged  in  studying  structural  and  physiographic 
problems  in  the  Chattanooga  region,  and  wrote  in  1891  an  article  de- 
scribing the  overthrust  faults  of  the  Southern  Appalachians.  In  it  he 
seemed  inclined  to  accept  the  Silurian  age  of  the  Ocoee  from  the  work 
of  Willis  and  Keith.  In  1894  lie  published  with  Campbell,  an  article  on 
the  Geomorphology  of  the  Southern  Appalachians,  in  which  the  attempt 
is  made  to  solve  some  of  the  larger  physiographic  problems  of  the  re- 
gion by  applying  a theory  of  broad  uplift  at  certain  periods  with  conspicu- 
ous warping  and  resultant  stream  readjustment.  The  most  daring  por- 
tion is  the  theory  of  the  diversion  of  the  Tennessee  River  near  Chatta- 
nooga from  a former  course  along  the  Great  Valley  to  the  Coosa  to  a 
new  course  across  the  Walden  Ridge  part  of  the  Cumberland  Mountains. 
In  1899  Playes  returns  to  the  same  general  study  in  his  article  on  the 
physiography  of  the  Chattanooga  district,  in  which  an  excellent  descrip- 
tion is  given  of  the  topography,  stratigraphy  and  structure.  The  physi- 
ographic history  is  sketched  in  much  detail,  and  his  faith  in  the  diversion 
of  the  Tennessee  at  Chattanooga  is  reaffirmed. 

Meantime  Hayes  had  become  interested  in  the  study  of  the  phosphate, 
and  for  several  years  made  detailed  studies  of  the  blue,  the  white  and 
the  brown  rock  fields,  and  wrote  a number  of  articles  describing  the 
geology,  mode  of  origin,  distribution  and  development  of  the  deposits. 
The  first  of  these  is  a brief  note  in  the  Fourth  Report  of  the  State  Bu- 
reau of  Mines  in  189.5.  A much  more  comprehensive  account  is  given 
the  same  year  in  the  Sixteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  U.  S.  Geological 


GROWTH  OF  KNOWLEDGF  Ol^'  TI^NN.  GEOr.OGY.  207 


Survey.  After  stating  and  rejecting  various  ])ossiblc  theories  of  origin 
for  the  bine  and  nodular  rock — the  only  kinds  that  had  then  been  discov- 
ered— he  favored  the  acennudation  of  the  bine  (then  often  called  black) x 
rock  by  phosphate-secreting  organisms,  followed  by  a period  of  black 
shale  deposition  which  he  tlionght  was  emled  by  a widespread  volcanic 
eruption,  the  ejected  ash  forming  the  blue  shale,  with  the  nodular  phos- 
phate at  the  top  of  the  black  shale.  He  was  led  to  this  ashbed  idea  by 
Wolff  examining  microscopically  a specimen  of  a similar  material  from 
Arkansas  and  thinking  it  was  composed  partly  of  volcanic  ash.  More 
careful  examination  soon  exploded  the  volcanic  theory  by  leading  him  to 
recognize  the  blue,  or  often  green,  shale  as  largely  glauconite  instead  of 
volcanic  ash,  as  may  be  seen  from  his  report  in  the  Seventeenth  Annual 
Report.  His  phosphate  article  in  the  Twentieth  Annual  is  confined 
largely  to  the  brown  phosphate,  and  he  outlines  the  conditions  favorable 
for  the  accumulation  of  a phosphatic  limestone  and  for  the  subsequent 
removal  of  the  lime  by  leaching. 

Keith,  in  1892,  described  the  structure  of  Chilhowee  Mountain  and 
concluded  that  Appalachian  folding  and  faulting  began  in  early  instead 
of  late  Paleozoic.  In  his  article  on  some  stages  of  Appalachian  erosion 
he  opposed  the  theory  of  broad  deformation  or  warping,  and  believed 
that  seven  periods  of  approximate  reduction  can  be  distinguished  in  this 
region,  the  successive  uplifts  being  broad  and  uniform,  with  only  local 
and  very  subordinate  zones  of  pronounced  warping. 

For  some  years  McGee  had  been  studying  the  surficial  formations  of 
sand  and  gravel  on  the  Atlantic  coastal  plain,  and  had  extended  his 
studies  westward  into  the  Gulf  Embayment  region,  announcing  in  1890 
that  he  had  traced  his  Appomattox  (now  Lafayette)  formation  into 
northern  Mississippi  and  considered  it  the  same  as  Hilgard’s  Orange 
sand,  or  Safford’s  LaGrange.  Tiie  same  year  he  read  a paper  at  the  meet- 
ing of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science  in 
which  he  stated  his  belief  that  the  Columbia  formation  reaches  a thick- 
ness of  several  hundred  feet  in  the  Mississippi  embayment,  and  is  divis- 
ible into  a brown  loam,  a loess,  a sand  and  gravel,  and  the  Port  Hudson. 
It  is  possible  that  the  sand  and  gravel  to  which  he  refers  belongs  to  an 
older  formation,  and  that  the  relation  of  the  Port  Hudson  to  the  Colum- 
bia, if  not  in  fact  its  existence  as  a formation  distinct  from  the  alluvium 
of  the  Mississippi,  may  well  be  called  in  question. 

McGee’s  Appomattox  having  been  correlated  with  Hilgard’s  Orange 
sand,  and  the  varying  usage  of  the  latter  term  having  led  to  its  abandon- 
ment and  the  substitution  of  the  term  Lafayette,  McGee’s  report,  which 
appeared  in  1892  was  entitled  “The  Lafayette  Formation.”  It  was  a 
paper  of  daring  sweep  and  marked  an  epoch  in  coastal  plain  investiga- 


208 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


tion  in  tliat  it  coordinated  much  that  had  previously  Ijeen  neglected  or 
regarded  as  unrelated.  As  is  usual  in  daring  generalizations,  however 
much  of  truth  there  be,  some  error  is  apt  to  creep  in,  hence  it  is  not  sur- 
prising that  AlcCee’s  interpretation  of  the  Eafayette  in  West  Tennessee 
is  not  fully  accepted  today.  At  LaGrange,  for  instance,  he  made  the 
Eafayette  200  feet  or  more  in  thickness,  and  considered  it  tripartite,  when 
it  is  only  about  a score  of  feet,  or  less,  in  thickness,  and  the  two  supposed 
lower  divisions  of  it  there  really  belong  to  the  LaGrange  formation,  and 
are  much  older  than  the  Lafayette. 

f Walcott’s  studies  of  the  Cambrian  led  him  in  1800  to  correlate  the 
JCalciferous  with  the  Knox  dolomite,  and  to  announce  in  the  Tenth  An- 
nual Report  that  the  only  place  in  the  Southern  Appalachians  where  the 
Lower  Cambrian  had  been  identified  was  in  Chilhowee  Alountain.  In 
1891  in  his,  Bulletin  on  Cambrian  correlation  he  gave  a good  summary 
of  the  views  that  had  been  held  as  to  the  Cambrian  in  Tennessee.  He  re- 
; garded  the  Knox  shale  and  the  lower  part  of  the  Knox  dolomite  as  Cam- 
’ brian,  and  considered  the  Ocoee  as  Silurian.  In  1892,  in  the  American 
Joiinidi  of  Science,  he  announced  that  typical  lower  and  middle  Cambrian 
faunas  had  been  found  at  a number  of  points  in  East  Tennessee,  and  that 
the  lower  2,000  feet  of  the  Knox  dolomite  was  of  Upper  Cambrian  age. 
In  1894  he  describes  in  the  lower  part  of  the  Ocoee  a conglomerate,  with 
boulders  several  feet  in  maximum  diameter,  and  in  accounting  for  their 
origin  he  suggests  that  they  may  be  boulders  broken  by  shore  ice  from 
ridges  or  domes  that  had  recently  been  raised  from  the  sea  bottom,  thus 
pointing  to  possible  folding  movements  in  Ocoee  time. 

The  Devonian  and  Mississippian  correlation  paper  by  Williams  gives 
little  of  value  as  to  Tennessee,  as  the  Tennessee  portion  is  brief  and  was 
based  on  a study  of  the  literature  only. 

Gannett  published  data  as  to  geographic  positions  and  triangulation 
work  in  the  state. 

Chamberlin  * regarded  the  Orange  sand 
(Lafayette)  as  preglacial  in  age,  and  consid- 
ered that  the  loess  was  deposited  in  the  early 
glacial  period ; that  in  the  succeeding  inter- 
glacial epoch  the  great  trench  in  which  the  Mis- 
sissippi bottoms  now  lie,  was  eroded  40  to  60 
miles  wide  and  several  hundred  feet  deep,  and 
that  in  the  later  glacial  epoch  this  trench  was 
filled  to  the  extent  we  find  it  today. 

In  an  article  in  1891  Chamberlin  and  Salis- 
bury discuss  the  relation  of  the  loess  to  glacial 
phenomena  and  to  the  underlying  gravel  (La- 
fayette) and  conclude  that  the  latter  is  pre- 
Pleistocene,  and  that  the  loess  is  bi])artite  and 


T.  C.  CHAMBERLIN 


GROWTH  Ob'  KNOWl.RDGR  OK  TK:NN.  GEOLOGY.  2OT 


belongs  to  the  two  episodes  of  the  first  glacial  e])ocl]  as  then  interpreted 
by  them. 

A pamphlet,  published  by  the  East  Tennessee  J.and  Company  in  1891, 
contained  reports  by  Lryant,  Roberts,  Satlord,  Guild  and  Koenig  on  the 
coal  and  iron  properties  of  the  company.  Nnmerons  measured  sections 
and  analyses  of  coals  and  iron  ores  are  given. 

In  1891  Hilgard  gave  a history  of  the  use  of  the  term  Orange  sand,, 
and  in  a brief  note  on  the  Lafayette  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  regarderl 
it  as  of  Hu  vial  origin,  wdth  uplift  to  a grade  that  would  place  the  northern 
part  of  the  Mississippi  basin  3,000  feet  higher  than  now.  The  next  year 
he  returned  to  the  problem  with  an  excellent  article  on  the  age  and  origin 
of  the  Lafayette.  He  considered  it  due  to  broad  shallow  floods  from  the 
north  during  a period  of  elevation,  and  was  inclined  to  place  it  in  the  epoch 
of  early  glacial  melting,  instead  of  in  pre-glacial  time.  He  gave  very 
clearly  the  relationship  of  the  Lafayette  to  the  other  formations  of  the 
jMississippi  embayment,  and  regarded  all  of  the  lower,  plant-bearing 
phases  of  the  Lafayette  as  conceived  by  McGee  as  not  really  belonging 
to  the  Lafayette. 

The  decade  under  consideration  was  marked  by  especial  activity  along 
pfiysiographic  lines.  An  addition  to  the  work  of  Campbell,  Hayes,  Keith 
and  others,  an  article  by  Davis  on  the  geological  date  of  the  origin  of 
certain  topographic  forms  deserves  especial  mention.  He  regarded  the 
Cumberland  Plateau  as  a peneplain  of  Cretaceous  age,  and  the  lower 
peneplain  in  the  Great  Wiley  of  East  Tennessee  as  of  Tertiary  age. 
These  determinations  have  been  generally  acce])ted  by  those  who  have 
worked  in  this  Ap])alachian  region,  although  wdien  attempts  have  been 
made  to  prove  the  age  of  these  pene])lains  the  results  have  always  ar)- 
pealed  to  the  present  writer  as  being  inconclusive. 

Hull,  111  1891,  after  a personal  inspection,  described  the  topography 
of  the  Chattanooga  region,  and  reached  the  interesting  conclusion  that 
the  Tennessee  River  has  persisted  in  its  initial  course  through  the  moun- 
tains. 

In  addition  to  the  papers  on  phosphates  by  Safford  and  Hayes  already 
noticed,  Meadows  and  Brown,  in  1895,  published  a good  account  of  the 
Devonian  phosphates  in  which  the  history  of  their  discovery  and  the 
geography,  geology  and  economic  features  of  the  deposits  were  discussed. 
Brown  contributed,  as  already  noted,  articles  on  phosphates  to  the  fifth, 
sixth  and  seventh  reports  of  the  Bureau  of  Mines,  and  one  to  the  Nine- 
teenth Annual  Report  of  the  G.  S.  Geological  Survey,  describing  espe- 
cially the  Mt.  Pleasant,  or  brown  rock,  field,  but  including  notes  on  other 
fields. 


Soc.  Amer.,  Bttll,  Vol.  1,  pp.  469  474,  1890. 


210 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


Jn  1896,  Miller  called  attention  to  the  presence  of  many  casts  of  the 
minute  gasteropod,  cylora,  in  the  j^hosphate,  and  to  the  fact  that  the 
shells  of  this  fossil  are  richly  phosphatic. 

Henrich,  in  1896,  published  an  article  on  the  Ducktown  copper  region, 
giving  a comprehensive  account  of  the  discovery  and  past  developments, 
of  the  structure  of  the  deposits,  and  the  character  and  genesis  of  the 
ores.  He  believed  the  ores  were  deposited  by  hot  waters  ascending  along 
fault  fissures  and  replacing  pyroxenic  rock  probably  in  the  form  of  an 
eruptive  dyke,  and  that  the  process  of  replacement  was  completed  later 
by  the  introduction  of  sphalerite,  galena,  quartz,  marcasite  and  pyrite. 

Schmitz,  in  1896.  in  an  article  on  petroleum,  gave  a good  description 
of  conditions  in  the  Obey  River  and  Rugby  regions  with  logs  of  Bob’s 
Bar,  the  Stone  1,  2 and  3 and  the  MacDonald  wells. 

In  1897,  Johnson  published  an  article  on  the  iron  ores  of  the  Embree 
property,  the  furnace  practice,  and  the  quality  of  the  output. 

V'anderford,  in  1898,  published  the  results  of  the  most  extensive  piece 
of  soil  work  yet  undertaken  in  the  state.  He  described  the  soils  of  the 
state  by  geological  provinces,  thus  emphasizing  the  close  connection  be- 
tv/een  the  soil  and  geology,  and  gave  many  chemical  and  mechanical 
analyses  of  the  various  soil  types  with  notes  on  the  physical  character, 
crops  and  climate,  and  accompanied  the  report  by  a soil  map  of  the  state. 

In  1898,  Lundie  gave  a good  account  of  past  effort  to  obtain  a satis- 
factory water  supply  for  Memphis,  and  described  the  artesian  system  then 
in  use. 

Crook  published,  in  1899,  a work  on  the  mineral  waters  of  the  United 
States  that  gives  probably  the  best  scientific  description  extant  of  the 
mineral  springs  of  the  state. 

In  addition  to  the  paleontologic  work  of  Saff'ord,  Schuchert,  and  Wal- 
cott, Brown  listed  and  described  the  coal  measure  plants  found  at  Tracy 
City.  Jones,  in  his  Geology  of  Nashville,  gave  the  fullest  list  of  local 
fossils  that  has  so  far  been  published.  Miller  described  in  a series  of 
articles  a considerable  number  of  new  crinoids  from  the  state.  Rauff 
described  and  figured  numerous  Tennessee  sponges,  and  Head  published 
a list  of  fossil  sponges  that  contains  numerous  Tennessee  species. 

The  Decade  From  1900  To  1910. 

The  chief  events  of  this  decade  were  the  development  of  the  phosphate 
industry,  the  beginning  of  modern  detailed  coal  work  and  the  establish- 
ment of  the  present  geological  survey. 

The  beginning  of  the  decade  witnessed  the  last  work  of  Safford,  who 


GROWTH  OF  KNOWLEDGF  OF  TENN.  GI^OL(;GY.  211 


for  tifty  years  had  been  the  most  aetive  single  figure  in  geological  work 
in  the  state. 

SaFord  and  Killebrew,  in  1900,  revised  their  text-hook  on  Tennessee 
geology,  including  in  it  an  account  of  the  phosphate  discoveries,  and  giv- 
ing a new  classification  hy  Salford  of  Tennessee  geological  formations 
that  included  a few  new  formation  names  . 

The  material  in  this  text  on  the  horizons  of  phosphate  rock  was  sum- 
marized by  Safford  in  1901  in  the  Bulletin  of  the  Geological  Society  of 
America,  and  in  the  same  volume  he  reproduced  his  new  table  of  Ten- 
nessee formations  with  definitions  and  comments  on  the  usage  of  certain 
of  the  terms  and  notes  on  various  matters  of  priority  of  usage  and  age 
of  certain  formations. 

The  ninth  report  of  the  State  Bureau  of  Mines  contains  a short  article 
by  Ruhm  outlining  the  development  in  the  phosphate  fields,  and  the  same 
author  describes  in  the  Engineering  and  Mining  Journal,  the  unsatisfact- 
ory condition  of  the  phosphate  industry  in  1907  on  account  of  low  prices. 

The  report  of  the  State  Department  of  Agriculture  published  in  1901, 
contains  an  article  by  Hayes  that  gives  a good  general  description  of  the 
brown,  blue  and  white  phosphate  rock,  with  their  mode  of  occurrence 
and  relation  to  the  topography,  and  in  the  1903-4  report  Ruhm  gives  a 
good  sketch  of  the  discovery  and  development  of  the  phosphate  deposits. 
The  handbook  issued  by  the  Department  in  1903,  contains  brief  articles 
on  coal  and  iron  by  Shook,  phosphate  by  Hayes,  and  clay  by  Brown,  but 
the  state  did  no  distinctly  geological  work  during  the  decade. 

Work  of  tiif  Untied  States  Geological  Survey. 

Most  of  the  serious  geological  work  of  the  decade  was  done  by  the 
Federal  Survey,  and  included  detailed  areal  mapping,  a study  of  the 
phosphate,  of  the  underground  waters  of  the  western  part  of  the  state, 
and  of  various  other  economical  resources  and  scientific  problems. 

Hayes  continued  his  phosphate  work,  publishing  in  the  Twenty-first 
Annual  Report  a paper  on  the  character,  occurrence  and  origin  of  the 
Perry  County  white  phosphate,  and  in  1903  a further  paper  on  its  origin 
and  extent. 

In  1902,  Hayes  gave  a good  brief  summary  of  both  the  geological  and 
economic  features  of  the  Southern  Appalachian  coal  field,  and  in  1903, 
along  with  Ulrich,  published  a geological  folio  of  the  Columbia-Mt. 
Pleasant  region  in  which  the  phosphates  are  the  prominent  economic 
feature,  and  the  finger-like  embayments  of  limestone  that  must  have 
formed  quite  up  to  the  shore  line  of  very  narrow  bodies  of  water,  are 


212 


RKSOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


tlic  ])r()niiricnt  scicntilic  feature.  J-layes,  in  1909,  estimates  the  iron  ore 
reserves  for  the  various  districts  of  Tennessee. 

Keith,  in  1903,  i^ives,  in  an  article  on  the  ores  of  the  Cranberry  district, 
a lirief  note  on  some  brown  hematite  in  the  neii^hlioring  jiart  of  Ten- 
nessee, and  in  the  same  year  gives  a resume  of  the  information  on  marbles 
gathered  during  folio  work  in  East  Tennessee.  In  1904  he  discusses 
the  character  and  occurrence  of  overtlirust  faulting  in  the  Southern  Ap- 
jialachians,  and  describes  recent  zinc  mining  in  East  Tennessee,  describ- 
ing the  Ilolston  dejiosit  as  a lirecciated  zone  that  extends  for  forty  miles 
and  ])robably  contains  a large  amount  of  ore. 

In  1901  Eckel  notes  the  occurrence  of  the  newly  found  white  phosphates 
of  Decatur  County,  and  in  1903,  describes  them  as  promising  deposits. 
This  same  year  he  gives  as  the  result  of  a hurried  trip,  brief  notes  de- 
scriptive of  the  lenticular  ciay  dejiosits  of  the  I.aGrange  formation  from 
Grand  Junction  to  Paris,  and  in  1906,  calls  attention  to  the  suitability  and 
advantageous  situation  of  the  limestone  and  sliale  in  the  Cumberland  Gap 
region  for  cement  making. 

Ulrich  in  1905,  points  out  briefly  tlie  more  prominent  localities  in  East 
and  AlidJle  Tennessee,  where  limestone  and  shale,  probably  suitable  for 
cement  manufacture,  are  to  be  found. 

WTed,  in  1901,  in  his  article  on  types  of  copper  deposits  in  the  South- 
ern states,  gives  a succinct  description  of  the  Ducktown  deposits,  using 
them  as  the  type  of  deposits  eonsisting  of  pyrrhotite  veins  filling  fissures, 
and  representing  the  replaeenient  of  a zone  of  sheeted  rock,  and  in  1903, 
1905,  and  1906,  gives  otlier  brief  references  to  the  same  deposits. 

Gannett,  from  1901  to  1907,  published  in  various  bulletins  of  the  F"ed- 
eral  Survey  data  pertaining  to  Tennessee  boundaries,  river  profiles,  tri- 
angulation stations,  and  elevations,  the  details  of  which  need  not  he  given 
here. 

Ries,  in  1903,  gives  a few  brief  notes  on  the  clays  of  West  Tennessee, 
largely  or  entirely  compiled  and  containing  practically  nothing  new,  and 
in  1906,  Crider  gives  the  result  of  a brief  study  of  the  same  clays  in  which 
he  gives  sections  of  the  clay  deposits  and  describes  their  character  and 
uses. 

Glenn,  in  1904,  describes  the  geology  of  the  Gulf  embayment  area  of 
West  Tennessee,  with  especial  reference  to  the  occurrence  of  under- 
ground waters,  and  describes  the  character  and  probability  of  obtaining 
such  w'aters  in  that  region. 

Ashley  and  Glenn,  in  1906,  describe  in  detail  the  coals  of  the  Cum- 
berland Ga])  region,  the  southern  or  Rennett  Fork  end  of  which  extends 


r.RowTii  c)i^'  KNowLiCDGi^:  oi'  'I'luNN.  (;i^:()i.()(;y. 


213 


over  into  Tennessee.  Hiey  show  the  existence  there  of  over  a dozen 
(iilTerent  coals  of  workable  thickness,  more  than  three  fourths  of  which 
are  now  being-  mined.  They  give  detailed  sections  of  the  little  known 
northeastern  part  of  the  Tennessee  coal  held. 

In  1908  Holmes  ])nhlishes  the  results  of  exhaustive  texts  of  coals 
from  Fork  Ridge,  GatliF,  Oliver  Springs,  I’etros,  Waldensia,  Clifty, 
Coalmont,  Orme  and  Ozone. 

Biirchard,  in  1907,  shows  the  advantages  of  the  soft  variety  of  Clin- 
ton red  iron  ore  for  making  metallic  paint,  and  describes  the  deposit  and 
the  working  in  White  Oak  Mountain  near  Ooltewah,  where  most  of  that 
produced  in  the  Chattanooga  region  is  obtained.  In  1909,  he  published 
an  estimate  of  the  tonnage  of  Clinton  ore  by  districts  in  East  Tennessee, 
giving  for  each  of  the  several  districts  the  detailed  data  on  which  such 
estimate  is  based.  He  considers  the  amount  available  at  present  as  near- 
ly 50,000,000  tons,  and  the  reserve  tonnage  as  somewhat  greater  than 
that  at  present  available. 

Phalen,  in  1907,  gives  a brief  description  of  the  bauxite  deposits  that 
had  recently  been  opened  on  the  southeastern  slope  of  Missionary  Ridge. 

In  addition  to  the  considerable  variety  of  economic  work  by  the  Fed- 
eral Survey  thus  brielly  outlined,  it  also  published  in  this  decade,  de- 
tailed geological  ma])s  and  descriptions  of  the  Maynardville,  Cranberry, 
Asheville,  Mt.  Mitchell  and  Roane  Mountain  areas,  that  show  a marked 
advance  over  the  early  folio  work  of  the  preceding  decade. 

Along  more  purely  scientific  lines,  though  having  also  its  economic 
bearing,  is  the  work  of  Van  Hise  and  Leith  on  the  pre-Camhrian,  pub- 
lished in  1909.  In  the  section  devoted  to  Tennessee  they  summarize  the 
work  and  views  of  Troost,  Owen,  Cnrrey,  Safi'ord,  Bradley,  Keith  and 
Hayes.  The  age  of  Safiford’s  Ocoee  series  furnishes  the  chief  problem 
for  this  region.  Safford  at  first  regarded  it  as  of  Potsdam,  or  early  Cam- 
brian age,  but  at  the  last  regarded  it  as  i)re-Cambrian.  Biaulley  thought 
it  probably  Silurian.  Keith  mapped  it  in  1895  as  of  unknown  age,  hut 
later,  with  much  fuller  detailed  rdudy,  regarded  it  as  all  of  Cambrian 
age.  Hayes,  in  1895,  thought  it  ])rnbably  Algonkian.  Van  Hise  am! 
Leith  think  the  upper  half  of  it  is  Cambrian  and  the  lowed  half  probably 
Algonkian.  The  age  of  the  Ocoee  has  been  one  of  the  most  studied  ;mu 
most  puzzling  problems  in  American  geology,  and  while  much  progress 
has  been  made  toward  its  solution,  it  can  not  yet  be  said  to  be  fully 
solved. 

Pate  and  Bassler,  in  1908,  give  the  results  of  a study  of  the  strati- 
graphy and  rich  fauna  of  the  Kiagara  strata  of  the  glades  of  Decatur, 
Perry,  Hardin  and  Wayne  counties  and  propose  an  emended  division  of 
the  Niagara  rocks  of  that  region. 


214 


RESOURCES  Ol'  TENNESSEE. 


The  Smithsonian  Institution  published,  in  1909,  a critical  summary  of 
Troost’s  monograph  on  crinoids,  prepared  by  Miss  Wood.  The  history 
of  this  monograph  is  given  by  Miss  Wood,  and  has  also  been  given  in 
recent  years  by  Schuchert  ^ and  by  Glenn.-  Very  briefly,  the  monograph 
was  accepted  by  the  Smithsonian  Institution  shortly  before  Troost’s  death 
in  1850,  and  with  317  specimens  representing  the  108  new  species  de- 
scribed, was  put  in  James  Hall's  hands  for  revision  before  publication. 
He  sent  them  to  Agassiz,  who,  after  five  years,  returned  them  untouched 
to  Hall,  and  both  manuscript  and  specimens  remained  in  Hall’s  possession 
for  more  than  forty  years,  and  only  after  his  death  were  they  returned 
to  the  Smithsonian.  Meanwhile  Hall  described  from  time  to  time,  over 
his  own  name,  first  one  and  then  another  of  Troost’s  genera  and  species 
as  they  came  to  his  hands  from  other  sources.  Others,  ignorant  of  the 
contents  of  Troost’s  unpublished  work,  occasionally  ran  across  and  de- 
scribed other  species,  so  that  only  39  of  his  109  species  can  now  be  <^aved 
to  Troost.  Many  of  Troost’s  specimens  were  from  White’s  Creek,  near 
Nashville,  and  while  they  have  long  been  known  as  list  names,  had  never 
been  described  so  as  to  establish  their  identity  and  priority  until  this  pub- 
lication appeared. 

During  the  decade  the  Federal  Bureau  of  Soils  mapped  and  described 
the  soils  of  the  Davidson,  Coffee,  Giles,  Grainger,  Greeneville,  Hender- 
son, Lawrence,  Montgomery,  Overton,  and  Pikeville  areas. 

In  1902,  President  Roosevelt  transmitted  to  Congress  a report  by  the 
Secretary  of  Agriculture  describing  the  relation  forests  bear  to  erosion,, 
floods,  and  stream  flow  in  the  Southern  Appalachians,  and  including 
special  articles  on  topography  and  geology  by  Keith,  hydrography  by 
Pressly  and  Alyers,  and  climate  by  Henry. 

Page  published  the  results  of  experiments  with  tar  and  oil  for  road 
building,  made  by  Sam  C.  Lancaster,  at  Jackson,  and  Bauer  and  Paris 
give  the  variation  in  magnetic  declination  for  different  years. 

Work  by  Individuals. 

In  addition  to  the  bulletin  by  Gannett  on  the  boundaries  of  the  state 
referred  to  on  a preceding  page,  Garrett  reprinted,  in  1900,  a report  on 
die  southern  boundary  of  the  state  made  to  the  Legislature  in  1833,  and 
in  1901,  followed  it  with  an  article  on  the  northern  boundary  of  the  state. 

In  1901,  Foerste  published  the  first  of  a series  of  articles  giving  the 
results  of  a careful  stratigraphic  and  faunal  study  of  the  Ordovician, 

1.  Schuchert,  Charles,  Smithsonian  Miscel.  Coll,  Quart.  Issue,  Vol.  2,  pp.  220  and 
221,  1904. 

2.  Glenn,  L.  C.,  Amer.  Geol,  Vol.  35,  pp.  79-81,  1905,  and  Vanderbilt  Univ.  Quar- 
terly, Vol.  10,  pp.  275-279,  1910. 


GROWTH  Ob'  KNOWIJH)Gb:  Ob'  Tb:NN.  CAi()\A)('jY.  215 


Silurian,  aiul  Devonian  of  West  'rennessee.  lie  established  a nninber 
of  new  divisions  of  the  rocks,  discussed  faunal  relationships  and  con- 
cluded that  the  Cincinnati  uplift  began  certainly  in  Silurian  and  prob- 
xibly  in  Ordovician  time. 

In  addition  to  the  report  of  Ashley  and  Glenn,  a number  of  other  ar- 
ticles on  coal  appeared  during-  this  decade.  Dnffield,  in  1902,  calls  at- 
tention to  the  coals  of  Fentress  and  adjoining  counties  as  undeveloped 
but  highly  promising.  Evans  gives  some  notes  on  Jellico  coals,  with  a 
section  showing  the  relative  position  of  the  better  known  coals  of  that 
field.  Ferris  gives  the  results  of  calorimetric  tests  of  Jellico,  LaFol- 
lette.  Coal  Creek  and  Oliver  Springs  coals.  Pultz  describes  mining  in 
the  Cumberland  Gap  field,  and  Stevenson  summarizes  from  the  literature 
the  broader  facts  first  as  to  the  sub-Carboniferous  and  later  as  to  the 
Fcttsville  in  Tennessee. 

There  are  a number  of  articles  on  iron  worthy  of  note.  Maxwell  de- 
scribes, in  1904,  a belt  of  brown  ores  in  Carter  and  Johnson  counties  in 
which  he  claims  there  is  a large  amount  of  ore.  Judd,  in  1907,  in  an 
article  on  soft  Clinton  ore,  calls  attention  to  a deposit  of  such  ore  at 
Sweetwater;  and  Ffiggins,  in  1909,  describes  the  ore  beds,  limestone,  and 
coal  deposits,  and  the  operations  of  the  Roan  Iron  Company. 

In  phosphate,  beside  the  articles  already  mentioned.  Brown  published, 
in  1904,  an  article  on  the  phosphate  deposits  of  the  Southern  States  in 
which  there  is  a good  description  of  the  various  types  found  in  Tennes- 
see, with  a history  of  their  discovery,  and  a statement  of  their  mode  of 
occurrence,  manner  of  mining  and  quality  and  the  accepted  theories  of 
their  origin.  Other  articles  were  written  by  Johnson  on  the  origin  and 
character  of  the  phosphates,  and  by  Memminger  on  their  commercial  de- 
velopment. 

In  copper,  Kemp  describes  Ducktown  topography  and  geology  briefly, 
and  gives  a very  full  account  of  the  mineralogy  of  the  ore  and  the  order 
of  the  formation  of  the  ore  and  other  minerals.  He  believes  the  ore  to 
be  a replacement  of  a zone  of  crushed  country  rock,  though  he  recognizes 
certain  facts  indicating  crystalline  limestone  as  the  material  replaced. 
Higgins,  in  1908,  describes  the  method  of  mining  and  smelting  the  cop- 
per ore. 

In  lead  and  zinc,  Watson  describes  the  Powell  River  belt  where  both 
occur  and  the  Holsten  belt  where  the  zinc  occurs  mostly  alone.  He  re- 
gards the  ores  as  concentrated  from  the  limestone  by  underground 
waters  in  brecciated  zones  with  much  replacement  but  little  or  no  sec- 
ondary enrichment. 


216 


RESOURCICS  (JF  TICNNFSSFIF 


iiarytes  claims  three  papers  in  this  decade.  Judd  describes  it  as  oc- 
curring in  lumps  in  the  residual  clays  of  the  Knox  dolomite,  and  gives 
I'otes  on  mining,  cleaning,  washing,  bleaching,  and  grinding.  Weller 
describes  the  vein  of  barytes  on  the  French  Broad  River  in  Cocke  County 
as  occurring  between  sandstone  and  quartzite,  being  seven  feet  thick  and 
traceable  for  three  miles.  Fay  describes  both  modes  of  occurrence. 

The  character  of  the  water  supply  of  Nashville  ealled  for  a number 
of  papers.  Walker,  in  1904,  describes  the  character  of  the  Cumberland 
River  basin,  and  believes  that  the  proposed  locks  and  dams  will  have  no 
elifect  on  the  quality  of  the  water,  and  Jackson  describes  filtration  meth- 
ods, with  frecpient  reference  to  conditions  pertinent  to  Nashville  In 
1905,  McDonald  describes  the  Nashville  filtering  galleries,  and  Schuer- 
man,  after  studying  water  purification  investigations  of  other  cities,  con- 
cludes that  thorough  investigation  is  needed  in  Nashville  before  any  com- 
prehensive plan  of  purification  is  adopted.  The  same  year  Brown  pub- 
lished the  results  of  an  inquiry  into  the  quality  of  the  water  supply  of 
Nashville,  and  showed  that  the  death  rate  from  typhoid  and  other  enteric 
diseases  was  abnormally  high,  attributed  it  to  eontaminated  springs  and 
wells  and  impure  river  water,  and  urged  the  purification  of  the  city  sup- 
ply and  the  closing  of  springs  and  wells. 

In  Memphis  also,  the  water  supply  was  a subject  of  investigation. 
Hider,  Omberg  and  Bell  describe  the  artesian  system  and  its  probable 
limitations,  and  makes  estimates  of  the  cost  of  utilizing  the  ^Mississippi 
as  an  ultimate  source  of  supply. 

Of  general  structural  and  faunal  interest  is  the  paper  by  Ulrich  and 
Schucherf''  on  Paleozoic  seas  and  barriers  in  eastern  North  America,  in 
which  they  discuss  at  length  the  evidence  for  the  existence  in  the  Appa- 
lachian region  in  early  Palezoic  time  of  long  narrow  barriers  separating 
equally  long  narrow  troughs  which,  though  adjacent  and  contemporane- 
ous, received  unlike  sediments,  and  contained  unlike  faunas. 

When  one  remembers  that  in  his  early  reconnoissance  in  1854,  Safiford 
quickly  grasped  this  fact  for  the  region  from  Virginia  across  East  Ten- 
nessee and  well  down  into  Georgia,  and  clearly  stated  it  in  1858,  the  fol- 
lowing extract  from  Ulrich  and  Schuchert  is  somewhat  refreshing: 

“Though  abundant  corroborative  evidence  of  the  existence  of  a nar- 
row barrier  between  the  stratigraphically  inharmonious  areas  is  afforded 
by  the  structural  geology  of  the  region  in  question,  it  was  perhaps  scarce- 
ly to  be  expected  that  the  geologists  who  attacked  the  problem  chiefly 
or  solely  from  that  side  would  find  the  true  solution.  It  required  de- 
tailed paleonological  knowledge,  particularly  as  to  assemblages  of  fos- 

*Ulrich,  E.  O.  and  Schuchert,  Charles,  Kept.  N.  Y.  Paleontologist  for  1901,  pp. 
633-663,  1902. 


GROWTH  Ol^'  KN()W1GG)G1^:  OI^'  I'lGNN.  (;p:01.0(;Y.  217 


sils  aiul  their  j^coi^raphic  distrilmtion,  before  the  faunal  distinctions  in- 
dicating separate  provinces  could  Ijc  apjireciated.  llad  tlie  geologists 
engaged  on  Sonlhern  Appalachian  prohlenis  received  a suggestion  from 
the  palentologists  of  the  striking  dissimilarity  marking  the  faunas  per- 
taining to  th.e  lithologicnl  ecinally  dissimilar  ( )rdovicic  rocks  lying  re- 
spectively on  the  east  and  west  sides  of  the  Great  Valley,  it  is  scarcely 
conceivable  that  they  would  have  failed  to  grasp  the  leading  facts  in  the 
case.”  The  authors  deserve  credit  for  the  array  of  facts  they  present, 
but  if  they  had  been  familiar  with  the  literature  of  their  subject  they 
would  have  spared  themselves  the  writing  of  the  above  paragraph  with 
its  amusing  assumptions. 

Dabney,  in  discussing  the  geology  of  the  Mississippi  embayment,  sum- 
marizes the  opinions  of  previous  workers  and  dissents  from  Little’s  con- 
clusion that  the  river  flows  essentially  in  alluvium.  He  believes  that  the 
alluvium  is  relatively  insignificant  in  quantity,  and  that  the  great  bulk  of 
the  valley  filling  is  Port  Hudson  blue  clay.  He  believes  also  that  re- 
striction by  levees  will  not  cause  deposition  in,  and  filling  of,  the  river 
channel. 

In  physiography.  White  criticises  the  view  that  the  Tennessee  near 
Chattanooga  once  continued  southward  to  the  Coosa,  as  Hayes  and 
Campbell  believed,  and  as  was  held — as  White  points  out — as  far  back 
as  1830  by  Lieut. -Col.  S.  H.  Long.  He  believes  rather  that  up  to  the 
close  of  the  Cretaceous  the  rivers  draining  the  Great  Smokies  and  the 
Valley  of  East  Tennessee  all  flowed  off  to  the  northwest  and  that  after 
the  uplift  at  the  close  of  the  Cretaceous  the  Tennessee  captured  the  more 
northern  ones  and  alone  maintained  its  course. 

In  1905,  Johnson,  writing  on  the  same  problem  of  the  Tertiary  historv 
of  the  Tennessee  River,  states  the  ]^roblem,  summarizes  the  literature  on 
both  sides  and  concludes  that  the  river  has  persisted  in  its  present  course 
probably  at  least  since  the  close  of  the  Cretaceous. 

In  the  rei)orts  of  the  Army  Engineers  from  1868  down  to  date,  there 
are  many  articles  descriptive  of  the  larger  streams  of  the  state.  Many  of 
these  are  mainly  routine  reports  on  the  work  of  improvement  from  yeat* 
to  year,  but  they  often  contain  also  valuable  information  as  to  the  char- 
acter of  the  river  and  the  changes  that  may  be  occurring  in  it.  Others 
are  very  detailed  reports  of  examinations  and  surveys,  generally  ac- 
companied with  detailed  maps.  Such  re])orts  are  of  great  value  to  the 
geologist,  meteorologist,  or  engineer  interested  in  hydrographic  prob- 
lems. They  are  so  numerous,  so  si)ecial  in  their  nature,  have  been  in- 
dexed so  fully  by  the  Army  Engineers  and  listed  at  such  length  in  Miss 
Cockrill’s  bibliography,  that  it  is  not  deemed  necessary  to  take  the  space 
here  that  would  be  required  to  present  them  with  such  fullness  as  would 
make  the  presentation  worth  while. 


218 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


GEO.  H.  ASHLEY, 
Third  State  Geologist 


GROWTH  OK  KmmLKDGK  Ol^'  TKNN.  GI^Tjr.OGY. 


2T> 


Jt  has  further  been  ihoui^'ht  best  to  end  this  siininiary  with  the  elose 
of  the  decade  from  1900  to  1910.  The  most  important  event  of  the  :le- 
eade  was  the  estahlisliment  of  a new  state  survey  l)y  the  Legislature  of 
1909.  The  history  of  this  movement  has  ijeen  given  by  Ashley  in  Bul- 
Ictiii  1-0,  of  the  publieations  of  the  present  survey,  and  need  not  be  re- 
peated here.  The  work  of  the  present  survey  is  rapidly  making  its  own 
best  record  in  its  bulletins  and  monthly  journal,  and  a recent  number  of 
the  latter  has  recorded  the  resignation  of  Doctor  Ashley,  and  the  appoint- 
ment of  I\Ir.  A.  H.  Purdue  as  State  Geologist. 

April  15,  1912. 


220 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


NEW  PUBLICATIONS 


TO  PUBLISHERS  OF  NEWSPAPERS,  MAGAZINES  AND 
TECHNICAL  JOURNALS: 

There  are  over  2,000,000  people  in  Tennessee,  and  some  out- 
side. As  only  3,000  copies  of  the  Survey’s  publications  are 
printed,  it  is  realized  that  if  the  people  of  the  state,  and  outside 
of  the  state,  are  to  be  benefited  in  any  large  measure  from  the 
work  of  the  Survey,  it  must  be  through  the  co-operation  of  the 
newspapers,  magazines,  and  technical  journals.  Therefore  the 
statements  of  the  results  of  the  Survey’s  work  and  reviews  of  its 
new  publications  are  cast  in  form  suitable  for  use  by  publishers 
in  the  hope  that  they  will  co-operate  in  extending  the  benefits  of 
the  Survey’s  studies  by  making  liberal  use  of  any  or  all  of  the 
matter  in  this  journal. 

TENNESSEE  A LEADER  IN  GEOLOGIC  WORK. 

That  Tennessee  was  the  first  state  or  country  to  persistently  maintain 
for  any  considerable  time  an  official  geological  survey,  is  known  to  few, 
but  such  is  the  case.  This  Survey  was  the  one  headed  by  Troost,  which 
was  established  December,  1831,  and  continued  for  twenty  years. 

Even  before  that  time  many  articles  had  been  written  regarding  the 
geology  of  Tennessee  by  scientific  travelers  through  this  region,  and  be- 
fore the  end  of  the  eighteenth  century  many  small  iron  forges  were  in 
operation  in  East  Tennessee. 

The  Troost  Survey  was  followed  by  that  of  Safiford  in  1854,  which 
lasted  for  a number  of  years  after  the  Civil  War.  In  1869,  Safiford  pub- 
lished a volume  on  the  Geology  of  Tennessee,  which  excels  any  similar 
sized  volume  on  the  geology  of  any  state,  written  either  at  that  time  or 
since. 

The  present  Survey  was  established  in  1909,  several  years  after  Saf- 
ford’s  death,  and  immediately  took  a leading  place  among  the  surveys  of 
the  country  in  its  new  and  aggressive  methods  of  getting  the  results  of 
its  work  before  the  public. 

The  history  of  these  events,  as  well  as  of  all  the  geological  work  that  has 
been  carried  on  in  Tennessee  up  to  1910,  is  admirably  presented  in  a 
paper  on  '‘The  Gj'owth  of  Our  Knozvledge  of  Tennessee  Geology,'’  by 
L.  C.  Glenn,  which  appeared  in  the  May  issue  of  The  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, published  by  the  Tennessee  Geological  Survey. 


NEWS  NOTES. 


221 


NiaVS  NOTES  IN  AND  OUT  OE  THE  SURVEY. 

The  State  Geologist  has  returned  from  New  Orleans,  where  he  at- 
tended the  National  Drainage  Congress,  as  a delegate  from  Tennessee. 
The  Congress  was  in  session  April  10-13,  and  during  this  time  reports 
were  given  on  drainage  work  in  all  the  states. 

The  Southern  Commereial  Congress  held  its  4th  annual  session  in 
Nashville  on  April  8,  9,  10  at  whieh  time  delegates  from  all  the  Southern 
states  were  in  attendance.  The  program  as  a whole  was  intended  to  de- 
fine the  South’s  educational  and  agricultural  recovery. 

One  of  the  principal  guests  of  the  Congress  on  this  occasion  was  Mil- 
ton  Whitney,  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Soils,  Department  of  Agriculture, 
who  delivered  an  interesting  talk  on  ‘‘The  Soil  Resources  of  the  Southern 
States.” 

J.  G.  Peters,  Chief  of  Cooperation  of  the  Forest  Service,  was  a dele- 
gate to  the  Congress  and  gave  talks  on  forestry  in  the  South. 

The  Survey  has  recently  received  a nearly  complete  set  of  the  Smith- 
sonian reports  and  many  other  scientific  works  from  the  library  of  Capt. 
R.  D.  Smith,  of  Columbia,  Tenn.  The  books  will  be  quite  an  addition 
to  the  geological  library,  and  proper  appreciation  for  them  is  hereby  ex- 
pressed. 

Mr.  Wilbur  A.  Nelson  has  done  some  field  work  during  the  month  on 
the  coals  of  Hamilton  and  Rhea  counties. 

The  Tennessee  Academy  of  Science  held  its  first  general  meeting  at 
the  Carnegie  Library  on  April  6,  at  which  time  the  following  officers 
were  elected : C.  H.  Gordon,  President,  University  of  Tennessee,  Knox- 
ville ; J.  I.  D.  Hinds,  Vice  President,  Cumberland  University,  Lebanon ; 
Wilbur  A.  Nelson,  Secretary,  Capitol  Annex,  Nashville;  S.  M.  Barton, 
Treasurer,  University  of  the  South,  Sewanee,  and  E.  S.  Reynolds,  Editor, 
University  of  Tennessee,  Knoxville.  The  success  of  the  Academy  was 
assured  by  very  fine  attendance  at  this,  the  first  meeting,  and  many  inter- 
esting papers  were  given.  The  next  meeting  will  be  held  in . Knoxville, 
on  the  Friday  after  Thanksgiving  (November  29). 

Mr.  Robert  Dismukes  has  been  busy  during  the  month  preparing  maps 
and  sketches  to  accompany  Mr.  Purdue's  bulletin  on  zinc,  to  appear 
shortly. 


222 


RESOURCES  OE  TENNESSEE. 


Publications  of  Geological  Survey  of  Tennessee  Issued. 


The  following  publications  have  been  issued  by  the  present  Survey, 
and  will  be  sent  on  request  when  accompanied  by  the  necessary  postage. 
To  make  it  possible  for  libraries  to  complete  their  sets,  and  for  persons 
having  real  need  for  any  of  the  volumes  to  obtain  the  earlier  ones  at 
small  cost,  500  copies  of  each  report  are  reserved  for  sale,  at  the  cost  of 
printing;  the  receipts  from  the  sales  being  turned  into  the  State  Treasury. 

Gaps  in  the  series  of  numbers  are  of  reports  still  in  preparation: 


Bulletin  No. 


Bulletin  No. 


Bulletin  No. 


Bulletin  No. 
Bulletin  No. 


1 —  Geological  Work  in  Tennessee. 

A.  The  establishment,  purpose,  object  and  methods  of  the 
State  Geological  Survey;  by  George  H.  Ashley,  33  pages, 
issued  July,  1910;  postage,  2 cents. 

B.  Bibliography  of  Tennessee  Geology  and  Related  Sub 
jects;  by  Elizabeth  Cockrill,  119  pages;  postage,  3 cents. 

2 —  Preliminary  Papers  on  the  Mineral  Resources  of  Tennes- 

see, by  George  H.  Ashley  and  others. 

A.  Outline  Introduction  to  the  Mineral  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, by  George  H.  Ashley,  issued  September  10,  1910; 
65  pages;  postage,  2 cents. 

D.  The  Marble  of  East  Tennessee,  by  C.  H.  Gordon;  Issued 
May,  1911;  33  pages;  postage,  2 cents. 

E.  Oil  Development  in  Tennessee,  by  M.  J.  Munn,  issued 
January,  1911;  46  pages;  postage,  2 cents. 

G.  The  Zinc  Deposits  of  Tennessee,  by  S.  W.  Osgood;  issued 
October,  1910;  16  pages;  postage,  1 cent. 

3 —  Drainage  Reclamation  in  Tennessee;  74  pages,  issued  July. 

1910;  postage,  3 cents. 

A.  Drainage  Problems  in  Tennessee,  by  George  H.  Ashley; 
pages  1-15;  postage,  1 cent. 

B.  Drainage  of  Rivers  in  Gibson  County,  Tennessee,  by  A. 
E.  Morgan  and  S.  H.  McCrory;  pages  17-43;  postage, 
1 cent. 

C.  The  Drainage  Law  of  Tennessee;  pages  45-74;  postage, 
1 cent. 

4 —  Administrative  Report  of  the  State  Geologist,  1910;  issued 

March,  1911;  postage,  2 cents. 

5 —  Clays  of  West  Tennessee,  by  Wilbur  A.  Nelson;  issued 

April,  1911;  postage,  4 cents. 


Bulletin  No.  9 — Economic  Geology  of  the  Dayton-Pikeville  Region,  by  W. 

C.  Phalen,  for  sale  only,  price  15  cents. 

Bulletin  No.  10 — Studies  of  the  Forests  of  Tennessee. 

A.  An  Investigation  of  the  Forest  Conditions  in  Tennessee, 
by  R.  Clifford  Hall;  issued  April,  1911;  56  pages;  post 
age,  3 cents. 

B.  Chestnut  in  Tennessee,  by  W.  W.  Ashe,  issued  December, 
1911;  postage,  2 cents. 


LIST  OK  rUJUJ CATIONS. 


223 


Bulletin  No.  13 — A Brief  Summary  of  the  Resources  of  Tennessee,  by  Geo. 

H.  Ashley;  issued  May,  1911;  40  pages;  postage,  2 cents. 
“The  Resources  of  Tennessee — A monthly  magazine,  devoted  to  the  descrip- 
tion, conservation  and  development  of  the  State’s  resources.  Postage, 
2 cents  a number. 

PRINCIPAL  PAPERS. 

Yol.  I.  No.  1 — The  utilization  of  the  small  water  powers  in  Tennessee, 
by  J.  A.  Switzer  and  Geo.  H.  Ashley. 

No.  2 — The  Camden  chert — an  ideal  road  material,  by  George 
H.  Ashley. 

The  Fernvale  iron  ore  deposit  of  Davidson  County,  by 
W.  A.  Nelson. 

Cement  materials  in  Tennessee,  by  C.  H.  Gordon. 

No.  3 — The  gold  field  of  Coker  Creek,  by  Geo.  H.  Ashley. 

No.  4 — Coal  resources  of  Dayton-Pikeville  area,  by  W.  C. 
Phalen. 

No.  5 — Economic  aspects  of  the  smoke  nuisance,  by  J.  A. 
Switzer. 

Watauga  Power  Company’s  hydro-electric  development, 
by  Francis  R.  Weller. 

The  coal  fields  of  Tennessee,  by  Geo.  H.  Ashley. 

No.  6 — Bauxite  Mining  in  Tennessee,  by  Geo,  H,  Ashley. 

A New  Manganese  Deposit  in  Tennessee,  by  Wilbur  A. 
Nelson. 

Road  Improvement  in  I'ennessee,  by  Geo.  H.  Ashley. 
Vol.  II.  No.  1 — The  Utilization  of  the  Navigable  Rivers  of  Tennessee, 
by  Geo.  H.  Ashley. 

Dust  Explosions  in  Mines,  by  Geo.  H.  Ashley. 

The  Rejuvenation  of  Wornout  Soil  Without  Artificial 
Fertilizers,  by  Geo.  H.  Ashley. 

Tennessee  to  Have  Another  Great  Water  Power,  by 
George  Byrne. 

Manufacture  of  Sulphuric  Acid  in  Tennessee  in  1911, 
by  W.  A.  Nelson. 

No,  2 — The  Ocoee  River  Power  Development,  by  J.  A.  Switzer. 
Exporation  for  Natural  Gas  and  Oil  at  Memphis,  Tenn., 
by  M.  J.  Munn. 

No.  3 — The  Power  Development  at  Hale’s  Bar,  by  J.  A.  Switzer, 
Notes  on  Lead  in  Tennessee,  by  Wilbur  A.  Nelson. 

No.  4 — The  Tennessee  Academy  of  Science. 

The  Preliminary  Consideration  of  Water  Power  Projects, 
by  J.  A.  Switzer. 

Lignite  and  Lignitic  Clay  in  West  Tennessee,  by  Wilbur 
A.  Nelson. 


224 


RESOURCES  OE  TENNESSEE. 


Unimpaired  railroad  service  over  river.  There  was  no  delay 
of  traffic  at  any  time. 


Steamboats  loading  at  Broad  Street,  showing  water  still  several 
feet  below  street  level. 

HIGH  WATER  ON  THE  CUMBERLAND  RIVER  AT  NASHVILLE, 

APRIL  3,  1912. 


BULLETIN  2-A 


STATE  OF  TENNESSEE— STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 

GEORGE  H,  ASHLEY,  State  Geologfist 


OUTLINE  INTRODUCTION 

TO  THE 

MINERAL  RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE 


Compiled  and  Written 

BY  GEORGE  H.  ASHLEY 


EXTRACT  (A)  FROM  BULLETIN  NO,  2,  “PRELIMINARY  PAPERS 
ON  THE  MINERAL  RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE.’' 


NASHVILLE 

FOLK-KEELIN  PRINTING  COMPANY’ 

1910 


STATE  GEOLOGICAL  COMMISSION 


MALCOLM  R.  PATTERSON,  Chairman, 
Governor  of  Tennessee. 

JOHN  THOMPSON, 

State  Commissioner  of  Agriculture. 

R.  A.  SHIFLETT, 

Chief  Mine  Inspector. 

BROWN  AYRES, 

President,  University  of  Tennessee. 

J.  H.  KIRKLAND, 

Chancellor  of  Vanderbilt  University. 

WM.  B.  HALL, 

Vice-Chancellor,  University  of  the  South. 


GEORGE  H.  ASHLEY, 
State  Geologist. 


CONTENTS 


Page 

Introductory  Note 7 

Location,  Size,  Etc.,  of  Tennessee 8 

Surface  Features  of  Tennessee: 

The  Unakas 10 

The  Valley  of  East  Tennessee 10 

The  Cumberland  Plateau 10 

The  Highland  Rim 11 

The  Central  Basin 11 

The  Western  Valley  of  the  Tennessee  River 11 

The  Plateau  and  Slope  of  West  Tennessee 11 

The  Mississippi  River  Bottoms 12 

The  Rock  Formations  of  Tennessee: 

Cenezoic  Era — Quaternary  System — Recent  Series. 

Alluvium 15 

High-Level  gravels 15 

Pleisocene  (Columbia) 

Milan  Loam 15 

Memphis  Loess 15 

Sands  (LaFayette) 15 

Mesozoic  Era — Tertiary  System — Eocene  Series. 

LaGrange  formation 15 

Porter  Creek  formation _..15 

Cretaceous  System  (Upper) 

Ripley  formation 15 

Selma  clay 15 

Eutaw  sand 15 

Paleozoic  Era— Carboniferous  System — Pennsylvanian  Series — 
Pottsville  Group.  (Upper  Pottsville,  or  “Brushy  Mountain 
Coal  Group.”) 

Bryson  formation 16 

Hignite  formation 16 

Catron  formation 16 

Mingo  formation 16 

Hance  formation 16 

Anderson  sandstone 16 

Scott  shale 16 

Wartburg  sandstone 16 

Briceville  shale 16 

Lower  Pottsville,  or  Lee  Conglomerate 

Emory  sandstone 16 

“Tracy  City  Group” 16 

Bon  Air  Conglomerate,  or  Sewanee  Conglomerate 16 

“Bon  Air  Group” 16 


CONTENTS-Continued. 


Page 

Mississipian  Series 

Pennington  shale. 16 

St,  Louis  limestone 16 

Tullahoma  limestone 16 

Newman  limestone 16 

Waverly  formation 16 

Bangor  limestone 16 

Ft.  Payne  chert 16 

Devonian  System 

Maury  shale  17 

Chattanooga  shale 17 

Hardin  sandstone  (Swan  Creek  phosphate) 17 

Linden  limestone 17 

Silurian  System 

Decatur  limestone 17 

Lobelville  formation 17 

Bob  formation 17 

Beech  River  formation 17 

Dixon  formation 17 

Lego  limestone 17 

Waldron  shale  17 

Laurel  limestone 17 

Clifton  limestone 17 

Hancock  limestone 17 

Clinton  formation 17 

Rockwood  formation 17 

Clinch  sandstone 17 

Bays  formation 17 

Ordovician,  or  Lower  Silurian  System 

Sevier  shale 18 

Mannie  shale 18 

Ferndale  formation 18 

Arnheim  (Warren)  formation 18 

Tellico  sandstone 18 

Leipers  formation 18 

Athens  shale 18 

Catheys  formation 18 

Hermitage  (Saltillo)  limestone 18 

Moccasin  limestone 18 

Carters  limestone 18 

Lebanon  limestone 18 

Ridley  limestone 18 

Pierce  limestone 18 

Murfreesboro  limestone 18 

Chickamauga  limestone 18 

Holston  marble 18 

Lenoir  limestone 18 

Knox  dolomite 18 

Cambrian  System 

Nolichucky  shale... 19 

Maryville  limestone 19 


CONTENTS— Continued. 


Pagre 

Rodgersville  shale 19 

Rutledge  limestone 19 

Connasauga  shale 19 

Honaker  limestone 19 

Rome  formation 19 

Beaver  limestone 19 

Apison  shale 19 

Watauga  shale 19 

Shady  limestone 19 

Hesse,  or  Erwin  quartzite 19 

Murray  slate,  or  Hampton  shale 19 

Nebo  quartzite,  or  sandstone;  Tusquito  quartzite 19 

Unicoi  formation 19 

Nicholas  shale 19 

Nantahala  slate 19 

Cochran  conglomerate 19 

Great  Smoky  conglomerate-  19 

Clingman  conglomerate 19 

Hazel  slate 19 

Thunderhead  conglomerate 19 

Hiwassee  slate 19 

Cade’s  conglomerate 19 

Pigeon  slate 19 

Sandsuck  shale 19 

Citico  conglomerate 19 

Wilhite  slate 19 

A brief  outline  of  the  geologic  history  of  Tennessee 27 

The  lay  of  the  rock,  or  structure  of  Tennessee 31 


Alphabetical  list  of  the  minerals  of  Tennessee,  with  a brief  notice 
of  their  occurrence,  use,  etc.: 

Alum 

Barite,  or  Barytes 

Bauxite 

Cement — Portland 

Cement — Natural 

Chert 

Clay  and  shale 

Coal 

Cobalt 

Copper  

Copperas 

Dolomite  

Epsom  Salts 

Fluorspar 

Gas 

Glass  Sand 

Gold 

Granite 

Green  Sand 

Gypsum 


...33 
.__33 
.__34 
._.35 
._.36 
._.36 
,__37 
_.39 
._.41 
__41 
.-.42 
_ 43 
_.43 
_.43 
._43 
__43 
..43 
_-44 
_.44 
.45 


CONTENTS— Continued. 

Page 

Hydraulic  Rock 45 

Iron 45 

Kaolin A7 

Lead 47 

Lignite 48 

Limestone 48 

Lithographic  Stone 49 

Manganese 49 

Marble 50 

Marl — (See  green  sand) 51 

Millstone  grit 51 

Minerals ' 51 

Metallic  paint  and  mortar  colors 52 

Mineral  springs 52 

Mortar  colors _ . 55 

Nitre,  or  salt-peter 55 

Novaculite --.56 

Oil  and  gas 56 

Phosphate 59 

Pyrite 61 

Salt 61 

Sand  and  gravel 62 

Sandstone 62 

Shale  (see  clay) 62 

Silica  rock _ 62 

Silver 63 

Slate 63 

Sulphur  aud  sulphuric  acid 63 

Zinc 64 


OUTLINE  INTRODUCTION 


TO  THE 

MINERAL  RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE 


By  George  H.  Ashley. 


Note. — This  pamphlet  will  ultimately  form  Part  “A”  of  Bulletin  No.  2 — 
“Preliminary  Papers  on  the  Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee,”  in  which  it  will 
be  followed  by  brief,  though  more  extended  .papers,  on  the  more  important 
resources  of  the  State.  The  several  parts  of  Bulletin  No.  2 are  published  separ- 
ately as  “Circulars  of  Information,”  as  listed  on  the  inside  cover. 


• Bulletin  No.  2 is  not  intended  as  an  original  contribution  to 
the  knowledge  of  the  State’s  mineral  resources.  It  contains  a 
succinct  statement  of  such  general  facts  about  the  State’s  min- 
eral resources  as  have  been  published,  supplemented  by  such  ad- 
ditional facts  as  may  have  come  to  the  notice  of  the  survey  in  the 
few  weeks  since  its  establishment.  It  is  issued  to  meet  the  ur- 
gent demand  for  “immediate  information”  on  the  State’s  mineral 
resources,  pending  the  appearance  of  reports  to  be  prepared  as  a 
result  of  the  Survey’s  field  work  now  in  progress,  or  to  be  car- 
ried on  in  the  future. 

Part  A of  Bulletin  No.  2 is  for  the  reader  who  has  only  a gen- 
eral interest  in  the  State’s  resources,  and  to  meet  immediate  de- 
mands, as  it  is  recognized  that  it  is  going  to  require  many  months 
to  prepare  all  the  following  papers,  brief  as  they  are  intended 
to  be. 

Part  A contains : 

I.  Location,  Size,  etc.,  of  Tennessee. 

II.  Surface  Features  of  Tennessee. 

III.  The  Rock  Formations  of  Tennessee. 

IV.  The  Geological  History  of  Tennessee  in  Outline. 

V.  The  Rock  Structure  of  Tennessee. 

VI.  Alphabetical  List  of  the  Minerals  of  Tennessee,  with  a 
Brief  Notice  of  Their  Occurrence,  etc. 


8 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


No  attempt  is  made  in  this  paper  to  give  the  authority 
upon  which  statements  are  made.  It  is  hardly  necessary  to  say 
that  reports  of  Safford  and  Killebrew  and  the  U.  S.  Geological 
Survey  folios  and  “Mineral  Resources”  have  been  largely  drawn 
upon.  In  most  cases  there  has  been  attempted  a review  of  all  the 
papers  dealing  with  the  several  subjects.  The  fuller  papers  on 
the  mineral  resources,  which  will  appear  in  later  numbers  of 
Bulletin  No.  2,  will  in  most  cases  give  lists  of  the  principal  papers 
that  have  been  published  on  each  subject.  The  statistics  of  pro- 
duction in  the  State  and  the  lists  of  producing  mines,  etc.,  are 
fully  set  forth  in  the  annual  reports  of  the  State  Mine  Inspector, 
and  need  not  be  repeated  here.  Those  reports  can  be  obtained  by 
addressing  the  State  Mine  Inspector,  Nashville,  Tenn. 

Location,  Size,  Etc.,  of  Tennessee. 

Tennessee  lies  between  latitude  35°  00'  and  36°  30'  north,  and 
longitude  81°,  56'  and  90°  28'  west,  with  an  extreme  reach  from 
east  to  west  of  483  miles.  It  has  a width  along  the  parallel 
of  36°,  30'  of  432  miles;  its  width  along  the  parallel  of  35° 
north  is  336  miles;  its  greatest  width  from  north  to  south  is 
115  miles,  with  an  average  of  109  miles.  It  has  an  area  of  42,050 
square  miles,  of  which  300  are  covered  by  water.  It  contains  96 
counties,  grouped  into  three  principal  divisions — East,  Middle 
and  West  Tennessee — which  are  recognized  in  the  Constitution  in 
the  election  of  judges  and  otherwise.  In  1900  the  population  of 
the  State  was  2,200,616,  of  which  31  per  cent,  was  colored.  At 
this  writing  the  census  figures  for  1910  are  not  available. 

The  State  has  four  large,  thriving  cities — Memphis,  Nashville 
(the  capital) , Chattanooga  and  Knoxville — and  scores  of  smaller 
cities.  Memphis  claims  to  be  the  largest  inland  cotton  market 
in  the  United  States,  if  not  in  the  world;  Nashville,  the  largest 
hardwood  market  in  the  world,  the  largest  publishing  city  in  the 
United  States  outside  of  New  York  City,  the  largest  educational 
center  in  thf'  South,  with  11,000  visiting  students,  etc. 

There  are  at  this  time  almost  4,000  miles  of  railroad  track  in 
the  State.  The  Cumberland  River  is  navigable  for  518  miles,  of 
which  315  are  in  Tennessee,  the  Tennessee  River  furnishes  320 
miles  of  navigable  river;  the  Mississippi  200  miles.  Altogether 
there  are  about  1,200  miles  of  navigable  streams  in  the  State, 
thus  insuring  low  freight  rates  to  a large  number  of  points. 

Tennessee  combines  a southern  position,  with  high  average  alti- 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


9 


tilde,  rendering  the  climate  one  of  the  most  equable  and  delight- 
ful of  any  State  in  the  Union — the  winters  are  short  and  the 
summers  long,  but  neither  the  winter  cold,  nor  the  summer  heat 
is  as  great  as  in  the  Northern  States.  The  average  rainfall  is 
about  52  inches,  well  distributed  all  through  the  year,  with  an 
average  of  265  clear  days  in  a year.  The  growing  season,  as 
measured  by  the  number  of  days  between  frosts,  is  189. 

With  her  abundant  and  varied  mineral  resources,  soils  and  cli- 
mate, Tennessee,  if  cut  off  from  communication  with  all  other 
States,  could  continue  to  supply  herself  with  all,  or  nearly  all,  of 
the  needful  materials  to  maintain  her  present  or  future  civiliza- 
tion. Water-power  and  coal  would  supply  her  with  power;  her 
iron,  lead,  zinc,  copper,  gold,  silver,  aluminum  and  other  mines 
would  supply  her  with  metals;  her  building  stones,  marbles, 
clays,  cement  materials  and  forests  would  supply  her  with  build- 
ing materials;  most  of  the  materials  used  in  chemistry  and  the 
.arts,  she  could  secure  from  her  own  storehouse,  if  cut  off  from 
outside  supplies;  and  with  the  exception  of  tropical  fruits,  she 
-can  raise  any  food  raised  anywhere  in  the  United  States. 

Surface  Features  of  Tennessee. 

Though  Tennessee  lacks  the  attractive  features  of  the  sea- 
coast  and  the  rugged  wildness  of  the  mountains  of  some 
of  the  Western  States,  it  is  safe  to  say  that  no  State 
in  the  Union  excels  it  in  general  attractiveness  of  physio- 
graphic aspect.  The  eastern  edge  reaches  the  eastern  crest  of  the 
continent,  with  an  average  elevation  of  5,000  feet  above  sea- 
level,  and  the  western  edge  borders  on  the  Mississippi  River,  with 
an  average  elevation  of  about  225  feet  above  tide.  Two  great 
navigable  rivers  cross  the  State,  one  of  them  twice.  There  is  a 
minimum  of  level  ground,  with  the  usual  monotony  of  scenery, 
yet  on  the  other  hand  the  area  of  wild  mountain  lands  of  low  eco- 
nomic value  is  very  limited.  To  the  east  the  great  wilderness  of 
the  Appalachian  mountains  belong  to  North  Carolina,  and  Ten- 
nessee has  only  the  crest  and  the  western  slope,  giving  an  abun- 
dance of  mountain  scenery,  peaks  and  passes,  river  gorges  and 
waterfalls,  without  its  absorbing  much  of  its  territory.  On  the 
west  the  great  swampy  bottoms  of  the  Mississippi  lie  almost  en- 
tirely on  the  Arkansas  side,  while  on  the  Tennessee  side  are 
some  of  the  richest  agricultural  lands  in  the  State,  up  on  the 
bluff,  where  they  are  well  drained. 


10 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


The  Alleghany  Mountains,  which  in  Kentucky  render  all  of 
the  eastern  part  of  the  State  rough  and  rugged  and  of  little  value 
for  agriculture,  in  Tennessee  narrow  down  to  the  flat-topped 
Cumberland  Plateau,  and  even  the  heart  of  that  is  occupied  by 
the  broad,  fertile  Sequatchie  Valley. 

Again,  the  great  Central  Basin  of  Tennessee,  which  is  almost 
a continuous  garden,  is  not  flat,  as  are  some  of  the  States  farther 
north,  but  gently  rolling,  rising  into  picturesque  hills,  or  sinking 
into  sloping  valleys,  through  which  run  clear,  rapid  streams,  and 
almost  always  the  hills  of  the  Highland  Rim  form  a distant  back- 
ground resembling  small  mountains. 

The  State  crosses  a series  of  distinct  physiographic  types  of 
topography  which  extend  northeast  and  southwest  in  the  east- 
ern part  of  the  State,  and  north  and  south  in  the  western  part  of 
the  State.  These,  from  east  to  west,  are  the  Unakas,  or  Great 
Smoky  Mountain  belt,  the  Valley  of  East  Tennessee,  the  Cumber- 
land Plateau,  the  eastern  Highland  Rim,  the  Central  Basin,  the 
western  Highland  Rim,  the  Western  Valley  of  Tennessee  River, 
the  Plateau  of  West  Tennessee,  extending  to  the  Mississippi  Riv- 
er bottoms. 

The  Unakas. — This  is  the  western  flank  and  foothill  region  of 
the  Unakas,  or  Great  Smoky  Mountains,  an  area  of  2,000  square 
miles,  with  often  rounded  crests,  suited  for  grazing,  steep,  tim- 
ber-covered slopes  and  deep,  gorge-like  ravines  opening  out  into 
enclosed  valleys,  a region  of  fine  timber,  great  water-power  and 
abundant  grazing  grounds.  The  crests  of  the  mountains  have 
an  elevation  of  from  4,000  to  6,650  feet;  the  elevation  at  the  foot 
of  the  mountains  is  about  1,000  feet.  This  region  is  the  source  of 
the  copper,  gold,  silver,  slate  and  granite  of  the  State,  and  of 
great  deposits  of  iron. 

The  Valley  of  East  Tennessee. — This  region  has  an  average 
width  of  about  50  miles  and  an  area  of  9,200  square  miles,  with 
an  elevation  of  about  1,000  feet  above  the  sea.  It  is  a region  of 
long  northeast-southwest  limestone  and  shale  valleys  separated 
by  narrow,  saw-toothed  ridges  of  sandstone  or  chert.  The  val- 
leys, and  often  much  of  the  slopes  of  the  ridges,  are  at  once 
beautiful,  populous  and  fertile.  The  Great  Valley  is  the  seat  of 
the  State’s  marble  industry  and  the  source  of  barytes,  zinc,  red 
fossil  iron  ore,  and  many  other  economic  products. 

The  Cumberland  Plateau. — This  is  the  coal  region.  It  is  a 
high  table-land,  capped  with  massive  sandstones  and  underlain 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


11 


with  coals,  clays,  shales  and  limestones.  The  elevation  is  about 
2,000  feet  above  tide,  with  some  mountains  rising  above  the  table- 
land to  3,000  or  4,000  feet  above  tide  at  the  northeast.  It  has  an 
area  of  over  5,000  square  miles.  It  faces  the  Great  Valley  with  a 
fairly  even  escarpment  1,000  feet  high  and  generally  precipitous. 
On  the  western  side  it  forms  a series  of  projecting  headlands, 
enclosing  rich  coves.  From  either  edge  of  the  plateau  wonderful 
views  are  to  be  had  of  the  broad,  rich  valleys  to  the  east  and 
west. 

The  Highland  Rim. — This  is  a high,  broad  shelf  surrounding 
the  “Central  Basin.”  The  edge  facing  the  Basin  has  a cherty 
soil,  back  of  which  is  a broad  belt  of  rich  limestone  country.  The 
inner  rim  supplies  chert,  and  on  the  western  side  of  the  Basin 
the  “blue”  phosphate  rock  just  underlies  the  chert.  From  the 
outer  edge  of  the  Rim  will  be  supplied  lithographic  stone  and 
building  stone,  fluorite,  zinc  and  other  metals.  This  division  has 
an  area  of  9,300  square  miles,  with  an  elevation  of  950  feet  above 
sea-level. 

The  Central  Basin. — The  Central  Basin  with  an  area  of  5,400 
square  miles  lies  about  400  feet  below  the  Rim,  or  about  500 
feet  above  tide.  It  is  a limestone  basin.  Much  of  the  limestone 
of  the  western  side  is  rich  in  phosphate,  and  large  quantities  of 
commercial  fertilizer  are  now  being  mined.  It  is  not  flat,  but 
beautifully  rolling,  the  hills  rising  50  to  150  feet  above  the  ad- 
joining broad  valleys.  For  the  most  part,  hill  and  valley  are 
equally  rich.  It  is  one  of  the  few  regions  of  the  world  combining 
great  agricultural  richness  with  beautiful  scenery,  clear,  flowing 
streams  and  health  conditions  of  the  highest  type,  a region  of 
wealth,  culture  and  influence. 

The  Western  Valley  of  the  Tennessee  River. — This  is  a nar- 
row, irregular  belt  of  low,  swampy  land,  sparsely  settled,  with  an 
area  of  1,200  square  miles.  It  is  a region  of  great  possibilities 
for  the  future  when  the  river  shall  have  been  harnessed.  Some 
of  the  side  valley  bottoms  with  their  great  richness  are  prophetic 
of  what  some  day  may  be  true  of  the  whole  valley. 

The  Plateau  and  Slope  of  West  Tennessee. — This  is  a region 
of  rolling  upland,  with  light,  fertile  soil,  sluggish  streams  with 
swampy  bottoms,  the  uplands  rising  200  to  400  feet  above  the 
stream  bottoms.  The  reclamation  of  the  stream  bottoms  has  al- 
ready begun.  The  region  is  well  supplied  with  railroads.  It  is 
the  most  densely  populated  part  of  the  State  and  is  growing  rich 


12 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


raising  small  fruits  and  vegetables  for  the  early  Northern  mar- 
ket. As  the  stream  bottoms  are  brought  under  cultivation  this 
region  will  become  one  of  the  garden  spots  of  the  United  States. 
The  district  gives  promise  of  a great  future  industry  in  the  manu- 
facture of  clay  products.  The  area  is  about  8,850  square  miles 
and  the  elevation  500  feet  above  tide. 

The  Mississippi  River  Bottoms. — Nearly  1,000  square  miles  of 
Mississippi  River  bottom  exists  in  Tennessee,  mostly  awaiting 
reclamation  to  become  what  such  river  valleys  all  over  the  world 
become  when  properly  reclaimed — the  world’s  granaries.  At 
present  most  of  this  area  is  covered  with  a dense  vegetation,  spot- 
ted with  lakes  and  marshes,  and  underlain  with  a soil  of  imperish- 
able fertility. 


Rock  Formations  of  Tennessee. 

As  is  well  known,  the  rocks  of  any  region  vary — some  are  sand- 
stones, some  shales,  some  limestones,  granites,  marls,  etc.  Orig- 
inally most  of  these  rocks  were  laid  down  in  the  ocean,  either 
along  the  shore  or  farther  out  as  great  stretches  of  sand  or  mud, 
as  vast  coral  reefs,  as  gravels,  or  as  other  material,  or  as  mix- 
tures of  these.  Later  these  beds  were  buried  by  other  materials 
as  the  constant  movement  of  the  land  carried  the  sea  farther  in, 
or  forced  it  farther  out,  and  in  time  each  bed  of  sim- 
ilar material  became  deeply  buried  beneath  later  mate- 
rials and  it  was  hardened  into  shale  or  sandstone,  or  limestone, 
or  some  other  rock.  But  the  same  conditions  of  shore  or  sea  often 
recurred  at  any  one  point,  so  that  the  same  kind  of  bed  was  laid 
down  at  many  times  in  the  history  of  one  locality.  Therefore, 
in  referring  to  any  single  bed  it  is  desirable  that  it  have  a name. 
It  has  become  customary  to  give  each  bed  a name  from  some  place 
where  it  is  especially  prominent,  and  not  likely  to  be  confused 
with  any  other  similar  bed  at  that  place.  Thus,  the  Camden 
chert  is  named  from  Camden,  in  Benton  County,  where  it  is  prac- 
tically the  only  rock  to  be  seen.  The  Murfreesboro  limestone  is 
named  from  Murfreesboro  in  the  same  way. 

These  layers  of  rock  may  have  a thickness  of  from  a few  feet 
to  several  thousand  feet,  and  an  extent  of  from  a few  square 
miles  to  100,000  square  miles,  or  more.  Thus,  the  Knox  dolomite 
has  a thickness  of  4,000  feet,  and  probably  underlies  nearly  all 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


13 


of  Tennessee,  though  exposed  only  in  East  Tennessee  and  in  the 
Wells  Creek  basin.  It  is  found  also  all  through  the  Appalachian 
Valley  through  Virginia,  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania.  The  red 
Clinton  iron  ore  can  be  traced  from  Lake  Ontario  to  south  of 
Birmingham  in  Alabama,  and  from  East  Tennessee  to  west  of 
Nashville.  It  is  not  continuous,  nor  always  in  a single  bed.  When 
the  layers  of  rock  are  thin  and  variable  a number  of  them  are 
grouped  together  and  called  a formation ; as  the  Rome  formation, 
or  the  Mingo  formation,  which  contains  shales,  sandstones,  clays 
and  coal  beds.  The  general  term  “formation”  has  been  given  to 
all  of  the  named  strata,  or  “formation”  groups. 

These  formations  are  traced  and  mapped  in  two  ways — by 
actual  tracing  from  place  to  place,  and  through  the  study  of  the 
contained  fossils.  In  the  Western  States  where  rain  is  scarce 
and  vegetation  scanty  the  rocks  are  commonly  well  exposed,  and 
it  is  often  possible  to  trace  -a  given  rock  layer  for  hundreds  of 
miles,  but  in  Eastern  United  States  where  the  vegetation  is  usu- 
ally abundant  this  is  seldom  possible,  and  always  difficult.  Again, 
the  dips,  faults,  or  other  structural  features  often  carry  the 
stratum  being  traced  underground  for  a long  distance,  or  have 
raised  it  above  the  present  surface,  so  that  it  has  been  eroded, 
and  under  these  conditions  the  direct  tracing  may  not  be  possi- 
ble. In  almost  all  cases,  therefore,  where  the  tracing  is  carried 
any  distance  dependence  must  be  placed  on  a study  of  the  fossils. 

The  fossils  are  the  remains  of  the  animals  and  plants  that  lived 
at  the  time  any  rock  was  being  laid  down.  A study  of  the  rocks 
shows  that  there  has  been  a steady  change  and  advance  in  the 
plants  and  animals  living  in  the  sea  at  the  time  the  various  rocks 
were  laid  down.  Hundreds  of  thousands  of  diiferent  forms  have 
been  recognized  and  described.  Where  two  layers  follow  each  oth- 
er closely  in  time  it  is  found  there  is  a close  resemblance  between 
the  animals  or  plants,  but  invariably  it  is  found  that  some  forms 
in  the  lower  layer  are  lacking  in  the  upper  layer,  and  new  forms 
have  appeared  in  the  upper  layer,  generally  descended  from  the 
missing  forms  of  the  lower  layer.  In  ascending  through  several 
layers  it  is  soon  found  that  all  of  the  forms  have  changed.  Again, 
in  closely  succeeding  layers,  it  is  often  found  that  where  the 
same  species  has  persisted  from  one  layer  to  the  next  that  it 
shows  some  slight  variation  by  which  it  is  possible  to  recognize 
what  particular  bed  a given  specimen  was  taken  from.  To  recog- 
nize these  minute  variations,  however,  requires  an  amount  of 


14 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


study,  training  and  experience  that  shuts  out  all  but  those  who  are 
willing  to  devote  their  whole  time  to  it,  and  as  a rule  most  of  the 
paleontologists  confine  themselves  to  either  the  plants  or  ani- 
mals of  a single  era.  Notwithstanding  this  necessary  specializa- 
tion for  the  detailed  work,  the  general  geologists,  or  laymen,  can 
quickly  learn  the  common  fossils  of  the  larger  rock  groups,  so 
as  to  readily  distinguish  them. 

The  practical  value  of  the  study  and  knowledge  of  the  rock 
formations  lies  in  the  fact  that  a large  part  of  the  economic 
products  of  any  region  have  certain  definite  relations  to  the  rock 
formations.  Thus,  the  bituminous  coal  of  Tennessee  is  found 
only  in  rocks  of  Carboniferous  age  and  the  lignite  in  certain 
other  rocks  of  Eocene  age,  the  blue  phosphate  in  close  associa- 
tion with  the  Chattanooga  black  shale,  or  brown  phosphates  on 
the  edges  of  the  Trenton  and  Lorraine  limestones  or  fossilifer- 
ous  red  iron  ore  in  rocks  of  Clinton  age;  the  bauxite  of  Ten- 
nessee is  found  associated  with  the  Knox  dolomite,  as  is  most 
of  the  zinc  ore.  The  Holston  marble  is  found  in  a definite  strat- 
igraphic position,  as  are  the  lithographic  limestones  and  the 
oolitic  (Bedford)  building  limestones.  The  same  is  true  also 
of  the  oil,  gas,  novaculite,  chert,  slate,,  cement  rocks,  and  many 
other  of  the  State’s  resources.  If  we  wish  to  find  deposits  of 
any  materials,  a knowledge  of  the  rock  strata  and  where  they 
occur  serves  as  a guide  in  the  search;  or  in  finding  a given  for- 
mation we  look  for  the  possible  occurrence  of  certain  economic 
deposits. 

Following  are  given  first  a list  of  the  named  formations  of 
the  State,  arranged  to  show  the  correspondence  in  age;  then  a 
brief  characterization  of  each,  giving  its  thickness,  the  location 
of  its  outcrops,  etc. 


Mineral  Resources  of  'iennessee 


15 


TABLE  OF  ROCK  FORMATIONS  IN  TENNESSEE 


F-Forraation;  S. S. -Sandstone  ; L.S.-Limestone  ; Sh.-Shale  ; Cgfl.-Congrlomerate  ; Sl.-Slate  ; 
Qtz.-Quarzite;  Gr.-Group ; Sd.-Sand;  Cl. -Clay ; Ch. -Chert. 


standard 

Section 

Saiford,  1869 

Western 

Tennessee 

Eastern 

Tennessee 

Era. 

System 

Series  and 
Groups 

Recent 

Alluvium 

Alluvium 

Alluvium 

Eastern  Gravel 

High  level  gravel 

Cenozoic 

Quaternary 

Pleistocene 

Bluff  Gravel 

3 Milan  loam 

a 

.a  Memphis  loess 
o 

O 

sand 

Pliocene 

Miocene 

Oligocene 

Land 

Land 

Tertiary 

Eocene 

Bluff  lignite 

Orange  sd.  or 
Lagrange 

Lagrange  F. 

Land 

Porter’s  Creek  F. 

Porter’s  Creek  F. 

Land 

Ripley  group 

Ripley  F. 

Cretaceous 

Upper 

Green  sd. 

Selma  Cl. 

Land 

"o 

s 

o 

Coffee  sd. 

Eutaw  Sd. 

<u 

Lower 

La 

nd 

Jurassic 

Upper 

Middle 

Lower 

Land 

Land 

Land 

Triassic 

Upper 

Middle 

Lower 

Land 

Land 

Land 

16 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


TABLE  OF  ROCK  FORMATIONS  IN  TENNESSEE 


F-Formation;  S.S.-Sandstone  ; L. S. -Limestone  ; Sh. -Shale  ; Cgfl.-Congflomerate  ; Sl.-Slate  ; 
Qtz. -Quartzite  ; Gr.-Group  ; Sd.-Sand  ; Cl.-Clay  ; Ch. -Chert. 


_o 

'o 

N 

o 

Is 

Oh 


a 

(U 

Safford 

Saflford  and 
Killebrew 

Cumberland 

Gap 

Northern 

Appalachian 

Field 

Southern 

Appala- 

chian 

Field 

Hayes 

w 

>, 

Groups 

Permian 

1869 

1900 

Ashley  & 
Glenn 

1904 

Keith 

Monongfehela 

probably 

land 

Conemaugfh 

Allegheny 

probably 

eroded 

s 

O 

£ 

o 

n 

Pennsyvanian 

Pottsville 

Upper 

Coal 

Measures 

Brushy  Mt. 

Gr. 

Bryson  F. 

Hignite  F. 

Catron  F. 

Mingo  F. 

Hance  F. 

AndTs’n  S.S 

Scott  Sh. 

Wartb’g  S.S. 

Briceville  Sh 

Eroded 

cd 

U 

The 

Dnglomer- 

ate. 

Emery  S.S. 

Naesa  S.S. 
Member 

Rock- 

castle 

Cgl. 

Walden 

S.S. 

C< 

Tracy  City  Gr 

fa 

V 

■fa 

(D 

Sewanee  S.S. 

0) 

rJ 

O 

hO 

Bon  Air 
Cgl. 

Lookout 

S.S. 

Bon  Air  Gr. 

Chester 

Mountain  L.S 

Mountain  L.S. 

Pennington  Sh 

Pen’gton  Sh. 

c 

aJ 

a 

o. 

St.  Louis 

St.  Louis 

St.  Louis  L.S. 

Bangor 

O 

L.S. 

C/} 

Keokuk 

m 

S 

Lower 

Newman  L.S. 

Newman  L.S 

i 

Burlington 

O 

_o 

or 

Protean 

Gr. 

Tullahoma 

Kinderhook 

Waverly  F. 

Fort  Payne 
Ch 

Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


17 


TABLE  OF  ROCK  FORMATIONS  IN  TENNESSEE 


F. -Formation 


S. S. -Sandstone  : L. S. -Limestone  ; Sh. -Shale  ; Cgrl.-Congflomerate  ; SI. -Slate 
Qtz. -Quartzite  ; Gr.-Group  ; Sd.-Sand  ; Cl. -Clay:  Ch.-Chert. 


Series  and  Groups 


Upper 


Middle 


Lower 


Monroe 

Salina 


Guelp 


Lockport 


Rochester 


Clinton 


Medina 


Safford 

1869 


Blackshale 


Lower 

Helderberg: 


Spongre 

Bearing: 

Bed 


Variegrated 

Bed 


Dystone  Gr. 
White  Mt.  S.S. 


Clinch  Mt.  S.S. 


S.  & K. 
1900 


Maury  Green 
Sh. 


Black  Sh. 
Hardin  S.S. 


Swan  Creek 
Phosphate 


Camden  Ch. 
Linden  L.S. 


Clifton  L.S. 


Dystone  Gr. 


Clinch  Mt.  S.S. 


Western  half 
of 

Tennessee 


Maury  Sh. 

Chattanoog:a 

Sh. 

Hardin  S.S. 

Swan  Cr. 
Phosphate 

Onondagra 

L.S. 

Camden  Ch. 
Linden  L.S. 


Land 


Decatur  L.S. 


Lobelville 

F. 


Bob  F. 


Beech  Riv 
F. 


Dixon  F. 


Legfo  L.S. 

Waldron 

Sh. 

Laurel 

S.S. 


Osgfood 


Clinton  F. 


Land 


Eastern 
half  of 
Tennessee 


Grainger 

Sh. 

Chatta. 

Sh. 


Land 


Sneedville 

L.S. 


Hancock 

L.S. 


Rockwood 

F. 


Clinch  S.S. 
Bays  F. 


18 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


TABLE  OF  ROCK  FORMATIONS  IN  TENNESSEE 


P.-Formation : S.S. -Sandstone;  L.S.-Limestone  ; Sh. -Shale  ; Cgrl.-Congflomerate  ; Sl.-Slate; 
Qtz.-Quartzite  ; Gr. -Group  ; Sd.-Sand  ; Cl. -Clay  ; Ch. -Chert. 


S 

u 

>. 

72 


_o 

’o 

N 

O 

0] 


Series  and 
•Groups 

Saflford 

1869 

S.  & K. 

1900 

West  half  of 
Tennessee 

East  half  of 
Tennessee 

rt 

n 

Richmond 

Upper---  ' 

Hudson 

or 

College  Hill 

Mannie  Sh. 

Ferndale  F. 

Arnheim 
(Warren)  F. 

Sevier  Sh. 

’o 

a 

o 

Maysville 

Lorraine 

Eden 

Frankfort 

0) 

"> 

Land 

Leipers  F. 

Land 

.c 

72 

Tellico  S.S. 

Utica 

'in 

rt 

;z; 

12; 

Criptodonta  & 
Stomatopora 

Land 

li 

.Si 

"> 

Trenton 

1 

Middle 

bed 

Dove  & 

Ward  L.S. 
Capital  or  Mt. 
Pleasant  L.S. 

Catheys  L.S. 

Bigby  L.S. 

72 

Athens  Sh. 

es 

orthis  bed 

orthis  bed 

Hermitage 

L.S. 

Saltillo  L.S. 

Land 

O 

Black  Rvr. 

Lowville 

Moccasin  L.S. 

Upper 

□ 

Center 

Center  1st. 

Carter  L.S. 

Holston  marble 

Chazy 

Stones 

River 

Trenton  or  Lebano: 

Glade 

Ridley 

Pierce 

Central 

Stone’s  River 

Lebanon  1st. 

Ridley  1st. 

Pierce  1st. 

Murfreesboro 

1st. 

Lebanon  L.S. 

Ridley  L.S. 

Pierce  L.S. 

Murfreesboro 

L.S. 

Chickamauga 

L.S. 

Lenoir  L.S. 

Knox  Dolomite 
upper  2^000 

Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


19 


TABLE  OF  ROCK  FORMATIONS  IN  TENNESSEE 


F. -Formation  ; S. S. -Sandstone  ; L.S. -Limestone  ; Sh. -Shale  ; Cgfl. -Conglomerate;  Sl.-Slate; 
Qtz. -Quartzite  ; Gr.-Group;  Sd.-Sand;  Cl. -Clay;  Ch. -Chert. 


Series  and 
Groups 


Saratoga 


Arcadian 


Georgia 


Algonkian 


Archean 


S afford 
1869 


Knox  Dol’mite 


Knox  Shale 


Knox 

Sandstone 


Chilhowee 

Sandstone 


and 

Ococe 


Valley  of 
East  Tennessee 


Knox  Dolomite 


Nolichucky  Sh. 


Maryville  L.S 
Rogersville 


Rutledge  L.S 


Rome  form 
(Russel) 


Beaver  L.S. 
Apison  sh. 


Shady  L.S. 
Hesse  Qtz. 
Murray  SI. 
Nebo  Qtz. 

Nichols  Sh. 


Cochran  cgl. 


Hiwassee  Slate 


Snowbird  F. 


Cranberry 
Folio  (a) 
or 

Nantahale 
Folio  (b) 


(a)  Erwin  Qtz 

(a)  Hampton 
Sh. 

(a)  Unicoi  F. 


(b)  Tusquito 
Qtz. 

(b)  Natahala 
Sh. 


(b)  Great 

Smoky  Clz 


(a)  Starrs 
Cgl.  lent. 

(b)  Sandsuck 
SI. 


(b)  Metarhyo- 
lite 

(b)  Lynnville 
metadiabase 


Beech  granite 
ax  Patch 
graiiite 
Cranberry 
granite 


Ocoee  of 
Knoxville  Folio 


/ Clingman  Cgl. 


Herzel  SI. 


I Thunderbreed 
V Clz. 


Cades  Cgl. 
Pigeon  SI. 


Citico  Cgl. 
Wilhite  SI. 


20 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


CENEZOIC  ERA,  QUARTENARY  SYSTEM, 
RECENT  SERIES. 

Alluvium. — Recent  deposits  along  river  and  stream  bottoms; 
all  over  the  State,  especially  in  West  Tennessee.  Rich  agricul- 
turial  lands ; source  of  brick  clays  and  locally  of  sand  and  gravel. 

High-level  gravels. — Gravel,  reaches  often  300  to  400  feet 
above  streams  in  East  Tennessee,  and  especially  in  the  gaps  of 
the  Unakas.  Gravels  up  to  the  size  of  a man’s  head  and  extend- 
ing back  from  streams  as  much  as  three  or  four  miles. 

• PLEISTOCENE  (COLUMBIA). 

Milan  loam. — Yellow  clay  loam  without  laminar  structure,  con-^ 
taining  fine  sand ; 0 to  15  feet  thick,  average  3 feet.  Fine  agri- 
cultural land.  Plateau  of  West  Tennessee. 

Memphis  loess. — Fine,  siliceous,,  calcareous  earth,  ashen  to  buff 
color,  up  to  100  feet  thick.  Vertical  walls  in  cuttings  stand  for 
years.  Uplands  along  the  Mississippi  River. 

Sands  (Lafayette). — Soft,  loose,  light-colored  sand,  with 
rounded  pebbles ; four  to  five  feet  thick,  and  up  to  10  or  12  feet. 
West  Tennessee. 

MESOZOIC  ERA,  TERTIARY  SYSTEM,  EOCENE 
SERIES. 

LaGrange  formation. — Orange,  red,  yellow  and  white  sands, 
and  beds  of  gravel,  often  locally  compacted  or  cemented,  with 
lenses  of  plastic,  siliceous  clay.  200  feet  thick.  Yields  clay  for  tile 
and  brick;  lignite;  iron  ore.  West  Tennessee. 

Porter  Creek  formation. — Fine  grained  clay,  gray  when  dry, 
or  dark  to  black  when  wet,  with  some  interbedded  sands,  or  sand- 
stones ; some  green  sands  and  impure  limestone.  200  to  300  feet 
thick,  narrow  outcrop  across  West  Tennessee,  west  of  Tennes- 
see River.  ♦ 


CRETACEOUS  SYSTEM  (UPPER). 

Ripley  formation. — Colored  sands  and  clays,  400  to  500  feet 
thick,  containing  some  lignite.  Some  pottery  clay.  Makes  belt 
6 to  12  miles  wide,  west  of  Tennessee  River,  east  of  Porter  Creek 
formation. 

Selma  clay. — Gray  to  green  clay,  with  glauconite,  fossil  shells 


' Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


21 


yielding  lime;  100  to  375  feet  thick.  Outcrops  only  in  the  south- 
east part  of  West  Tennessee. 

Eutaiv  sayid. — Variable  sand,  with  some  clay;  250  feet  thick, 
southeast  corner  of  West  Tennessee. 

PALEOZOIC  ERA;  CARBONIFEROUS  SYSTEM;  PENN- 
SYLVANA  SERIES.  POTTSVILLE  GROUP. 

(Upper  Pottsville,  or  “Brushy  Mountain  Coal  Group.”) 

The  first  five  formation  names  given  below  were  used  in  the 
Cumberland  Gap  area  for  the  upper  Pottsville  rocks.  The  next 
four  were  used  for  the  same  general  group  of  rocks  in  the  Brice- 
ville  and  Wartburg  folios.  These  formations  are  confined  to  the 
northeast  part  of  the  Cumberland  Plateau. 

Bryson  formation. — Sandstones  interbedded  with  shales,  coals 
and  clays;  200  feet  thick  in  Bryson  Mountain. 

Hignite  formation. — Shales  interbedded  with  sandstones,  coals 
and  clays ; 440  to  550  feet  thick.  Several  thick  coal  beds. 

Catron  Formation. — Shales  and  sandstones,  interbedded  with 
coals  and  clays.  Numerous  workable  coal  beds;  280  to  360  feet 
thick. 

Mingo  formation. — Shales  and  sandstones,  interbedded  with 
coals  and  clays;  many  workable  beds.  950  feet. 

Hance  formation. — Mostly  shale,  with  some  interbedded  sand- 
stones, coals  and  clays;  600  feet  thick.  Several  workable  beds. 

Anderson  sandstone. — Sandstone  interbedded  with  shale  and 
coal  beds;  1,000  feet  thick. 

Scott  shale. — Shale,  with  some  sandstones;  thin  coals;  500  to 
600  feet  thick. 

Wartburg  sandstone. — Interbedded  sandstones,  shales  and  coal 
beds;  500  to  600  feet  thick. 

Briceville  shale. — Shale  with  thin  sandstone  and  thick  coal 
beds;  250  to  650  feet  thick. 

LOWER  POTTSVILLE,  OR  LEE  CONGLOMERATE. 

Emory  sandstone. — Massive  sandstone,  usually  conglomeratic; 
100  to  150  feet  thick;  under  all  of  the  east  part  of  the  Plateau 
region. 

''Tracy  City  group.” — Mostly  sandstone,  with  interbedded 
shale,  coals  and  clays ; 500  to  600  feet  thick. 

Bon  Air  conglomerate,  or  Sewanee  conglomerate. — Massive 


22 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


sandstone  40  to  100  feet  in  thickness,  usually  conglomeratic, 
forming  the  top  of  Lookout  formation.  Used  in  the  Pikeville, 
Chattanooga,  Kingston,  Sewanee  and  McMinnville  folios.  Used 
as  a building  stone. 

''Bon  Ah'  GroupB — Mostly  sandstone,  with  some  shale,  coals 
and  clays ; 0 to  600  feet  thick. 

MISSISSIPPIAN  SERIES. 

Pennington  shale. — Calcareous  shale,  sandstone  and  thin  lime- 
stones, showing  often  bright  red  in  color ; 160  to  1,000  feet  thick 
along  east  and  west  escarpments  of  Plateau. 

St.  Louis  limestone. — Gray  and  blue  thin-bedded  limestone, 
with  chert  nodules ; 250  to  300  feet  thick ; outcrops  around  High- 
land Rim,  back  from  the  edge.  Yields  lithographic  and  oolitic 
limestone.  Good  agricultural  land. 

Tullahoma  limestone. — In  Middle  Tennessee,  mostly  chert,  with 
some  limestone  and  siliceous  shale;  200  feet  to  1,200  feet  thick. 
Makes  inner  edge  of  Highland  Rim  around  Central  Basin  in  Mid- 
dle Tennessee,  and  makes  chert  ridges  in  East  Tennessee. 

Neivman  Ihnestone. — Includes  last  two  formations  in  north- 
west part  of  Valley  of  East  Tennessee;  650  to  750  feet  thick. 

Waverly  formation. — Used  in  the  Standing  Stone  folio  for  the 
bottom  400  to  500  feet  of  the  Carboniferous. 

Bangor  limestone. — Blue  crinoidal  limestone,  with  few  lenses 
of  sandstone  and  chert  near  the  bottom.  Includes  the  Penning- 
ton, St.  Louis  and  upper  part  of  the  Tullahoma.  In  folios  in 
southern  part  of  East  Tennessee.  Thickness  800  to  850  feet. 

Ft.  Payne  chert. — Chert,  in  the  main;  used  in  the  southern 
part  of  East  Tennessee  for  the  lowest  150  to  200  feet  of  the 
Tullahoma. 


DEVONIAN  SYSTEM. 

(In  a recent  paper  Schuchert  assigns  the  Chattanooga  black 
shale  to  the  Lower  Carboniferous.  Corelations  used  in  the  Col- 
umbia folio  have  been  followed  here.) 

Maury  shale. — Green,  or  greenish  shale;  a few  inches  to  4 or 
5 feet  thick,  generally  containg  concretions  of  all  sizes  and  shapes, 
with  calcium  phosphate;  especially  western  Middle  Tennessee. 

Chattanooga  shale. — Black  bituminous  shale;  0 to  450  feet 
thick;  usually  only  a few  feet  in  thickness,  but  very  persistent. 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


23 


and  found  in  all  divisions  of  the  State.  Probably  the  source  of 
much  of  the  oil  and  gas  of  the  State,  sulphur  waters,  etc. 

Hanlin  sandstone  {Sioan  Creek  'phosphate). — A dark,  fine- 
grained, bituminous  sandstone  in  Hardin,  Wayne  and  Perry 
counties ; 12  to  15  feet  thick.  Becomes  phosphatic  farther  north, 
locally  losing  all,  or  nearly  all  of  its  sand  grains — the  blue  phos- 
phate rock  of  commerce.  Where  phosphatic  usually  less  than  4 
feet  thick.  Northwest  part  of  Middle  Tennessee. 

Ca'inden  chert. — Light  to  white  chert,  or  novaculite;  60  feet 
thick.  Benton  and  adjoining  counties,  and  Weils  Creek  Basin. 
Novaculite  very  fossiliferous.  Fine  road  material. 

Linden  limestone. — Blue  thin-bedded  limestone  and  interbed- 
ded  shale.  Very  fossiliferous;  100  feet  and  less  thick.  North 
part  of  Western  Valley  of  Tennessee. 

SILURIAN  SYSTEM. 

Note. — The  following  formations  down  to  Osgood  have  been 
differentiated  only  in  part  of  the  ^western  valley  of  the  Tennes- 
see, notably  in  Decatur  and  Perry  counties : 

Decatur  limestone. — Massive  white,  coarsely  cyrstalline,  crin- 
oidal,  magnesian,  limestone;  70  feet  thick.  Found  in  Decatur 
county. 

Lobelville  formation. — In  two  zones;  coral  zone,  45  feet  thick, 
yellow  clays  and  thin  argillaceous  limestone,  full  of  corals.  Bry- 
ozoan  zone,  31  feet  thick.  White  to  blue  shale,  or  red  to  purple 
shale,  or  shaly  limestone. 

Boh  formation. — Occurs  in  three  zones.  Conchidium  zone,  15 
feet  thick;  massive  crinoidal,  and  argillaceous,  limestone.  Dic- 
tyonella  zone,  30  feet  thick;  blue  clay  and  shale.  Uncinulus  zone, 
30  feet  thick,  gray  massive  limestone. 

Beech  River  formation. — Blue  to  white  shale,  with  limestone; 
106  feet  thick. 

Dixon  formation. — Red  to  purple  shale,  and  shaly  limestone; 
44  feet  thick. 

Lego  limestone. — Compact  gray  to  white  clay,  or  gray  to  white 
argillaceous  to  sub-crystalline  limestone;  46  feet  thick. 

Waldron  shale. — White  indurated  clay  and  argillaceous  lime- 
stone; 4 feet  thick. 

Laurel  limestone. — Massive  pink,  or  reddish  purple,  clay  and 
argillaceous  limestone;  28  feet  thick. 


24 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


Osgood  limestone. — Thin-bedded,  reddish,  argillaceous  lime- 
stone; 14  feet  thick. 

Clifton  limestone. — General  name  for  the  above  formations  of 
Niagara  age,  where  undivided  when  traced  farther  east  and 
north ; 200  feet  thick.  Source  of  much  building  stone.  In  north- 
west part  of  Middle  Tennessee. 

Hancock  limestone. — Massive  blue  limestone  and  bluish  gray 
shaly  limestone,  400  to  450  feet  thick;  in  the  north  part  of  the 
Valley  of  East  Tennessee. 

Clinton  formation;  Rockwood  formation. — Variegated,  cal- 
careous shales  with  thin  fossiliferous  limestone  and  thin,  smooth 
sandstones ; 100  to  300  feet  thick.  Contains  valuable  red  Clinton 
iron  ore,  with  a thickness  of  from  a few  inches  to  8 feet;  in 
ridges  of  East  Tennessee  and  along  the  east  foot  of  Cumberland 
Plateau,  and  in  small  thickness  in  Middle  Tennessee. 

Clinch  sandstone. — Hard,  gray  sandstone  in  crests  of  moun- 
tains in  East  Tennessee;  200  to  500  feet  thick. 

Bays  formation. — Red  calcareous  and  argillaceous  sandstone 
and  limestone;  200  to  500  feet  thick.  East  Tennessee. 


ORDOVICIAN,  OR  LOWER  SILURIAN  SYSTEM. 

Sevier  shale. — Light  blue  sandy  and  calcareous  shale,  with  beds 
of  shaly  limestone  and  argillaceous  marble  1,000  to  1,500  feet 
thick.  In  East  Tennessee. 

Mannie  shale. — Brown  and  blue  shaly  clay,  in  the  western  val-' 
ley  of  Tennessee ; 0 to  25  feet  thick. 

Ferndale  formation. — Blue  shale  in  upper  half ; coarse-grained, 
cross-bedded,  light-colored  phosphatic  limestone,  in  lower  half; 
0 to  35  feet  thick;  in  embayments  in  western  Middle  Tennessee. 

Arnheim  {Warren)  formation. — Coarsely  crystalline,  phos- 
phatic limestone,  with  abundant  chert.  Three  feet  thick.  West- 
ern valley  of  Tennessee. 

Tellico  sandstone. — Bluish  gray  and  gray  calcareous  sandstone 
and  shale,  800  to  900  feet  thick ; in  knobs  of  East  Tennessee. 

Leipers  formation. — Knotty,  earthy  limestone  to  uniform 
granular  .limestone,  the  whole  highly  phosphatic;  0 to  100  feet 
thick. 

Athens  shale. — Light  blue  calcareous  shale  to  black  carbon- 
aceous shale;  1,000  feet  thick. 

Catheys  formation. — Fine-grained  blue,  earthy  limestone  at 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


25 


the  top,  shales  and  limestone  in  the  middle,  heavy-bedded  sub- 
crystalline limestones  at  the  bottom,  sometimes  including  phos- 
phatic  layers;  0 to  1,000  feet  thick. 

Bigby  limestone. — Uniform,  granular  limestone,  or  laminated 
limestone,  with  thin  beds  of  shale;  30  to  100  feet  thick.  Main 
source  of  “brown”  phosphate. 

Hermitage  (Saltillo)  limestone. — Even-bedded  limestone  al- 
ternating with  thin  layers  of  argillaceous,  siliceous  limestone, 
shale  and  siliceous,  granular  limestone;  more  or  less  phosphatic 
in  upper  part.  Thickness,  40  to  70  feet. 

The  last  three  formations  are  recognized  only  in  the  western 
part  of  Middle  Tennessee. 

Moccasin  limestone. — Red  and  gray,  flaggy  limestone  and  cal- 
careous shale;  300  to  500  feet  thick.  Northern  part  of  East 
Tennessee. 

The  following  occur  in  rings  about  the  Murfreesboro  lime- 
stone, which  has  a circular  outcrop  at  Murfreesboro: 

Carters  limestoiie. — Heavy  bedded,  fine  grained,  white  to  light 
blue  limestone,  with  chert;  40  to  50  feet  thick. 

Lebanon  limestone. — Thin-bedded,  often  shaly,  fine  grained, 
blue  or  dove  colored  limestone;  thickness,  70  to  100  feet. 

Ridley  limestone. — Thick-bedded,  light  blue  limestone;  95  feet 
thick. 

Pierce  limestone. — Thin-bedded,  bluish,  fossiliferous  limestone ; 
27  feet  thick. 

Murfreesboro  limestone. — Light  blue,  heavy-bedded  limestone, 
often  cherty;  70  feet  thick. 

All  of  the  following  formations  are  found  onlj^  in  East  Ten- 
nessee, except  small  outcrops  in  the  Wells  Creek  Basin,  reaching 
down  to  the  Knox  dolomite: 

Chicka7nauga  limestone. — Blue  and  gray  limestone,  sometimes 
massive,  sometimes  shaly,  and  containing  the  Holston  marble, 
and  the  Lenoir  limestone  at  its  base.  Thickness  0 to  2,400  feet. 

Holston  marble. — Layers  occurring  in  the  Chickamauga  lime- 
stone. Variegated  marble,  brown,  red,  gray  and  white.  Thick- 
ness 0 to  300  feet. 

Lenoir  limestone. — A stratum  of  blue,  shaly  limestone  at  the 
base  of  the  Chickamauga.  Thickness  50  to  600  feet.  Probable 
source  of  cement  limestone. 

Knox  dolomite. — Only  the  upper  part  of*  the  Knox  dolomite  is 
of  Ordovician  age,  however,  will  be  all  described  here : magnesian 


26 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


limestone,  light  and  dark  blue  and  white,  with  nodules  of  chert. 
A few  thin  standstone  beds.  Thickness  3,000  to  4,400  feet. 

CAMBRIAN  SYSTEM. 

The  Knox  dolomite  forms  the  upper  part  of  this  system  in 
Tennessee. 

NolacJmcky  shale. — Yellow,  red  and  brown  calcareous  shale, 
with  a few  limestone  beds;  400  to  750  feet  thickness. 

Maryville  limestone. — Massive  blue  limestone;  500  to  750  feet 
thick. 

Rogersville  shale. — Bright  green,  clay  shale,  with  limestone 
beds;  70  to  250  feet  thick. 

Rutledge  limestone. — Massive  blue  limestone,  with  a few  shale 
beds  at  the  base;  200  to  500  feet  thick. 

Coyinasauga  shale. — The  name  used  for  the  last  named  four 
formations  where  not  differentiated;  500  to  6,000  feet  thick. 

Honaker  limestone. — The  name  used  for  the  last  three  forma- 
tions when  not  differentiated. 

Rome  formation. — Red,  green,  yellow  and  brown  shales  and 
sandy  shales ; in  the  lower  part  sandstones  and  shales  of  the  same 
color.  Also  called  the  Russell  formation;  1,600  to  2,600  feet 
thick. 

Beaver  limestone. — Massive,  blue  limestone;  300  feet  thick. 

Apison  shale. — The  upper  200  feet  green,  argillaceous  shale, 
with  900  feet  or  more  of  bright  red,  green  and  brown,  sandy 
shales  below;  1,500  feet  thick. 

Watauga  shale. — The  name  used  for  the  formations,  including 
the  Rome  and  Apison,  where  not  differentiated. 

Shady  Limestone. — Gray,  bluish  gray,  mottled  gray  and  white 
limestone,  with  masses  of  chert;  about  1,000  feet  thick. 

Hesse,  or  Erivin  quartzite. — Massive,  white  quartzite  and  sand- 
stone; 700  to  800  feet  thick. 

Murray  slate,  or  Hampton  shale. — Bluish  gray  to  gray,  argil- 
laceous, sandy  shale  and  slate,  with  thin  sandstone  seams;  300 
to  400  feet  thick. 

Nebo  quartzite,  or  sandstone,  Tusquito  quartzite. — Massive, 
white  quartzite  and  sandstone,  coarse  and  fine,  with  a few  layers 
of  sandy  shale,  reddish  sandstone;  20  to  900  feet  thick. 

Unicoi  formation. — Massive  white  sandstone,  feldspatic  sand- 
stone and  quartzite,  with  interbedded  shales  and  sandstones  in 
the  upper  part.  A thin  bed  of  amygdaloid  near  the  middle  and 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


27 


conglomerate  arkose  and  graywacke  in  the  lower  part;  1,500  to 
2,500  feet  thick. 

Nicholas  shale  or  Nantahala  slate. — Bluish  gray  to  gray,  ar- 
gillaceous and  sandy  shale,  with  thin  sandstone  layers ; 400  to 
700  feet  thick. 

Cochran  conglomerate,  or  Great  Smoky  conglomerate. — Mas- 
sive quartz  conglomerate  and  quartzite.  Light  and  dark  gray, 
with  dark  slate,  altered  toward  the  south  into  coarse  and  fine 
graywacke  quartzite,  with  beds  of  black  schist,  mica  and  ottrel- 
ite  schist;  200  to  6,000  feet  thick. 

Clingman  conglomerate,  Hazel  slate,  Thunderhead  conglom- 
erate.— (Names  used  for  metamorphosed  portions  of  the  Coch- 
ran conglomerate  as  a part  of  the  “Ocoee,”  when  their  strati- 
graphic position  was  unknown.) 

Hhvassee  slate. — Blue,  gray,  black  and  banded  slate,  with  a 
fine  mica  schist;  includes  layers  of  sandstone  conglomerate  and 
beds  of  calcareous  sandstone;  500  to  1,500  feet  in  thickness. 

Cade's  conglomerate.  Pigeon  slate. — Ocoee  names  correspond- 
ing to  the  Hiwassee  slate,  the  names  having  been  used  before 
the  correlation  was  determined. 

Snoivbivd  formation. — It  contains  the  Starrs  conglomerate 
lintel. 

Sandsuck  shale. — The  name  used  for  the  Hiwassee  and  Snow- 
bird formations  where  not  differentiated. 

Citico  co7iglomerate,  Wilhite  slate. — White  slate  formations. 
Names  of  the  ’’Ocoee,”  used  before  their  correlation  had  been  de- 
termined. 

In  the  Nantahala  folio  a metarhyolite  and  the  Lynnville  meta- 
diabase are  questionably  assigned  to  Algonkian  age.  Below  those 
are  the  granites  to  which  the  names  Beech  granite.  Max  Patch 
granite,  and  Cranberry  granite  have  been  given. 


A BRIEF  OUTLINE  OF  THE  GEOLOGIC  HISTORY  OF 

TENNESSEE. 

Our  first  knowledge  of  Tennessee  comes  in  early  Cambrian 
time,  during  which  time,  it  has  been  recognized,  some  of  the 
rocks  of  East  Tennessee  were  laid  down.  That  a vast  extent  of 
time  existed  before  the  Cambrian,  and  that  during  pre-Cambrian 
time  Tennessee  may  have  had  as  many  interesting  episodes  as 


82 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


since  that  time  is  well  recognized,  but  the  records  of  those  epi- 
sodes have  been  erased  and  can  not  be  followed  today.  In  early 
Cambrian,  or  Georgian  time  the  whole  State  appears  to  have 
been  a land  surface,  except  the  extreme  eastern  edge  and  the 
Valley  of  East  Tennessee.  There,  in  a long  strip  of  water,  ex- 
tending northeast  and  southwest,  shales  and  sandstones  were 
being  laid  down.  In  upper  Arcadian  time  the  north  part  of  Mid- 
dle Tennessee  alone  was  out  of  water,  and  the  rest  of  the  State 
was  receiving  deposits,  still  largely  shale  and  sandstone,  though 
some  limestone  deposits  were  laid  down  in  the  eastern  counties. 
In  late  Cambrian  time  all  of  the  State  was  under  water  receiving 
the  Knox  dolomite,  which  shows  in  East  Tennessee,  and  the  Wells 
Creek  Basin  of  Stuart  and  Houston  counties.  In  Lower  Ordo- 
vician time  the  State  was  still  under  water,  with  limestones  being- 
laid  down  and  dolomite,  as  in  the  upper  Knox  dolomite.  Similar 
conditions  existed  through  middle  Ordovician  time,  or  Stones 
River  time,  the  marble  of  East  Tennessee  being*  laid  down  at  this 
time,  and  the  limestones  which  now  form  the  surface  over  the 
center  of  the  basin  in  Middle  Tennessee.  In  Lowville  time  a 
large  dome  lifted  m.ost  of  the  Central  Basin  out  of  the  water, 
and  a thin  strip  in  East  Tennessee,  but  the  rest  of  the  State  was 
still  receiving  deposits.  With  the  beginning  of  the  Trenton  there 
was  a subsidence,  and  most  of  the  dome  was  submerged,  the  sub- 
mergence continuing  until  in  Middle  Trenton  the  dome  was  en- 
tirely submerged.  Vast  quantities  of  almost  microscopic  shelled 
animals,  whose  shells  were  composed  of  lime  phosphate  instead 
of  lime  carbonate,  resulted  in  the  phosphate  deposits  of  Western 
Middle  Tennessee,  while  in  the  eastern  counties  the  deposits  were 
mostly  shale,  with  some  limestone. 

Then  came  a general  uplift  in  Utica  time,  and  no  deposits  were 
laid  dov/n  in  the  State.  This  land  condition  continued  into  Lor- 
raine time,  when  subsidence  allowed  deposits  over  most  of 
Tennessee,  the  Leipers  formation  in  western,  and  the  Tellico 
sandstone  in  eastern  Tennessee,  were  laid  down.  The  old  dome 
about  Murfreesboro  was  still  apparent;  its  center  not  having 
been  submerged^ 

In  Richmond  time  the  land  conditions  extended  to  the  south- 
east by  emergence,  with  deposition  in  East  Tennessee,  and  west 
of  the  basin  of  the  Central  Basin.  The  emergence  continued 
into  the  early  part  of  the  Silurian,  or  until  all  of  the  State  was 
out  of  water,  except  a narrow  strip  in  East  Tennessee  where  the 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


29 


Clinch  sandstone  and  Bays  formation  were  laid  down,  and  west 
of  the  Tennesse  River.  In  late  Clinton  time  there  was  wide  sub- 
mergence over  all  except  the  Central  Basin,  and  the  deposition 
of  the  red  fossil  iron  ore  in  East  Tennessee  and  west  of  the  Cen- 
tral Basin.  In  the  middle  Silurian  the  Central  Basin  and  East- 
ern Tennessee  were  above  tide,  while  deposits  were  being  Jaid 
down  in  West  Tennessee,  the  area  of  sea  gradually  narrowing 
until  af  the  end  of  the  Guelph  time  land  conditions  existed  all 
over  the  State.  The  Silurian  closed  with  a small  incursion  of 
the  Bristol  district. 

At  the  beginning  of  Devonian  there  was  a general  incursion 
of  the  sea  from  the  south  in  West  Tennessee  and  the  Chattanooga 
district  with  a fluctuating  shore-line.  These  fluctuations  con- 
tinued, sometimes  the  State  being  entirely  out  of  water,  until 
the  Chattanooga  black  shale  was  laid  down  over  nearly  the  entire 
State. 

During  Mississippian  time  the  State  was  generally  under  wa- 
ter, though  for  short  periods,  as  during  Forest  Glen,  uplifts 
raised  most  of  the  State  above  sea-level. 

In  early  Pennsylvanian  time  the  plateau  region  was  an  area 
of  swamps,  with  many  fluctuations  bringing  in  deposits  of  shales, 
sandstones,  and  limestones,  but  alternated  with  the  swampy  con- 
ditions, which  resulted  in  coal.  The  land  must  have  been  low,  and 
probably  near  sea-level.  Middle  Tennessee  remained  above  tide, 
and  western  Tennessee  was  probably  receiving  marine  deposits. 

In  late  Pennsylvanian  time  this  State  became  a land  area  and 
remained  so  through  most  of  the  Mesozoic,  or  until  well  into  the 
Cretaceous.  This  long  land  period,  however,  followed  great 
structural  changes  in  East  Tennessee.  All  through  the  Cam- 
brian, Ordovician,  Silurian,  Devonian  and  Carboniferous  time 
vast  deposits  of  rock  were  being  laid  down  in  East  Tennessee. 
Though  there  were  many  slight  uplifts  with  land  conditions,  on 
the  whole  the  land  had  been  sinking,  and  into  the  great  basin 
thus  formed  sediments  had  been  accumulating  until  they  had  a 
depth  of  many  miles,  and  corresponding  quantities  of  rock  had 
been  removed  from  adjoining  parts  of  the  earth’s  crust.  With- 
out going  into  detail,  the  final  result  was  the  need  of  readjust- 
ment of  weights  and  strains  over  a large  area  of  the  earth’s 
surface  (for  similar  conditions  had  existed  extensively).  With- 
out concerning  ourselves  with  what  may  have  taken  place  at  a 
considerable  depth,  at  the  surface  there  was  a gradual  apparent 


30 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


giving  away  along  the  whole  eastern  part  of  the  United  States, 
the  forces  apparently  acting  from  the  southeast,  the  rocks  being 
pushed  to  the  northwest,  folding,  breaking,  squeezing  up  into 
mountains,  and  at  the  east  becoming  crushed  and  metamorphosed. 
It  should  not  be  thought  for  a moment  that  this  change  took 
place  suddenly.  It  is  more  than  probable  that  had  we  been  liv- 
ing at  that  time  we  should  have  had  no  more  visible  evidence  of 
the  enormous  changes  taking  place  than  they  have  today  in 
California  and  Japan,  where  it  is  evident  that  earth  forces  are 
engaged  in  some  stupendous  changes  in  the  earth’s  surface.  It 
should  be  remembered  in  this  connection  that  close  studies  of 
the  sea-level  show  that  nearly  everywhere  on  the  face  of  the 
earth  the  land  adjoining  the  sea  is  either  slowly  rising  or  sink- 
ing, and  such  forces  as  those  which  folded  up  the  Appalachian 
Mountains  are  still  active,  and  m.ay  be  in  active  progress  in  many 
parts  of  the  globe  today.  Again,  it  should  not  be  supposed  that 
because  this  great  thickness  of  rocks  was  shoved  into  great  folds, 
which  if  complete  would  extend  many  miles  above  the  present 
surface,  that  mountains  of  such  height  ever  existed  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  State.  Just  as  the  mountain-making  forces  probably 
acted  with  great  slowness  over  long  ages,  so  at  the  same  time 
the  forces  of  erosion  during  those  same  ages  were  actively  cut- 
ting down  the  mountains,  though  possibly  not  as  fast  as  they 
were  uplifted,  but  on  the  whole,  during  this  long  land  period, 
covering  most  of  the  Mesozoic  era,  the  surface  of  the  rocks  of 
this  State  appear  to  have  been  worn  down  more  or  less  nearly 
to  a gentle  plain.  The  Unakas  on  the  east  edge  of  the  State,  and 
many  of  the  higher  mountains  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the 
plateau  region,  still  projected  above  this  gentle  plain  as  hills  or 
small  mountains.  Early  in  Cretaceous  time  there  appears  to 
have  been  seaward  tilting  of  the  land,  allowing  the  Cretaceous 
sea  to  creep  up  over  the  land,  resulting  in  extensive  deposits 
along  the  Atlantic  Coast,  and  in  the  southwest  corner  of  the 
State.  During  Cretaceous  time  this  movement  continued,  so 
that  in  Middle  Cretaceous  time  all  of  West  Tennessee  was  under 
water  and  receiving  deposits.  With  many  variations  this  con- 
dition continued  through  the  Lower  Tertiary  or  Eocene  time, 
when  again  general  land  conditions  ensued.  In  Pleistocene  time 
West  Tennessee  appears  to  have  been  under  water  and  de- 
posits of  sand  and  loam  laid  down.  It  was  during  this  time  that 
the  northern  part  of  the  United  States  underwent  a series  of 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


31 


invasions  by  great  ice-sheets,  and  the  water  from  these  ice-sheets 
brought  large  deposits  along  the  Mississippi  Valley;  the  final 
retreat  of  the  ice  ushered  in  the  present  conditions,  which  have 
changed  little  since  then. 

In  addition  to  the  movements  which  have  influenced  the  po- 
sition and  character  of  the  deposits,  have  been  broad  movements, 
recorded  mainly  in  the  physiography  of  the  State — the  uplifting 
of  the  Cumberland  Plateau,  the  erosion  of  the  Basin  of  Middle 
Tennessee,  in  the  many  changes  in  the  courses  of  the  Tennessee 
and  other  rivers.  Space  will  not  permit  of  going  into  details 
of  these  movements  and  changes  here. 


THE  LAY  OF  THE  ROCKS,  OR  STRUCTURE  OF 
TENNESSEE. 

In  the  eastern  edge  of  the  State,  in  the  flanks  and  foothills  of 
the  Unakas,  the  rocks  have  been  subjected  to  pressure,  folding, 
and  possibly  heat,  until  they  have  lost  all  resemblance  to  their 
original  condition,  and  appear  as  a great  complex  or  mixture  of 
granites,  gneisses  and  metamorphosed  slates,  quartzites  and  con- 
glomerates, of  which  it  is  hardly  possible  to  more  than  map  the 
area  of  surface  exposure  without  attempting  to  determine  the 
unknown  extension  of  the  rocks  underground. 

Coming  out  into  the  Great  Valley  the  slates  and  quartzites 
change  to  shales  and  sandstones,  and  the  great  body  of  late  Cam- 
brian and  post  Cambrian  limestones  are  found  across  the  whole 
width  of  the  Valley.  These  rocks  have  been  closely  folded  in 
long,  often  straight,  northeast-southwest  folds,  as  though  com- 
pressed from  the  southeast,  just  as  when  a bolt  of  cloth  lying 
spread  out  on  a counter  is  pushed  from  one  end.  The  beds  of  rock 
have  been  pushed  forward  until  they  are  found  standing  ac  high 
angles,  or  vertically,  or  frequently  overturned.  Close  study  has 
shown  that  often  these  folds  have  broken,  and  parts  of  the  rocks 
have  been  shoved  over  the  adjoining  rocks,  sometimes  for  miles. 

The  movement  seems  to  have  largely  spent  itself  in  the  Valley, 
for  on  reaching  the  Plateau  it  is  found  that  in  a very  short  dis- 
tance the  rocks  become  horizontal  and  apparently  unaffected  by 
the  folding.  That  they  were  affected  by  the  titanic  forces  that 
produced  the  folding  and  yielded  to  them  to  a certain  extent  is 
shown  by  the  existence  of  the  sharp  Sequatchie  Valley  fold  well 


32 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


within  the  plateau  region,  extending  two-thirds  the  way  across 
the  State,  and  by  the  Pine  Mountain  fault  and  other  faults  at 
the  north  where  the  strata  have  been  forced  forward  several 
miles  overriding  the  strata  behind  them. 

In  general,  from  the  eastern  front  of  the  Plateau  the  strata 
have  a gentle  rise  to  the  northwest  until  the  Cincinnati-Nash- 
ville  arch  or  anticline  is  reached,  when  they  turn  and  descend 
gradually  to  the  west.  The  axis  of  this  arch  passes  near  Mur- 
freesboro. This  arch  has  been  further  affected  by  another  less 
pronounced  articline  extending  from  the  northwest  to  the  south- 
east across  the  State,  crossing  the  axis  of  the  first  arch  near 
Murfreesboro  and  the  plateau  region  near  Chattanooga.  The 
effect  has  been  to  produce  a sort  of  dome  where  the  two  axes 
cross  near  Murfreesboro,  the  lowest  formation  there  being  ex- 
posed in  an  oval  and  the  successively  higher  formations  appear- 
ing in  oval  rings  around  it.  The  Central  Basin  owes  its  exist- 
ence to  this  domed  structure,  and  not  to  its  having  been  a lake 
basin,  as  has  sometimes  been  suggested.  The  affect  of  the  north- 
western axis  on  the  coal-bearing  rocks  is  seen  in  the  fact  that 
while  at  the  north  edge  of  the  State  the  base  of  the  coal  measures 
is  1,000  feet  below  sea-level,  at  the  south  end  of  the  State  the 
same  base  is  1,500  feet  above  sea-level.  Though  the  general  dips  in 
all  of  the  central  plateau  regions  are  very  slight,  there  are  many 
local  rolls  in  the  strata,  and  occasionally  small  faults.  West  of 
the  Cincinnati-Nashville  anticline  the  rocks  are  nearly  flat,  with 
a slight  westward  dip  until  they  disappear  under  the  Cretaceous 
rocks  of  West  Tennessee.  The  working  out  of  the  structure 
west  of  Murfreesboro  is  complicated  by  the  fact  that  this  arch 
begins  to  date  away  back  in  Ordovician  time,  at  which  time  the 
axis  rose  above  sea-level,  and  the  succeeding  formations  for  the 
most  part  were  deposited  against  the  irregular  flank  of  the  ex- 
posed arch. 

Thus  the  relation  of  the  Palezoic  rocks  to  the  overlying  Meso- 
zoic has  not  been  worked  out.  Whether  deposits  were  laid  down 
in  a basin  carved  out  of  the  earliest  rocks,  whether  they  were 
deposited  in  overlapping  sheets  on  the  sinking  floor  of  the  earlier 
rocks,  or  whether  the  earlier  rocks  were  first  beveled  and  then 
overlapped,  has  not  been  shown.  The  later  rocks  of  Cretaceous 
and  Eocene  age  have  a gentle  dip  to  the  westward  and  the  Mis- 
sissippi River.  The  Quarternary  beds  are  most  prominent  in 
West  Tennessee,  lying  as  a mantle  over  the  irregular  surface  of 
the  earlier  beds. 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


33 


ALPHABETICAL  LIST  OF  THE  MINERALS  OF  TENNES- 
SEE, WITH  A BRIEF  NOTICE  OF  THEIR  OC- 
CURRENCE, USE,  ETC. 

Alum. — Alum  is  a white  mineral,  with  a well-known  taste.  It 
is  found  in  nature  as  a silky  efflorescence  or  crust  on  the  edge  of 
the  shales,  especially  where  protected  from  the  weather,  as  in 
rock-houses,  where  shales  containing  pyrite  have  weathered  back 
under  an  overhanging  ledge  of  sandstone.  The  alum  is  formed 
by  the  oxidation  of  the  pyrite  into  sulphuric  acid,  which  then 
combines  with  the  alumina  of  the  shale,  and  with  some  other  ele- 
ment usually  present  in  the  shale,  as  potash,  in  the  formation 
of  common  alum,  or  with  iron,  magnesia  or  soda  to  form  other 
alums. 

Alum  occurs  abundantly  in  the  ‘‘rock-houses”  of  Tennessee, 
notably  in  Cannon,  Coffee,  DeKalb,  Franklin,  Giles,  Jackson, 
Lincoln,  Overton  and  Putnam  counties.  It  is  not  known  that 
any  alum  is  obtained  in  this  State  on  a commercial  scale  at 
present. 

Barite,  or  Barites.— Tennessee  stands  second  among  the  States 
in  the  production  of  barytes,  being  exceeded  only  by  Missouri. 
Barytes,  often  called  heavy  spar  from  its  weight,  is  barium  sul- 
phate. It  has  the  formula  BaSO^,  or  BaO+SO^,  (baryta)  65.7% 
sulphur  trioxide  34.3%=:  100.  It  is  a heavy  mineral,  commonly 
having  a white  color,  but  with  a range  to  dark  brown. 

Its  principal  use  is  for  the  adulteration  of  white  lead;  the 
mixture  Venice  white  lead  contains  one-half  barytes,  and  Ham- 
burg white  contains  two-thirds  barytes,  and  Dutch  white  three- 
fourths  barytes.  It  makes  the  paint  very  opaque  and  less  acted 
upon  by  sulphuric  vapors.  It  is  also  used  for  refining  sugar, 
enameling  iron,  oil  clothes,  paper  collars,  rubber,  lithophane,  and 
as  a general  adulterant. 

Barite  usually  occurs  in  more  or  less  nearly  vertical  veins, 
usually  not  more  than  one  foot  wide  running  through  the  country 
rock.  In  Tennessee  the  country  rock  is  commonly  limestone.  The 
ore  is  often  the  gangue  rock  of  lead  ores.  It  occurs  in  all  of 
the  limestone  counties  of  the  State,  but  is  workable,  or  has  been 
worked  in  only  a few.  It  was  known  in  Tennessee  as  early  as 
1840,  when  a large  body  of  it  was  discovered  by  Col.  R.  C.  Mor- 
ris, in  McMinn  County,  on  the  point  of  the  ridge  between  Mouse 


34 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


Creek  and  Hiwassee  River.  In  1873  over  1,000,000  pounds  of 
barytes  were  shipped  from  Greene,  Hamblen  and  Monroe  coun- 
ties. In  1907  shipments  were  being  made  from  Loudon,  McMinn 
and  Monroe  counties,  to  the  extent  of  20,861  tons,  and  with  a value 
of  $37,138,  at  an  average  price  of  $1.78  a ton.  Monroe  County 
furnishes  the  larger  part  of  the  supply.  There  is  only  one-  mill 
in  the  State  for  refining  the  product,  located  at  Sweetwater.  In 
Smith  County  a vertical  vein  one  foot  or  more  thick  has  been 
traced  for  several  miles,  which  is  associated  with  calcite,  fluorite 
and  zinc  blend.  It  has  been  dug  near  the  Trousdale  Ferry-Leb- 
anon  Road.  In  addition  to  the  counties  mentioned,  it  has  been 
mined  in  Bradley,  Washington  and  Jefferson  counties. 

The  barytes  appears  to  have  been  deposited  from  water  solu- 
tions. In  at  least  most  cases,  it  appears  to  have  been  associated 
with  lines  of  faulting,  though  it  is  of  distinctly  later  origin.  Near 
Cleveland,  for  example,  the  barytes  fill  groups  of  fissures  in  the 
Knox  dolomite,  with  much  metasomatic  replacement  of  the  rock 
wall.  At  Sweetwater  the  fissures  are  often  only  partly  filled. 

Bauxite. — Bauxite  is  an  aluminum  iron  hydrate.  The  well- 
known  Georgia  bauxite,  to  which  the  Tennessee  ore  is  similar, 
contains  about  60%  alumina,  AI2O3;  32%  of  water,  H2O;  5%  of 
silica,  Si02 ; 2>4%  of  titanium  dioxide,  Ti02;  1>2%  of  iron 
oxide  Fe03.  It  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  alum,  aluminum 
alloys  and  compounds,  and  the  metal  aluminum.  Bauxite  has 
long  been  known  in  Georgia,  where  it  occurs  in  the  Knox  dolomite 
in  association  with  faults.  It  is  also  associated  with  kaolin  and 
iron  ore.  The  mineral  usually  occurs  as  small  balls,  or  concre- 
tions, of  reddish  yellow  color  in  a similarly-colored  matrix.  The 
balls  may  be  as  large  as  marbles,  or  up  to  inches  in  diameter, 
and  down  to  the  size  of  fish-roe  (oolite)  or  smaller.  The  size  of 
the  balls  forms  the  basis  of  classification  into  pebble  ore,  pisolitic 
ore,  or  oolitic  ore.  The  vesicular  ore  is  the  matrix  left  at  the 
surface  by  the  dropping  out  of  the  concretions.  When  the  ore 
is  structureless,  or  hardly  shows  the  concretionary  structure,  it 
is  called  amorphous  ore. 

While  it  is  probable  that  bauxite  ore  may  be  found  in  many 
places  in  Tennessee  when  definite  prospecting  of  the  zones  of 
faulting  in  the  Knox  dolomite  is  undertaken,  up  to  the  present 
only  one  deposit  has  been  worked.  This  occurs  on  the  southeast 
slope  of  Missionary  Ridge,  Uear  Chattanooga.  This  is  doubtless 
the  northward  extension  of  the  better  known  fields  of  Georgia. 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


35 


The  National  Bauxite  Co.  was  mining*  ore  in  1907  from  two 
pits  250  yards  apart.  The  ore  varies  from  the  pebble  variety  to 
what  is  known  as  “block”  ore,  having  only  a small  number  of 
concretions  in  it.  The  former  has  the  usual  light  color,  while  the 
latter  varies  from  light  to  dark  olive  gray  ore.  The  ore  is  rich  in 
alumina  and  low  in  both  iron  and  silica. 

Cement — Portland. — For  the  present  purpose  it  is  sufficient 
to  state  that  the  Portland  Cement  problem  is  to  find  sufficient 
quantities  of  pure  non-magnesian  limestone  in  close  proximity  to 
suitable  beds  of  clay  or  shale,  near  a railroad,  and  preferably 
near  a cheap  supply  of  coal.  The  problem  is  almost,  or  quite  as 
much,  an  economic  one  as  a geologic.  The  problem  does  not 
seem  to  have  been  studied  with  care  in  this  State,  unless  by  pri- 
vate parties,  who  have  published  no  report  of  their  findings. 
Lacking  analyses  of  both  limestones  and  shales,  the  best  that 
can  be  done  is  to  point  out  where  conditions  would  seem  to  be 
favorable. 

In  a general  way,  it  would  seem  that  the  most  favorable  places 
would  be  found  along  the  east  front  of  the  Cumberland  Plateau, 
in  the  Sequatchie  Valley,  and  on  the  west  front  of  the  Plateau. 
The  plateau  contains  coal,  which  could  be  delivered  direct  to  the 
plants.  The  coal  measures  contain  many  beds  of  shale,  besides 
the  clays  under  the  coals.  While  the  lower  flanks  of  the  moun- 
tains are  largely  composed  of  the  Silurian  and  Carboniferous 
limestones.  The  Queen  and  Crescent  Railway  skirts  the  east 
front  of  the  Plateau  from  Chattanooga  to  Harriman;  the  Nash- 
ville, Chattanooga  & St.  Louis  Railroad  runs  up  the  greater  part 
of  the  Sequatchie  Valley  and  reaches  many  points  along  the 
western  escarpment.  The  Tennessee  Central  Railroad  crosses 
both  faces  of  the  plateau.  Within  50  feet  of  the  base  of  the 
coal  measures  the  writer  has  found  limestone  resembling  struc- 
turally the  Bedford  stone  of  Indiana,  though  not  of  quite  as  high 
grade.  It  should  prove  suitable  for  cement.  Other  limestones 
lower  down  the  flanks  of  the  escarpment  would  doubtless  be 
found  equally  suitable.  Cumberland  Gap  is  typical  of  many 
points,  having  limestone,  coal,  clay  and  transportation  all  at 
hand. 

The  second  place  of  promise  would  seem  to  be  the  limestone  and 
marble  quarries  of  both  East  and  Middle  Tennessee,  where  often 
large  quantities  of  refuse  rock  is  available,  or  is  being  produced. 
At  such  places  the  cost  of  the  limestone  is  reduced  to  the  mini- 
mum, and  there  is  apt  to  be  good  railroad  connection. 


36 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


Among  the  limestones  of  the  Great  Valley  would  be  mentioned 
first  the  Lenoir  limestone,  just  overlying  the  Knox  dolomite.  The 
Lenoir  corresponds  in  position  with  the  “Trenton”  limestone, 
extensively  used  for  cement  in  the  northern  part  of  the  Appa- 
lachian Valley.  Locally,  it  is  a marble,  analysis  of  which  shows 
as  high  as  99%  of  pure  calcite.  It  is  closely  associated  with  the 
Athens  shale,  which  could  doubtless  furnish  the  necessary  clays 
for  mixing.  In  places  this  limestone  is  several  hundred  feet 
thick.  Of  the  other  limestones,  most  of  the  Chickamauga  is  low 
in  magnesia,  as  well  as  limestones  in  the  Sevier  shale. 

In  the  Central  Basin  are  a great  variety  of  limestones,  most  of 
which  are  rather  high  in  clay,  but  they  are  in  the  miain  non-mag- 
nesian,  and  in  many  places  are  pure  enough  for  cement.  The 
Trenton  limestones  in  the  counties  bordering  the  Cumberland 
River  are  particularly  promising.  Unfortunately  no  analyses  of 
the  limestones  exist,  nor  has  the  area  been  especially  studied  for 
its  cement  possibilities.  At  present  there  is  only  one  cement 
plant  in  the  State — the  Dixie  Portland  Cement  Co.,  operating  at 
Richard  City,  Marion  County.  In  1908  they  produced  272,731 
barrels,  valued  at  $295,913.00. 

Cement — Natural. — Under  the  preceding  heading  the  state- 
m.ent  was  made  that  many  of  the  limestones  of  the  State  are 
argillaceous,  or  contain  a considerable  admixture  of  clay.  In 
many  cases  analyses  would  doubtless  show  that  the  relative  pro- 
portion of  carbonate  of  lime  and  clay  is  such  as  would  make  a 
natural  hydraulic  cement.  Such  a limestone  has  been  used  for 
making  natural  cement  in  Harding  County,  near  Clifton,  and  the 
cement  made  there  appears  to  have  been  of  good  grade.  Among 
the  counties  which  it  is  believed  will  prove  to  show  natural  ce- 
ment limestones  may  be  mentioned:  Harding,  Wayne,  White, 
Decatur,  Warren,  Montgomery,  Knox  and  McMinn.  In  Knox 
County  cement  has  been  made  of  the  brown,  calcareous  shales. 

Chert. — Chert  is  the  amorphous  form  of  quarts,  or  silica.  It 
is  of  interest  in  this  connection  because  of  its  value  in  road 
building.  The  cherts  of  the  State  (including  the  variety  called 
“novaculite”)  probably  m.ake  by  far  the  best  materials  for  ma- 
cadam roads  in  the  State.  It  is  so  far  superior  to  the  limestone, 
which  at  present  is  mainly  used,  that  some  day  its  use  will  en- 
tirely supersede  that  of  limestone  wherever  it  can  be  obtained. 
It  appears  to  wear  much  better  than  limestone,  as  it  is  much  hard- 
er, packs  better,  does  not  become  dusty  in  dry  weather,  nor  muddy 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


37 


in  wet  weather.  Where  it  outcrops  or  accumulates  on  top  of  the 
hills  it  often  makes  natural  roads  of  the  highest  character. 
Where  it  slides  down  on  to  a road  only  in  large  pieces,  or  is  placed 
on  a road  in  that  shape,  without  roiling  or  coverings,  it  naturally 
is  hard  on  horses  or  tires.  In  Tennessee,  chert  occurs  most 
abundantly  in  the  lower  part  of  the  Knox  dolomite,  of  Cambrian 
age,  and  in  the  Tullahoma  formation  of  early  Carboniferous 
age.  (See  under  Novaculite  for  “Camden  Chert”).  The  Knox 
dolomite  is  practically  confined  to  the  Valley  of  East  Tennessee, 
where  it  covers  large  areas  and  is  very  abundant.  In  many 
cases  the  cherts  of  the  lower  part  of  the  formation  have  been  the 
cause  of  ridges,  the  chert  being  left  when  the  limestone,  or  dolo- 
mite, dissolved  and  by  its  accumulating  and  protecting  the  under- 
lying rocks  formed  the  chert  ridges.  Such  ridges  are  found 
all  over  East  Tennessee,  so  that  in  most  cases  it  would  be  but 
little  more  difficult  to  haul  in  the  chert  from  the  ridges  and  crush 
it  in  a rock-crusher  for  the  roads  in  the  valley  than  to  use  the 
limestone  usually  found  in  the  valley  itself. 

The  Tullahoma  chert  forms  the  edge  of  the  basin  of  Middle 
Tennessee  on  all  sides.  In  many  places  the  formation  appears  to 
be  solid  chert  for  several  hundred  feet,  the  chert  occurring  in  thin 
plates,  continuous,  though  irregular,  tending  to  break  up  into 
small  pieces,  or  splinters.  Often  the  formation  weathers  down 
in  the  hills  to  a depth  of  from  40  to  60  feet,  when  it  can  be  dug 
out  with  a steam  shovel,  and  when  placed  on  the  road  this  weath- 
ered chert  makes  an  excellent  top  dressing,  as  is  well  seen  at  Cen- 
treville,  Hickman  County,  and  elsewhere.  Large  deposits  of  the 
material  could  readily  be  obtained  for  shipment  wherever  rail- 
roads climb  or  skirt  the  edge  of  the  Highland  Rim,  as  near  Nor- 
mandy, west  of  Nashville,  on  the  Centreville  Branch  of  the  Nash- 
ville, Chattanooga  and  St.  Louis  Railroad,  and  on  the  Tennessee 
Central  Railway  east  of  Nashville. 

Clay  a7id  Shale. — Tennessee,  in  1908,  stood  twenty-fourth 
among  the  States  in  the  production  of  clay  products,  having  pro- 
duced that  year  $1,129,174  worth  of  brick  and  tile,  and  $122,555 
worth  of  pottery,  a total  of  $1,251,728,  as  compared  with  $1,613,- 
862  worth  in  1907.  The  value  of  the  clay  mined  and  shipped  is 
estimated  at  $77,680,  most  of  that  being  ball,  saggar  and  fire 
clay  from  Henry  County.  Brick  clays  are  common  throughout 
the  State,  as  is  evidenced  by’the  fact  that  brick  plants  are  main- 
tained in  about  one-half  of  the  counties  of  the  State.  Front  brick 


38 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


are  made  in  Blount,  Davidson,  Hamilton,  Knox  and  Madison  coun- 
ties ; ornamental  brick  in  Davidson  and  Knox ; fire  brick  in  Ham- 
ilton, Knox,  Madison  and  Putnam  counties. 

In  East  Tennessee  the  residual  red  clays  of  the  Chickamauga 
limestone  make  good  brick,  and  that  as  well  as  some  of  the  Cam- 
brian shales  are  extensively  used  for  tile.  The  calcareous  Athens 
shales  yield  a brick  clay  worked  at  Mayesville  and  Knoxville,  as 
do  also  the  Knox  dolomite,  the  Connasauga  shale,  the  upper  part 
of  the  Rome  formation  and  the  shales  of  the  Bangor  and  Chicka- 
mauga limestone  formations.  Fire  brick  is  made  at  Cleveland 
from  silicons  residual  clays  of  the  Knox  dolomite.  The  red  and 
blue  residual  clays  of  the  Bangor  are  worked  in  Warren,  DeKalb, 
Grundy,  White  and  Van  Buren  Counties. 

In  the  coal  field  practically  all  of  the  coal  beds  are  underlain  by 
clays,  some  of  which  will  doubtless  prove  suitable  for  the  manu- 
facture of  fire  brick.  No  flint  clay  has  yet  been  reported  in  this 
State.  The  coal  field  also  contains  large  quantities  of  shale,  some 
of  which  will  doubtless  prove  suitable  for  paving  brick  and  other 
brick.  This  is  as  yet  an  entirely  unexploited  field  and  practi- 
cally unexplored. 

The  great  Central  Basin  of  Tennessee  is  underlain  almost  en- 
tirely by  limestones.  These  yield  residual  clays,  and  doubtless 
exploration  will  reveal  many  shales,  or  other  bedded  clay  de- 
posits of  value.  In  the  district  between  the  Central  Basin  and 
the  Tennessee  River  on  the  west  numerous  deposits  of  fire-clay 
have  been  found  in  Stewart  and  Houston  counties.  The  clay  is 
grayish  white  and  was  used  for  many  years  in  making  fire  brick 
for  the  rolling  mills. 

West  Tennessee  is  abundantly  supplied  with  clays,  and  some 
day  should  be  the  seat  of  a great  clay  industry.  The  fact  that 
some  of  the  clays  of  Carroll  and  Henry  counties  have  been  shipped 
to  Akron  and  East  Liverpool,  Ohio,  and  Louisville,  Ky.,  is  evi- 
dence of  their  good  quality.  The  clay  immediately  below  the  La- 
Fay  ette  formation  yields  stoneware  and  fire-brick  clay.  Many  of 
the  quarries  show  from  25  to  35  feet  of  clay.  Some  of  the  “ball” 
clay  of  Henry  County  has  the  composition  of  almost  pure  kaolin. 
It  will  run  from  60%  to  75%  of  non-plastic  material.  Pottery  is 
made  in  a number  of  the  counties  of  West  Tennessee,  as  well  as 
drain  tile.  The  industry,  however,  is  as  yet  in  its  infancy. 

Kaolin  has  been  found  in  small  quantities  in  Carter  and  Car- 
roll  counties,  and  probably  will  be  found  in  other  counties.  lu 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


39 


the  past  but  little  special  attention  has  been  given  in  the  field 
to  the  study  of  clays  of  the  State.  It  is  believed  that  when  a 
comprehensive  study  is  made  that  this  State  will  be  shown  to 
have  an  abundance  of  clays  and  shales  suitable  for  all  purposes. 

Coal. — Tennessee  ranks  eleventh  among  t h e States  in  t h e 
production  of  coal.  In  1907  this  amounted  to  6,810,243  short 
tons,  and  in  1908,  6,199,171  tons.  The  coal  field  has  been  esti- 
mated to  have  an  area  of  4,400  square  miles.  Mr.  M.  R.  Campbell 
has  estimated  the  original  contents  to  be  25,665,000,000  short 
tons.  The  figures  for  production  up  to  the  close  of  1908  show 
90,503,772  tons  taken  from  the  ground,  equivalent  to  an  exhaus- 
tion of  135,000,000  tons,  or  one-half  of  one  per  cent,  of  the  total. 
At  the  rate  of  exhaustion  in  1908  the  coal  in  this  State,  as  esti- 
mated, would  last  2,475  years.  It  may  be  noted,  however,  that 
the  production  has  been  increasing  rapidly,  as  it  has  in  other 
States.  Taking  the  figures  from  1850  to  1908  the  production  has 
more  than  doubled  on  the  average  of  every  ten  years.  From 
1870  to  1900  the  production  increased  more  than  three  times 
every  ten  j^ears.  From.  1900  to  1908  the  production  nearly  doub- 
led. If  the  production  were  to  continue  doubling  every  ten 
years,  as  it  has  in  the  last  70  years,  the  coal  would  be  exhausted 
within  110  years  from  now. 

The  coal  field  of  Tennessee  is  coincident  with  the  Cumberland 
Plateau  lying  in  a northeast  and  southwest  direction  across  the 
State  a little  east  of  the  center.  The  field  has  an  average  width 
of  from  35  to  50  miles.  It  covers  practically  all  of  Morgan, 
Scott,  Sequatchie  and  Bledsoe  counties ; the  western  part  of  Clai- 
borne, Campbell,  Anderson,  Roane,  Rhea  and  Hamilton  counties ; 
nearly  all  of  Fentress,  Van  Buren  and  Grundy;  and  a part  of  the 
eastern  side  of  Pickett,  Overton,  Putnam,  White,  Warren,  Cof- 
fee and  Franklin  counties. 

The  coal-bearing  rocks  have  a thickness  of  4,000  feet  at  the 
north  end  of  the  State.  To  the  south  the  whole  body  of  rocks  has 
been  raised  so  that  their  base  is  about  1,500  feet  above  tide,  and 
all  the  upper  rocks  have  been  carried  away.  At  the  north  end  of 
the  State  at  least  50  beds  of  coal  have  been  noted  in  Bryson 
Mountain,  while  at  the  south  only  the  basal  6 or  8 remain. 

Safford  divided  the  coals  into  three  groups,  separated  by  wide- 
spread, massive  sandstones.  The  lowest  group  he  called  the  “Bon 
Air”  group.  This  included  the  Bon  Air,  Nelson,  Soddy,  Lower 
Etna,  the  Castle  Rock  and  Dade  coals,  worked  mostly  along  the 
western  edge  of  the  basin. 


40 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


The  beds  are  all  of  irregular  thickness,  ranging  from  a knife- 
edge  to  12  feet,  or  more,  though  they  are  seldom  more  than  three 
feet  over  any  large  area.  In  most  places  not  more  than  two  of 
the  beds  are  workable,  and  in  many  places  all  of  the  beds  will  be 
found  to  run  thin.  Rocks  contained  in  this  group  are  thin  on  the 
west  side  of  the  field,  but  reach  a thickness  of  600  to  700  feet  on 
the  east  side  of  the  field.  Between  this  and  the  next  overlying 
group  is  the  massive  Bon  Air  or  Sewanee  conglomerate,  a heavy 
bed  of  sandstone  40  or  50  feet  thick  that  makes  conspicuous  cliffs 
along  the  west  edge  of  the  Cumberland  Plateau,  or  Sequatchie 
Valley  and  along  the  eastern  face  of  the  plateau  escarpment. 

The  second  group  of  coals,  the  ‘‘Tracy  City”  group  of  Safford, 
contains  the  Kelley,  Richland  or  Whitwell  bed,  just  on  top  of  the 
Bon  Air  conglomerate;  the  Sewanee  bed  40  to  50  feet  higher; 
the  Walker  bed  still  higher  and  others  above  not  now  being 
worked.  These  coals,  like  those  of  the  first  group,  are  irregular 
in  thickness,  sometimes  maintaining  a thickness  of  five  feet  over 
quite  an  acreage,  but  usually  not  running  over  three  feet,  and 
they  are  too  thin  to  work  over  large  areas.  In  local  basins,  or 
“pots,”  they  may  thicken  up  to  7 or  8 feet,  or  even  up  to  18  feet. 
The  rocks  containing  this  group  have  a thickness  of  500  to  700 
feet  along  the  eastern  edge  of  the  basin,  but  thin  to  a feather- 
edge  on  the  western  side  of  the  field.  Above  this  second  group 
of  coals  is  a second  great  sandstone,  called  the  “Emory”  sand- 
stone, that  makes  a conspicuous  bluff  at  the  top  of  the  eastern 
escarpment  of  the  Cumberland  Plateau  from  near  Chattanooga  at 
least  as  far  north  as  Harriman. 

The  third  group  of  coals,  called  by  Safford  “The  Brushy  Moun- 
tain Group,”  extends  through  rocks  having  a thickness  of  several 
thousand  feet.  Practically  all  of  the  coals  being  mined  in  the 
northeast  part  of  the  field  belong  to  this  group,  the  first  two 
groups  being  below  drainage  in  most  of  that  area.  In  Bryson 
Mountain,  Claiborne  County,  this  group  contains  50  beds  with 
a total  measured  thickness  of  about  95  feet.  Of  these  beds  thir- 
teen are  over  two  feet  thick,  and  seven  were  being  worked  in 
1902-3  when  examined  by  the  writer.  The  beds  being  worked 
there  showed  an  average  thickness  of  from  4 to  6>4  feet,  with  a 
range  of  from  3 1-3  to  9 2-3  feet.  Most  of  them  contain  some 
partings,  and  that  reduces  the  available  coal  by  six  inches  to  one 
foot.  Such  large  numbers  of  coal  are  only  found  in  some  of  the 
highest  mountains — unreduced  residuals  projecting  well  above  the 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


41 


level  of  the  Cumberland  Plateau.  There  remain,  therefore,  very 
small  areas  of  the  uppermost  coals,  and  even  the  areas  of  the 
lower  coals  of  the  group  have  been  much  reduced  by  erosion. 
The  upper  coals  are  not  only  thicker,  but  much  more  regular 
than  the  coals  of  the  lower  groups.  The  coals  of  this  group  occur 
only  in  the  northeast  part  of  the  field,  having  been  eroded  from 
the  western  and  southern  parts,  being  confined  mainly  to  the 
area  northeast  of  the  Queen  & Crescent  Railroad  above  Harri- 
man. 

The  coals  of  Tennessee  are  of  the  bituminous  variety,  and  most 
of  them  will  coke,  yielding  from  48  to  60  per  cent.  The  coal  of 
the  Jellico  field  produces  an  indifferent  coke,  but  it  has  a wide 
reputation  as  a very  high-grade  household  coal.  The  coals  of 
the  lower  groups,  as  a rule,  are  cleaner  and  harder  than  the 
higher  coals. 

Cohalt. — Traces  of  cobalt  in  the  form  of  asbolite,  or  Wack  co- 
balt oxide,  have  been  found  in  Hickman  County.  The  ore  oc- 
curs in  jnanaganese  oxide,  or  wad,  as  an  earthy  black  to  blue 
mass  deposited  in  boggy  places.  Mr.  Lucius  Brown,  State  Chem- 
ist, states  that  none  found  has  yet  analyzed  over  2%  of  cobalt, 
compared  with  South  Carolina  ores  that  yield  24%  of  cobalt  oxide 
and  Missouri  ores  that  yield  40%.  The  cobalt  bearing  wad  is 
found  at  a number  of  points  near  Centreville,  in  Hickman  Coun- 
ty. It  attracted  considerable  attention  about  1907,  through  the 
interest  of  Thomas  Edison,  who  was  then  looking  for  a supply 
of  cobalt  in  connection  with  his  studies  of  secondary  batteries.  It 
is  possible  that  other  deposits  of  wad  in  the  State  may  be  cobalt 
bearing,  and  ore  of  value  may  yet  be  found. 

Copper. — Tennessee  stands  sixth  among  the  States  in  the^ro- 
duction  of  copper,  with  a production  in  1908  of  19,459,501  pounds, 
valued  at  $2,568,654.  In  1907  the  copper  output,  though  smaller, 
was  valued  at  $3,778,623.  The  production  comes  entirely  from 
the  region  about  Ducktown,  in  Polk  County,  in  the  extreme  south- 
east corner  of  the  State.  Two  companies  produce  all  of  the 
ore. 

The  ores  occur  in  a belt  two  miles  wide  by  four  miles  long,  ly- 
ing in  a northeast-southwest  direction.  They  occur  in  fissure 
veins  from  a few  feet  to  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  wide,  in  meta- 
morphoric  schists.  The  veins  are  nearly  parallel  to  the  schistosity 
dipping  about  50  degrees,  S.  65  degrees  to  70  degrees  E.,  appar- 
ently in  slip  planes  of  fault  fissures  following  the  foliation.  The 


42 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee. 


ore,  which  is  mainly  an  iron  ore,  contains  very  near  10%  of 
copper  ore,  averaging  about  S/2%  of  metallic  copper.  The  ore  is 
chiefly  pyrrhotite  or  magnetic  pyrite,  or  iron  sulphide,  with  which 
is  inextricably  mixed  finely  disseminated  chalcopyrite,  or  cop- 
per pyrites.  The  latter,  when  pure,  contains  roundly  one-third 
copper,  one-third  sulphur  and  one-third  iron.  The  ore  contains 
an  average  of  about  31.4  pounds  of  copper  per  ton.  In  addition 
there  occur  small  quantities  of  native  copper,  malachite,  cup- 
rite, chalcanthite  and  chalcocite.  The  latter  is  the  black  sul- 
phide of  copper,  and  was  the  common  ore  at  first,  until  the  work- 
ings reached  below  the  belt  of  surface  weathering.  In  the  weath- 
ered belt  at  the  surface  the  pyrrhotite  has  weathered  into  limon- 
ite,  forming  a great  cap  or  “gossan,”  which  has  been  used  as  a 
source  of  iron  ore.  The  black  ore  near  the  surface  was  formerly 
thought  to  be  the  black  oxide,  but  more  recently  shown  by  Mr. 
W.  H.  Weed  to  be  the  black  sulphide.  This  ore  is  now  ex- 
hausted. It  had  a thickness  of  from  a few  inches  to  eight  feet 
or  more.  In  addition  to  the  copper,  the  mines  also  yield  iron,  as 
just  stated.  Gold,  silver,  and  small  amounts  of  lead  and  zinc  ore 
are  found. 

Copper  ore  appears  to  have  been  known  in  Tennessee  in  1843, 
but  not  actively  mined  until  about  1850.  In  1855  there  was 
shipped  14,291  tons,  worth,  at  that  time,  $1,000,000.  After  the 
exhaustion  of  the  black  surface  ore,  mining  nearly  ceased  until 
1889,  when  the  Marietta  and  North  Georgia  Railroad  entered  the 
district  and  mining  took  a new  lease  of  life.  In  1899,  the  Ten- 
nessee Copper  Company  began  the  opening  up  of  their  mines, 
which  is  the  beginning  of  the  present  development.  -In  1908  sev- 
eral of  the  mines  were  down  to  the  depths  of  from  700  to  800  feet 
or  more,  and  some  of  the  levels  have  followed  the  vein  three  thou- 
sand feet  or  more  and  are  still  in  ore.  Recently  an  expensive 
plant  has  been  installed  at  Ducktown  to  conserve  the  sulphur 
fumes  formed  in  the  reduction  of  the  copper  and  convert  them  into 
sulphuric  acid. 

Copperas. — Copperas  is  iron  sulphate.  It  occurs  in  nature 
through  the  action  of  the  atmosphere  on  pyrite.  It  is  found  in 
many  of  the  “rock-houses”  of  Tennessee,  especially  where  the 
underlying  shale  is  the  Chattanooga  black  shale,  which  common- 
ly contains  pyrite.  It  only  accumulates  where  it  is  sheltered 
from  the  weather. 

Today  practically  all  of  the  copperas  of  commerce  is  made  ar- 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee  4:^ 

tilicially.  At  one  time  it  was  manufactured  extensively  in  Duck- 
town  from  the  refuse  of  the  copper  mines,  but  probably  all  of  it 
is  obtained  now  as  a by-product  in  the  manufacture  of  wire  and 
sheet  steel. 

Dolomite. — The  Knox  dolomite  of  East  Tennessee  has  been  used 
very  extensively  for  abutments  of  railroad  bridges  and  similar 
structural  work.  It  is  readily  cut  and  dressed,  and  due  to  its 
firm,  fine  structure,  is  capable  of  standing  great  weight.  It  splits 
readily  along  bedding  plains  six  inches  to  three  feet  apart,  and 
resists  frost  and  heat  well. 

Epso7)i  Salts. — The  mineral  epsomite  is  found  at  many  points 
in  the  State  associated  with  alum  and  copperas.  It  does  not  ap- 
pear to  have  been  made  use  of  at  all  in  a commercial  way. 

Fluorspar. — Fluorite,  or,  as  it  is  commonly  known,  “Fluor- 
spar,” is  calcium  fluorite.  In  its  purest  form  it  is  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  opalescent  glass,  enamels,  agate  ware,  hydrofluor- 
ic acid  and  other  compounds  of  fluorine.  Slightly  lower  grades 
are  used  in  the  manufacture  of  open-hearth  steel,  to  increase  the 
fluidity  of  the  slag.  Still  lower  grades  are  used  in  foundry  work. 
The  use  of  hydrofluoric  acid  in  etching  glass  is  well  known. 

Tennessee  has  never  been  a large  producer  of  fluorspar.  From 
1902  to  1906  small  quantities  were  mined  in  Smith,  Trousdale 
and  Wilson  counties.  The  ore  is  high-grade,  and  occurs  in  fis- 
sure veins  intersecting  limestones  of  Ordovician  age.  It  is  said 
that  lumps  of  pure  fluorspar  weighing  1,500  pounds  have  been 
taken  from  these  deposits.  No  igneous  rocks  have  been  reported 
as  occurring  in  the  neighborhood  of  these  veins,  as  they  do  in 
Kentucky  and  Illinois.  In  some  cases  the  fluorspar  is  associated 
with  barite. 

Gas. — (See  under  heading  “Oil”). 

Glass  Sand. — Sandstones  and  conglomerates  of  the  coal  field 
are  often  made  up  of  white  sand  and  pebbles.  When  quarried, 
crushed,  separated  and  washed,  they  are  suitable  for  the  best 
grades  of  plate-glass.  Some  have  been  shipped  to  Indiana  for 
use  in  the  glass  works  of  that  State.  Good  sand  is  found  at  Coal 
Creek,  in  Anderson  County,  and  glass  has  been  made  in  Knox-, 
ville  from  sand  obtained  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Holston  Riv- 
er. Benton  County  furnishes  saccaroidal  sandstone  of  dazzling 
whiteness  that  should  be  suitable  for  the  manufacture  of  glass. 

Gold. — Gold  has  been  found  in  Tennessee  only  along  the  east- 
ern edge  of  the  State  in  the  Cambrian  or  pre-Cambrian  rocks  on 


44 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee. 


the  western  flank  of  the  Great  Smoky  Mountains.  Placer  gold 
has  been  found  in  the  creeks  a few  miles  east  of  Montvale 
Springs  and  back  of  Chilhowee  Mountain  in  Blount  County;  in 
Polk  County;  and  on  Citico  Creek,  Cane  Creek,  the  headwaters 
of  the  Tellico  River  and  on  Coker  Creek,  in  Monroe  County.  The 
last  locality  has  furnished  nearly  all  of  the  gold  found  in  the 
State,  amounting  to  probably  not  over  $200,000. 

The  Coker  Creek  (Coca  or  Coqua  Creek  of  the  old  reports)  de- 
posits embrace  a strip  of  country  eight  or  nine  miles  long  by  two 
or  three  wide.  Gold  was  first  discovered  here  in  1831,  followed 
by  the  usual  “rush,”  during  which  the  whole  region  was  thor- 
oughly prospected.  The  gravels  at  first  yielded  an  average  of  $2 
a day,  but  gradually  decreased  to  a yield  of  about  fifty  cents  a 
day.  The  largest  piece  reported  found  was  worth  about  $20.  Later 
a 6-inch  vein  of  gold-bearing  quartz  was  found  on  Whippoorwill 
Branch  of  Tellico  River,  and  has  been  worked  some.  It  is  more 
than  probable  that  some  day,  other,  and  probably  richer,  quartz 
veins  will  be  found.  In  1908  Monroe  County  yielded  21.61 
ounces.  In  the  same  year  149.33  ounces  were  obtained  from  the 
copper  ores  of  Ducktown,  in  Polk  County,  as  a by-product. 

Granite, — In  Tennessee  granite  is  confined  to  the  western  slope 
of  the  Great  Smoky  Mountains.  At  present  no  granite  is  being- 
quarried  for  commercial  shipment  in  the  State.  Portions  of  the 
Max  Patch  granite,  marked  by  red  feldspar,  are  very  ornamental, 
as  are  the  porphyritic  masses  in  that  granite.  These  beds  are 
often  heavy  enough  to  yield  large  blocks  of  building  stone,  though 
much  of  the  granite  tends  to  be  gneissoid.  The  Cranberry  gran- 
ite is  lighter  in  color  and  fairly  uniform  in  texture.  It  would  be 
suitable  for  many  purposes.  Large  blocks  of  granite  were  ex- 
hibited at  the  Centennial  Exposition,  Nashville,  1897.  Granite 
is  found  in  Johnson,  Carter,  Unicoi,  Greene,  Cocke,  Sevier, 
Blount,  Monroe  and  Polk  counties. 

Green  Sand. — Associated  with  the  Selma  clays  are  often  found 
beds  of  greenish  sand.  The  color  is  due  to  the  presence  of  glau- 
conite. Analysis  of  this  green  sand  usually  shows  it  to  contain 
a considerable  percentage  of  lime,  often  an  appreciable  amount 
of  phosphorus.  Such  a calcereous  sand  has  been  called  a marl. 
It  is  of  value  as  a fertilizer,  depending  on  the  amount  of  lime, 
phosphoric  acid  and  potash  present.  It  occurs  in  West  Tennessee. 
Samples  showed  on  analysis  50  per  cent,  of  silica,  10  per  cent, 
potash  and  phosphoric  acid,  2 to  10  per  cent,  of  lime  carbonate. 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee. 


45 


Gypsum. — No  workable  deposits  of  gypsum  have  yet  been 
found  in  Tennessee.  It  occurs  in  small  quantities  in  many  of  the 
caves  of  the  State,  often  making  handsome  cabinet  specimens; 
sometimes  as  crystals,  or  transparent  clevage  plates;  sometimes 
as  rosettes,  etc.  Small,  irregular  masses  of  snowy  gypsum  are 
common  in  cavities  in  many  of  the  limestones.  In  some  cases 
these  might  be  separated  from  the  limestones  in  connection  with 
the  quarrying  of  the  whole,  but  in  no  place  that  the  writer  has 
seen  yet  are  they  in  a sufficient  quantity  or  size  to  make  them 
the  subject  of  commercial  exploiting. 

Hydraulic  Rock. — (See  cement). 

Iron. — Tennessee  ranks  eighth  in  the  production  of  iron.  In 
1907  she  produced  269,182  tons  of  hematite,  544,508  tons  of 
brown  ore,  a total  of  813,690  tons,  with  a value  of  $1,352,131. 
In  1908  the  production  was  somewhat  less,  amounting  to  226,038 
tons  of  hematite  and  409,305  tons  of  brown  ore,  a total  of  635,343 
tons,  valued  at  $876,007.  In  the  production  of  pig  ircn  the  State 
ranked  seventh  in  1907  with  a production  of  393,106  long  tons, 
valued  at  $7,542,000.  In  1908  the  production  was  290,826  tons, 
valued  at  $4,011,000. 

It  is  impossible  to  estimate  correctly  the  quantity  of  iron  ore 
now  available,  or  to  be  available  in  the  future.  Very  roughly  it 
has  been  estimated  that  Tennessee  has  about  500,000,000  tons  of 
iron  ore,  of  which  100,000,000  tons  are  now  available,  and  the 
other  400,000,000  will  became  available  under  more  favorable 
mining  and  market  conditions. 

The  ore  occurs  in  four  belts : First — An  eastern  belt  through 
Johnson,  Sullivan,  Carter,  Washington,  Unicoi,  Greene,  Cocke, 
Sevier,  Blomit,  Monroe,  McMinn  and  Polk  counties,  containing 
limonite,  hematite  and  magnetite.  The  ores  are  usually  in  irregu- 
lar masses  of  limited  extent,  associated  with  the  older  rocks  and 
the  metamorphosed  rocks. 

The  limonite  occurs  in  compact  form,  in  shapeless  masses,  in 
the  foothills,  spurs,  coves  and  valleys,  mingled  with  clay  and 
cherty  masses.  When  pure  it  contains  59.52%  of  metallic  iron. 
The  hematite,  anhydrous  oxide  of  iron,  is  of  the  hard  variety.  It 
is  found  in  massive  layers  in  the  valley  of  Stony  Creek,  in  Car- 
ter County ; in  vein-like,  nearly  vertical  masses  in  Sullivan  Coun- 
ty ; in  compast  masses  in  Monroe  and  Cocke  counties ; in  angular 
nodules  on  Cross  Mountain ; in  nearly  cubical  masses  in  McMinn 
County,  east  of  Athens;  in  Ordovician  strata  in  Loudon  County. 


46 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee. 


Magnetite,  the  black,  magnetic  oxide,  containing  72%  of  iron 
when  pure,  occurs  in  many  of  the  older  focks  in  the  mountain 
spurs  of  Carter  County,  where  they  run  down  into  Crab  Or- 
chard Valley. 

Second — A belt  along  the  east  face  of  the  Cumberland  Table 
Lands  and  in  the  Sequatchie  Valley.  The  ore  in  this  case  is 
mainly  a red,  fossiliferous  oolitic  hematite  ore,  known  as  “Clin- 
ton Ore.”  It  has  been  mined  extensively  in  Hamilton,  Bradley, 
James,  McMinn,  Meigs,  Rhea,  Roane,  Henderson,  Campbell, 
Union,  Grainger,  Claiborne,  Hancock,  Marion,  Sequatchie  and 
Bledsoe  counties.  The  ore  occurs  as  a bedded  deposit  with  much 
regularity,  having  a thickness  of  up  to  six  feet.  The  leached  ore 
at  the  surface  yields  about  56%  of  iron,  though  the  hard,  un- 
weathered ore  yields  much  less. 

It  has  been  estimated  that  the  ore  has  an  average  thickness 
across  the  State  of  20  inches.  In  many  places  there  are  several 
beds,  though  usually  there  is  one  bed  of  importance.  This  may 
vary  from  a few  inches  to  two  or  three  feet  thick,  occasionally 
swelling  out  to  six  feet.  The  Clinton  ore  is  also  found  in  many 
of  the  ridges  east  of  the  Plateau  escarpment,  though  most  of  the 
mining  has  been  done  among  the  low  foothills  just  at  the  foot  of 
the  escarpment.  The  ore  should  outcrop  all  along  the  east  side  of 
the  Sequatchie  Valley.  It  is  hidden  by  faults  on  the  west  side  of 
the  Valley.  Apparently  the  same  ore  was  seen  by  the  writer  in 
west  Davidson  County  5 feet  thick,  and  it  is  reported  that  it  is 
extensively  exposed  west  and  north  of  Nashville. 

The  third  belt  is  co-ordinate  with  the  coal  field,  and  the  ores 
consist  of  “clay  iron  stone”  nodules  in  the  shales  of  the  coal  mea- 
sure rocks. 

The  nodules,  balls  and  flattened  concretions  usually  carry  30% 
to  33%  of  metallic  iron.  They  occur  from  the  size  of  small  peb- 
bles to  masses  weighing  a ton  or  more,  disposed  in  layers  inter- 
stratified  with  the  shales.  Much  of  this  ore  has  been  noted  below 
the  Wiley  coal  band  in  Anderson  County  and  elsewhere.  A layer 
of  black  band,  or  coaly  carbonaceous  iron  ore,  6 to  12  inches 
thick,  has  been  noted  near  Beersheba  Springs,  and  some  limonite 
is  found  scattered  over  the  table-land. 

The  fourth  belt  is  in  western  Tennessee,  covering  an  area  50 
miles  wide,  or  5,400  square  miles.  It  lies  in  the  counties  of 
Lawrence,  Wayne,  Hardin,  Lewis,  Perry,  Hickman,  Humphreys, 
Dickson,  Houston,  Montgomery  and  Stewart  east  of  the 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee. 


47 


Tennessee  River,  and  Benton  and  Decatur  counties  on  the  west  of 
the  Tennessee  River.  The  ores  in  this  belt  are  liminite,  with  some 
hematite  and  turgite,  and  occur  associated  with  the  chert  and 
clay  from  the  decomposition  of  the  St.  Louis  limestone.  These 
deposits  in  places  have  a thickness  of  up  to  over  one  hundred  feet. 
The  ore  makes  up  from  one-half  to  one-fourth,  or  less  of  the  mass. 

These  ores  have  never  been  adequately  prospected,  but  suffi- 
cient work  has  been  done  to  show  large  quantities  of  ore.  The 
ore  typically  occurs  as  layers  in  intermingled  chert  and  clay,  or 
as  “nests,”  or  large,  irregularly-shaped  masses,  or  in  lumps  down 
to  the  size  of  a.  walnut,  usually  underlying  an  over-burden  of 
clay,  chert  or  gravel. 

Iron  making  in  Tennessee  dates  from  1790,  when  a bloomery 
was  built  at  Embreeville.  In  1856  there  were  75  forges  and  bloom- 
eries,  71  furnaces  (using  charcoal,  and  varying  in  capacity  from 
5 to  18  tons  a day) , and  4 rolling  mills. 

In  1908  there  were  67  iron  mines  being  worked  by  thirty-eight 
companies,  with  17  furnaces  in  active  operation,  all  but  one  of 
them  using  coke  for  fuel ; seven  furnaces  were  not  running  dur- 
ing that  year. 

Kaolin. — (See  clay.) 

Lead. — Lead  ore  has  not  yet  been  found  abundantly  in  Ten- 
nessee, though  most  of  the  counties  have  reported  some  lead.  It 
is  frequently  found  in  the  Knox  dolomite,  associated  with  zinc, 
and  probably  most  of  the  production  has  been  from  the  zinc 
mines.  Galena,  or  lead  sulphide,  is  found  in  true  veins  in  grains 
and  lumps,  in  Union  County,  and  disseminated  in  grains  through 
the  rocks  of  Bompass  Cove  in  Washington  County,  and  as  irreg- 
ular masses  or  benches  in  McMinn  County.  Veins  are  knoAvn 
in  Monroe,  Bradley  and  Jefferson  counties,  all  of  which  have  been 
worked.  Many  veins  have  been  found  and  opened  in  the  Central 
Basin,  but  none  have  proved  profitable.  Mines  have  been  opened 
in  Davidson  County  and  in  Williamson  County,  near  Nolensville. 
Fine  specimens  have  been  found  in  Hickman,  Henry  and  other 
counties. 

Lead  has  been  mined  with  zinc  on  Straight  Creek,  in  Claiborne 
County,  five  miles  southwest  of  New  Tazewell.  It  is  found  in 
minable  quantities  in  Blount  County  and  in  Bradley  County,  20 
to  30  miles  east  of  Chattanooga.  It  has  been  mined  for  some 
years  at  Blue  Springs,  six  miles  south  of  Cleveland,  and  at  the 
Cedar  Ridge  mine  encouraging  prospects  are  found. 


48 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee. 


The  ores  in  Tennessee  are  the  sulphide — galenite,  or  galena, 
occurring  granular,  or  massive  granular  form,  showing  on  an- 
alysis up  to  74%  of  lead;  and  cerussite,  or  lead  carbonate,  a sec- 
ondary form  derived  from  the  original  galena,  occurring  only  in 
narrow  bands  at  the  top  of  the  undecayed  limestone.  In  1908 
no  lead  was  mined,  in  Tennessee,  though  some  lead  had  been 
mined  for  several  years  preceding,  the  amount  varying  from  15,- 
000  pounds  to  over  200,000  pounds,  the  latter  in  1906,  when  the 
output  was  valued  at  over  $10,000. 

Lignite. — Lignite  is  a form  of  coal  in  one  of  its  earliest  stages. 
It  is  brown  or  black,  sometimes  appearing  compact  like  coal, 
sometimes  like  a mass  of  decayed  vegetation.  It  is  found  ex- 
tensively in  the  Eocene  deposits  of  West  Tennessee,  the  beds  be- 
ing interstratified  with  clay  and  sand,  and  varying  from  a few 
inches  up  to  four  or  five  feet  in  thickness.  As  a rule  the  beds  do 
not  seem  to  have  much  lateral  extent.  Recently  (August  29, 
1910)  a 20-foot  bed  of  lignite  is  reported  to  have  been  found  near 
Cottage  Grove,  in  Henry  County.  The  papers  of  Sept.  5,  1910, 
report  the  discovery  of  '‘genuine  coal”  two  miles  southwest  of 
Burleson,  Tipton  County.  This  is  doubtless  lignite,  and  indi- 
cates the  close  resemblance  to  bituminous  coal.  The  beds  have 
been  found  extensively  in  Obion,  Dyer,  Lauderdale,  Tipton,  Shel- 
by and  Johnson  counties,  along  the  escarpment  of  the  Mississippi 
bottoms.  Attempts  to  use  the  lignite  of  West  Tennessee  as  fuel 
have  not  been  successful  in  the  past.  New  interest  has  recently 
been  taken  in  the  subject  through  the  work  of  the  National  Bu- 
reau of  Mines  in  showing  the  availability  of  lignite  for  power 
when  converted  into  producer  gas  and  used  in  the  gas  engines. 

Limestone. — A majority  of  the  rocks  of  this  State  are  lime- 
stone. They  are  in  every  shade  of  color  from  gray  to  black,  and 
in  every  variety  from  pure,  heavy-bedded  limestone  to  very  im- 
pure laminated,  shaly,  or  sandy  limestones  that  soon  crumble 
when  exposed  to  the  weather.  They  are  put  to  a variety  of  uses, 
from  building  roads  to  lining  fine  buildings.  Some  are  burned 
to  lime.  Twelve  counties  in  the  State  in  1908  furnished  69,754 
tons  of  lime,  valued  at  $224,236.  The  lime  was  used  in  alkali 
works,  in  buildings,  for  fertilizer,  for  paper  mills,  sulphate  and 
soda-pop  mills,  sugar  mills,  tanneries,  etc.  In  1908  the  total  out- 
put of  limestone  in  Tennessee  was  837,893  tons,  valued  at  $500,- 
677  (not  including  marble)  ; of  this  value  $8,103  was  for  rough 
building  stones,  $3,500  for  dressed  building  stones,  $315.00  for 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee. 


41) 


paving  stone,  $2,999  for  curbing,  $1G,609  for  rubble,  $13,591  for 
rip-rap,  $205,275  for  crushed  stone  for  road  making,  $63,634  for 
railroad  ballast,  $89,001  for  concrete,  $16,065  for  flux,  and  $1,585 
for  miscellaneous  uses. 

The  Clifton  (Niagura)  limestone  has  been  extensively  quar- 
ried for  building  stone,  curbing,  etc.,  at  Goodlettsville,  Newsom 
and  elsewhere,  though  large  quantities  of  Bowling  Green  (Ky.) 
stone  are  now  being  imported  into  the  State,  and  many  of  the 
quarries  are  devoting  their  time  to  crushing  the  rocks  for  roads. 
It  is  hoped  in  time  to  find  oolitic  limestone  of  sufficiently  high 
grade,  and  under  favorable  conditions  for  quarrying  and  mar- 
keting to  supply  the  home  market,  and  displace  the  Bowling 
Green  stone. 

Lithographic  Stone. — The  limestones  of  the  Mississippian  or 
Lower  Carboniferous  tend  locally  to  have  the  compact  structure 
necessary  for  lithographic  work.  Such  stone  has  been  found  in 
Indiana,  Kentucky  and  Tennessee.  As  a rule  the  difficulty  has 
been  to  find  stone  sufficiently  free  from  flaws  over  a large  enough 
surface  to  be  usable.  In  Tennessee  some  very  good  stone  has 
been  found  near  Algood,  in  Putnam  County.  The  Dunbar  Lith- 
ographic Stone  Co.  have  taken  out  some,  but  little  work  has  yet 
been  done.  While  the  stone  gives  some  promise,  it  has  not  yet 
yielded  large  sized  stones,  such  as  the  market  demands.  The 
stone  occurs  just  under  the  base  of  the  coal  measures,  and  should 
be  looked  for  all  around  the  western  edge  of  the  Cumberland 
Plateau  and  up  the  Sequatchie  Valley. 

Manganese. — Manganese  in  the  form  of  oxides  occurs  commer- 
cially in  northeastern  Tennessee.  The  principal  deposits  are  in 
Shady  Valley,  Johnson  County;  near  Unicoi,  Unicoi  County;  near 
Newport  and  Del  Rio,  Cocke  County.  The  ores  occur  in  the  lower 
part  of  the  Shady  Limestone,  or  at  the  contact  of  that  formation 
with  the  Erwin  Quartzite.  They  are  found  in  variegated  clays, 
and  are  generally  associated  with  brown  iron  ores.  The  ore 
is  in  the  form  of  hard  nodules,  or  irregular  masses,  mainly  of 
psilomelane,  or  in  the  form  of  irregular  pockets  of  soft  pyrolu- 
cite,  or  wad.  The  ore  also  occurs  near  Morristown,  in  Hamblen 
County,  associated  with  the  brown  iron  ore;  near  Sweetwater, 
Monroe  County,  in  the  red  residual  clays  from  the  Knox  dolo- 
mite. Small  quantities  are  found  in  the  Chilhowee  Mountains,  in 
Hickman  County,  and  elsewhere.  As  a black  stain  on  the  rocks, 
manganese  oxide  occurs  somewhat  as  does  iron  in  staining  rocks 
all  over  the  State. 


50 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee. 


It  has  been  mined  some  near  Elizabethton,  in  Carter  County, 
and  in  other  counties  of  East  Tennessee.  No  maganese  was  pro- 
duced in  the  State  in  1908.  In  1907  100  long  tons  were  produced, 
worth  $1,500,  or  $15  a ton.  The  maximum  production  in  Ten- 
nessee was,  in  1894,  922  tons.  The  total  production  has  been 
2,475  tons. 

Marble. — Marble  is  the  name  commonly  applied  to  a crystal- 
line limestone  that  will  take  a good  polish,  and  be  attractive  when 
polished.  The  name  is  also  applied  to  many  other  non-calcerous 
stones — serpentines,  breccias,  conglomerate,  etc.  Tennessee  is 
abundantly  supplied  with  marbles  of  many  and  high  grades.  In 
1908,  the  State  stood  third  among  the  States  of  the  Union,  with 
a production  worth  $761,222.  The  present  commercial  output  of 
Tennessee  comes  almost  entirely  from  one  bed,  the  Holston  mar- 
ble, a bed  in  the  Chickamauga  limestone,  and  all  from  East  Ten- 
nessee, and  mostly  from  Knox  County,  though  Blount  County  is 
also  a large  producer.  The  bulk  of  this  stone  is  used  for  interior 
decoration,  to  which  purpose  it  is  highly  suited. 

The  main  marble  stratum  has  a thickness  of  300  to  400  feet, 
and  up  to  650  feet,  though  usually  not  over  50  feet  is  workable 
at  any  one  point.  The  bed  shares  in  the  usually  folded  condition 
of  the  rocks  of  East  Tennessee,  sometimes  pitching  steeply  and 
making  a narrow  outcrop,  sometimes  outcropping  broadly  with 
a low  dip.  In  general  it  forms  a narrow,  irregular  line  of  out- 
crop across  Hawkins,  Hancock,  Hamblen,  Grainger,  Claiborne, 
Union,  Knox,  Sevier,  Blount,  Roane,  Loudon,  Monroe,  and  Mc- 
Minn  counties.  The  marble  varies  in  color  from  cream,  yellow, 
brown,  chocolate  and  red,  to  pink  or  blue,  in  endless  variety.  The 
color  results  mostly  from  impurity  in  the  form  of  iron.  The  color 
occurs  in  the  rock  in  a variety  of  ways ; sometimes  scattered  reg- 
ularly, sometimes  irregularly,  often  fantastically.  Tests  of  the 
pure  limestone  show  it  to  be  very  high  in  crushing  strength — 
averaging  16,000  pounds  per  square  inch — and  to  have  a high 
resistance  to  absorption  of  water.  The  colors  and  character  vary 
from  quarry  to  quarry,  and  sometimes  within  a single  quarry. 

In  addition  to  the  Holston  marble,  a similar  marble  is  exten- 
sively developed  in  the  lower  part  of  the  Sevier  shale  in  Sevier 
and  Knox  counties.  This  marble  has  been  quarried  to  a small 
extent.  A black  marble  is  found  in  Washington,  Green,  Sevier, 
Blount,  and  other  counties,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  State; 
brown  and  flesh-colored  marbles  are  found  in  Jefferson  and  Ham- 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee. 


51 


bleu  counties;  fawn-colored  marble  in  Lawrence  County,  on  the 
Highland  Rim,  and  gray  and  red-variagated  marble  in  Franklin, 
Lincoln  and  other  counties  of  the  Central  Basin.  Coarser  mar- 
bles occur  in  Benton,  Hamilton,  and  Henry  counties. 

A magnesian  marble  of  impure  quality  occurs  in  the  Knox 
dolomite.  In  Blount,  Monroe  and  McMinn  counties  are  conglom- 
erate and  breccias  that  have  been  successfully  used  as  marble, 
the  polished  block  resembling  mosaic  work.  Tennessee  marble 
was  first  used  extensively  in  1844  in  the  National  Capitol  at 
Washington,  and  afterward,  in  1852,  in  the  State  Capitol  at 
Nashville,  since  when  there  has  been  a steady  demand  for  it. 
It  has  also  been  used  extensively  as  an  outside  building  material, 
as  in  the  erection  of  the  custom-houses  at  Knoxville,  Chattanooga 
and  Memphis. 

Marl. — (See  Green  Sand). 

Millstone  gint. — Millstone  grit  as  a commercial  stone  has  prac- 
tically passed  away,  its  use  having  long  since  been  abandoned, 
except  in  an  occasional  little  neighborhood  mill  run  by  water- 
power. Stones  suitable  for  millstones  are  abundant  in  the  State. 
Among  those  that  have  been  used  are  quartzite  and  gneiss,  found 
in  Johnson  and  Carter  counties,  partially  weathered  chert  from 
the  Knox  dolomite  from  Claiborne,  Jefferson  and  Knox  counties 
(a  true  buhrstone),  a silicified  shell  bed  coming  just  under  the 
Chattanooga  Black  shale,  said  to  be  equal  to  the  French  buhr, 
from  Trousdale  and  Coffee  counties,  and  fine-grained  conglom- 
erates from  the  coal  measures. 

Minerals. — The  following  list  of  minerals  have  been  noted  in 


Tennessee : 

Albite, 

Bauxite, 

Coal, 

Alisonite, 

Bornite, 

Copper, 

Allophane, 

Copperas, 

Alum, 

Calamine, 

Cuprite, 

Amphibole, 

Calcite, 

Anhydrite, 

Celestite, 

Diallage, 

Apatite, 

Cerussite, 

Dolomite, 

Asbolite, 

Chlorite, 

Ducktownite, 

Azurite, 

Chalcanthite, 

Asphaltum, 

Chalcopyrite, 

Epidote, 

Chalcotrichite, 

Epsomite, 

Barite, 

Calcedony, 

Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee. 


52 

Fluorite, 

Galenite, 

Garnet, 

Gold, 

Graphite, 

Gypsum, 

Glauconite, 

Harrisite, 

Hematite, 

Hornblende, 

Jasper, 

Lignite, 

Limonite, 


Magnetite, 

Malachite, 

Melaconite, 

Melanterite, 

Molybdenite, 

Nitre, 

Nitrocalcite, 

Orthoclase, 

Petroleum, 

Psilomelane, 

Pyroxene, 

Pyrite, 

Pyrrhotite, 

Prolusite, 


Quartz, 

Rahtite, 

Rutile, 

Siderite, 

Sphalerite, 

Sahlite, 

Smithsonite, 

Sulphur, 

Tremolite, 

Wad, 

Zoisite. 


Metallic  Paint  and  Mortar  Colors. — Many  low-grade  ores,  as 
well  as  some  of  better  grade,  are  mined  not  for  the  metal  they 
contain,  but  as  paint,  or  for  coloring  mortar.  The  oxides  and 
carbonates  of  iron,  zinc  and  lead  are  so  used.  In  Tennessee, 
Bradley,  Cheatham  and  James  counties  supplied  such  material 
to  the  extent  (in  1908)  of  1,300  tons,  and  value  of  $16,100. 

Mineral  Springs. — Tennessee  is  blessed  with  a great  abun- 
dance of  mineral  springs,  in  many  cases  situated  amid  attrac- 
tive scenery,  and  supplying  a great  variety  of  chemical  constitu- 
ents. It  would  not  be  possible,  in  brief  notice  such  as  this,  to 
even  list  all  of  the  springs.  In  most  cases  the  springs,  whose 
locations  are  noted  beyond,  are  supplied  with  hotels,  ranging 
from  the  plainest,  unpainted  board  buildings,  to  handsome  mod- 
ern hostelries.  In  many  cases  the  hotels  are  surrounded  by  cot- 
tages. The  following  list  is,  in  the  main,  based  on  one  published 
by  Crook’s  “Mineral  Springs  of  the  United  States,”  with  the  addi- 
tion of  some  well  known  springs  omitted  in  that  list.  The  list,  how- 
ever, makes  no  pretense  of  being  complete,  even  as  regards 
springs  which  serve  as  watering  places,  and  which  have  hotel 
and  other  accommodations.  At  a later  time  a special  bulletin  will 
be  gotten  out,  describing  the  various  springs,  which  either  serve 
as  summer  resorts,  or  whose  waters  are  sold  or  otherwise  exten- 
sively used.  The  list  of  springs  is  followed  by  the  chemical  analy- 
sis of  a few  of  them,  which  will  serve  to  show  their  chemical 
character. 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee. 


53 


SOME  OF  THE  MINERAL  SPRINGS  IN  TENNESSEE. 

Anderson  County. — Oliver  Springs;  9 springs;  hotel. 

Bledsoe  County. — S.  Saratoga  Springs  (P.  0.  Pikeville)  ; hotel 
and  cottages ; 2 springs. 

Blo'imt  County — Melrose  Springs  (P.  O.  Maryville)  ; 4 springs; 
8 miles  of  Maryville;  elevation,  1,500  feet  A.  T.  (above  tide). 
Montvale  Springs ; hotel  and  cottages ; ele.  1,300  ft.  A.  T.  Alle- 
gheny Springs;  chaly.  (chalybeate)  and  sul.  (sulphur)  ; 14  miles 
south  of  Maryville. 

Campbell  Coimty. — Eagle  Blulf  Springs;  1 mile  north  of  Jacks- 
boro. 

Clay  County. — Wood  Springs. 

Cocke  County. — Patterson  Springs,  near  Birdsville. 

Coffee  County. — Pylant  Springs. 

Cumberland  Springs. — Ploward  Springs  (P.  0.  Crossville)  ; 
3 miles  v^est  of  Crossville;  600  gallons  per  hour;  1900  ft.  A.  T. 

Cheatham  County. — Kingston  Springs;  sul.  and  chaly.;  Wil- 
low Brook;  Craggie  Hope^ 

Davidson  County. — Crocker  Springs;  2 springs;  12  miles  west 
of  Nashville.  Nashville  Sulphur  Spring  (artesian) . Lockeland 
(old),  Nashville.  Deep  Cave,  Nashville.  Pioneer  Lithia,  Nash- 
ville. Richardson’s  Lockeland,  Nashville.  Buena  Vista,  Nash- 
ville. 

Decatur  County. — Dixon  Springs  (P.  0.  Perryville)  ; 3 miles 
from  Perryville. 

Franklin  County. — Cascade  Springs;  alk.  (alkaline)  and  sul. 
Estill  Springs;  alk.,  sul.  and  chaly.  Graham  Springs;  calc,  (cal- 
careous), alk,  and  sul.  Hurricane  Springs;  alk.  and  sul.  East 
Brook  Springs  (P.  0.  Estill  Springs). 

Grainger  County. — Mineral  Hill  Springs  (P.  0.  Bean  Sta.)  ; 
10  miles  from  Morristown.  Tate  Springs  (P.  0.  Tate  Springs)  ; 
2 modern  hotels  and  cottages;  1,400  feet.  A.  T. 

Giles  County. — Elkmont  Springs,  chaly. 

Gibson  County. — Gibson  Wells. 

Grundy  County. — Beersheba  Springs  (P.  0.  Beersheba)  ; 12 
miles  from  McMinnville. 

Hardin  County. — Pickwick,  White  and  Red  Sulphur  Springs. 

Hawkins  County. — Wright’s  Epsom  Lithia  Well  (3  miles  from 


54 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee. 


Mooresburg).  Mooresburg  Springs,  chaly.  Galbraith  Springs 
(P.  0.  Galbraith  Springs)  ; 4 springs;  9 miles  from  Russellville. 

Hendei'son  County. — Hinson  Springs  (P.  0.  Hinson  Springs)  ; 
5 springs;  24  miles  east  of  Jackson. 

Hickman  County. — Primm  Springs.  Beaver  Dam  Springs; 
sul.  Bon  Aqua  Springs;  calc,  and  sul. 

Jefferson  County. — Conwood  Springs;  chaly.  and  sul. 

Knox  County. — Dixie  Springs;  artesian  well. 

Laivrence  County. — Wayland  Springs;  sul.  and  chaly. 

Macon  County. — R e d Boiling  Springs  (P.  0.  Red  Boiling 
Springs)  ; 3 springs;  hotel;  baths;  1,200  feet  A.  T.  Upper  Red 
Boiling  Springs  (P.  0.  Red  Boiling  Springs)  ; hotel,  baths,  board- 
ing houses;  25  miles  by  stage  from  Carthage. 

Montgomery  County. — Idaho  Springs,  St.  Bethlehem,  near 
Clarksville. 

Morgan  County. — Morgan  Springs. 

Putnam  County. — Draper  Springs;  chaly.  and  sul.  Blooming- 
ton Springs. 

Rhea  County. — Rhea  Springs;  alk.,  chaly.  and  sul.  Morgan 
Springs ; chaly. ; 1,934  feet  A.  T. 

Robertson  County. — Hygeia  Springs.  Edward  Springs,  sul. 

Sevier  County. — Glen  Alpine  Springs  (P.  0.  Newport)  ; 12 
miles  west  of  Newport;  4 springs;  60  gallons  per  hour;  3,000 
feet  A.  T.  Line  Springs  JP.  0.  Line  Springs)  ; 30  miles  east  of 
Knoxville;  2,000  feet  A.  T. 

Sumner  County. — Castallian  Springs. 

Sullivan  County. — Avoca  Springs  (P.  0.  Bristol)  ; 6 miles  from 
Bristol;  3 springs,  flowing  30,  10  and  2,000  gallons  an  hour; 
1,650  feet  A.  T. 

Tipton  County. — Glen  Springs  (P.  0.  Atoka)  ; 7 miles  from 
Atoka;  90  gallons  per  hour. 

Unicoi  County. — Unaka  Springs  (P.  0.  Unaka  Springs)  ; 9,000 
gallons  per  hour;  2,000  feet  A.  T. 

Van  Buren  County. — Robinson  Springs  (P.  0.  Chalybeate)  ; 
cottages;  16  miles  from  McMinnville;  1,750  feet  A.  T. 

Washingtofi  Coimty. — Austin  Springs;  5 miles  Johnson  City. 

Williamson  County. — Aqua  Sanitas,  Franklin.  McEwen 
Springs,  Franklin.  Fernvale  Springs  (P.  0.  P"ernvale  Springs)  ; 
13  miles  from  Franklin;  1,400  feet  A.  T. 

Warren  County. — Faulkner  Springs.  Nicholson  Springs. 

Wilson  County. — Horn  Springs  (P.  0.  Lebanon)  ; 8 springs; 
5 miles  west  of  Lebanon.  Hamilton,  Horn  Springs. 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee. 


55 


ANAl.VSl'S  'ri^:NN]CSSKlC  SPkIN(;S  VVA'I'KR. 
Grains  in  one  (iallon. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

Alumina 

2.00 

.30 

.03 

.50 

.12 

Aluminum  sulphate 

.15 

Calcium  carbonate 

3.20 

14.90 

3.84 

9.64 

13.26 

9.64 

21.56 

7.03 

nitrate 

tr. 

phosphate— 

tr. 

.01 

1.14 

“ sulphate 

4.80 

.92 

74.21 

15.36 

160.66 

31.16 

Iodide 

tr. 

Iron  carbonate 

.60 

.41 

.54 

2.40 

.10 

chloride 

2.99 

oxide 

11.20 

.08 

sulphate  

6.40 

Lithium  carbonate  

tr. 

chloride  — 

tr. 

Mag-nesium  carbonate 

23.30 

.47 

7.10 

5.75 

chloride.  . . ... 

.54 

.62 

sulphate 

11.20 

6.18 

12.00 

7.97 

32.91 

Nitric  Acid 

.02 

Potassium  carbonate 

.05 

chloride 

.44 

nitrate 

.60 

sulphate 

.16 

.27 

1.54 

Silica 

.36 

.68 

1.38 

.58 

2.70 

.47 

Sodium  carbonate 

146.91 

1.58 

chloride 

.80 

110.35 

.07 

.16 

1.96 

10.75 

40.27 

43.87 

sulphate .. 

2.40 

9.70 

.26 

4.51 

1.03 

8.50 

Loss 

4.00 

2.31 

2.42 

46.00 

313.74 

6.84 

20.75 

108.84 

47.82 

272.91 

91. .39 

1.  Austin  Springs,  Washington  County.  Alpheus  & Dove,  Analysis!. 

2.  Dixie  Spring,  Knox  County.  J.  W.  Slocum,  Analysis!. 

3.  Fernvale  Spring,  Williamson  County.  W.  A.  Noyes,  Analysis!. 

4.  Glenn  Spring,  Tip!on  County.  W.  T.  Lupton,  Analysis!. 

5.  Mon!vale  Spring,  Bloun!  County.  S.  B.  Mitchell,  Analysis!. 

6.  Red  Boiling  Springs  (No.  2),  Macon  County.  John  T.  Anderson,  An- 
alysis!. 

7.  Tate  Spring,  Grainger  County.  T.  S.  Andisell,  Analysis!. 

8.  Dnaka  Spring,  Unicoi  County.  Safford  & Wharton,  Analysis!. 

In  1908,  $60,129  worth  of  spring  water  was  reported  sold, 
about  three-fourths  for  medicinal  purposes,  and  the  rest  for  table 
use. 

Mortar'  colors. — (See  mineral  paints). 

Nitre,  or  Saltpeter. — Though  not  an  object  of  commercial  in- 
terest today  in  Tennessee,  nitre  has  been  mined  in  this  State 
during  war  times.  Many  of  the  caves  in  the  limestone  region 
contained  earth  in  which  is  lime  saltpeter  (lime  nitrate,  or  nitro 
calcite).  During  the  War  of  1812  especially  large  amounts  of 


56 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee. 


this  earth  were  obtained  from  the  caves,  bleached,  and  the  lye 
evaporated,  the  nitre  being  used  for  gunpowder.  Some  was  also 
obtained  during  the  Civil  War. 

N ovaculite. — The  writer  here  uses  the  term  “novaculite”  for 
what  has  been  called  “Camden  chert”  purely  on  its  general  re- 
semblance to  the  well-known  Arkansas  novaculite,  without  having 
made  either  a microscopical  or  chemical  examination.  The  stone 
has  the  same  fine-grained  texture  (under  the  hand  lens) , with  the 
color,  etc.,  of  the  Arkansas  stone.  It  differs  in  being  highly  fos- 
siliferous,  while  no  fossils  have  ever  been  found  in  the  other 
stone.  Whether  it  has  any  of  the  valuable  qualities  of  the  Arkan- 
sas stone  as  a whet-stone  remains  to  be  seen.  At  present  its 
chief  value  is  for  making  macadam  roads,  for  which,  when  prop- 
erly screened,  it  can  hardly  be  equalled.  Like  the  cherts,  it  tends 
to  break  down  into  small  fragments,  or  splinters,  that  mat  to- 
gether, so  that  even  when  being  handled  in  a wagon  it  is  often 
necessary  to  use  a pick  to  loosen  the  mass  so  that  it  may  be 
handled.  The  novaculite  of  Tennessee  occurs  in  a narrow  strip 
on  the  west  side  of  the  Tennessee  River,  especially  in  Benton 
County.  At  Camden,  it  shows  a thickness  of  50  feet  or  more.  It 
is  being  dug  and  extensively  shipped  from  two  pits  just  east  of 
Camden.  What  has  been  said  of  the  superiority  of  chert  over 
limestone  for  macadam  roads  is  equally  true  for  novaculite,  if 
not  more  so. 

Oil  and  gas, — Tennessee  has  not  as  yet  developed  any  large  oil 
or  gas  pools.  In  1908  this  State  reported  no  oil  production,  but 
four  producing  gas  wells  yielded  2,200,000  cubic  feet.  Many 
wells  have  been  drilled  for  oil  and  gas,  scattered  over  the  State. 
Nearly  all  of  these  have  had  a show  of  oil  or  gas,  and  a few  for 
a time  produced  well,  and  gave  promise  of  a field.  But  ulti- 
mately all  have  played  out  without  the  hope  being  realized. 
About  1865-67  some  wells  were  drilled  on  Spring  Creek,  in  Over- 
ton  County,  that  produced  some  oil.  The  wells  were  at  first  only 
from  19  to  52  feet  deep,  but  were  later  deepened  from  75  to  600 
feet,  as  they  ceased  to  flow  at  the  shallower  depths.  The  New- 
man well  obtained  about  2,000  barrels  at  19  feet;  when  the  oil 
failed,  it  was  drilled  down  to  52  feet,  when  an  additional  2,000 
barrels  were  obtained.  The  Douglass  well,  75  feet  away,  v/as 
75  feet  deep,  and  produced  80  barrels  a day  for  a time;  the  Hoos- 
ier  well,  250  feet  from  the  last  named,  produced  5,000  barrels  at 
the  rate  of  50  barrels  a day,  from  a depth  of  35  feet.  After 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


57 


giving  out  it  was  deepened  to  70  feet,  again  striking  some  oil. 
Where  the  wells  were  drilled  the  Chattanooga  black  shale  is  about 
200  feet  deep.  It  is  apparently  the  source  of  the  oil  here  as 
well  as  elsewhere.  Wells  drilled  deeper  fail  to  find  oil.  It  has 
been  estimated  that  somewhat  over  10,000  barrels  were  obtained 
altogether  here.  This  was  hauled  to  Butler’s  Landing,  on  the 
Cumberland  River,  and  to  McMinnville.  At  various  times  since 
then  attempts  have  been  made  in  the  same  region  to  obtain  oil 
and  gas,  resulting  in  several  small  wells.  Some  drilling  is  still 
in  progress  in  the  region,  though  apparently  not  getting  oil  in 
any  quantity. 

In  addition  to  the  preceding,  several  thousand  barrels  of  lubri- 
cating oil  were  found  near  Algood,  in  Putnam  County,  on  the 
Douglass  property.  Some  oil  was  also  obtained  on  Eagle  Creek, 
in  Overton  County,  and  about  200  barrels  on  Jones  Creek,  in 
Dickson  County,  at  a depth  of  132  feet. 

Interest  in  oil  was  renewed  in  Tennessee  in  1891  by  the  strik- 
ing of  oil  on  the  Rugby  lands,  two  miles  west  of  Glenmary,  in 
Scott  County.  The  oil  was  green  in  color,  of  42°  specific  grav- 
ity Baume.  It  was  found  at  a depth  of  1,266  feet.  The  well  filled 
with  oil  for  164  1-2  feet  up.  The  well  was  put  down  on  Mr. 
W.  G.  Strubble’s  land.  The  Forest  Oil  Company  put  down  two 
other  wells  on  this  same  land,  striking  oil  at  1,340  feet  and  1,235 
feet,  but  in  smaller  quantities.  In  1895  two  wells  were  drilled, 
getting  green  oil  of  38.6°  and  43.6°  Baume,  and  free  from  sul- 
phur. One,  which  came  in  in  July,  flowed  some  4,000  barrels, 
and  the  other  some  50  barrels. 

In  January,  1896,  a well  at  Bob’s  Bar,  in  Fentress  County,  276 
feet  deep,  came  in  flowing  50  barrels  an  hour.  After  14  hours 
the  oil  caught  fire  and  burned  up  the  rig.  In  November  the  well 
was  refitted  and  put  to  pumping,  and  up  to  1900  it  had  yielded 
20,080  barrels,  making  17  to  20  barrels  a day,  pumping  7 to  9 
hours.  The  National  Transit  Company  built  two  tanks  of  40,- 
000  barrel  capacity,  and  the  output  went  into  these  tanks,  not 
being  marketed,  for  lack  of  transportation,  for  the  location  is  30 
miles  from  a railroad.  Of  the  numerous  wells  drilled  in  that 
region,  the  Reagan  well  in  1899  had  a production  of  2 barrels 
a day;  the  Rock  House  well  flowed  a little  oil,  and  one  or  two 
others  showed  some  oil  or  gas.  After  extensive  drilling,  all  of 
the  large  oil  companies  abandoned  the  field  and  surrendered 
thousands  of  leases,  some  of  the  companies  having  expended  as 


58 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


much  as  $50,000.  Wells  were  drilled  in  Overton,  Fentress,  Pick- 
ett and  Scott  counties,  to  a depth  as  great  as  2,793  feet.  The 
yield  of  Bob’s  Bar  is  of  light  green  color,  with  a specific  gravity 
of  0.846  (35°  Baume),  and  free  from  grit. 

The  production  of  natural  gas  in  Tennessee  has  so  far  been 
very  slight.  Many  of  the  wells  obtain  a little  gas,  but  there  have 
been  only  a few  that  have  obtained  enough  to  pay  for  making 
any  attempt  to  use  it.  A well  in  Franklin  County  has  been  used 
to  light  and  heat  one  dwelling  and  run  a six  horsepower  engine. 
The  Battey  well  in  Fentress  County  produces  some  gas.  At  a 
few  other  points  enough  gas  is  produced  to  light  one  or  two 
dwellings,  or  to  run  a flambeau.  In  southwestern  Davidson 
County  a gas  spring  was  ignited  and  burned  for  six  months.  Oil 
and  gas  seepages  are  abundantly  reported. 

The  problem  of  finding  oil  and  gas  in  Tennessee  is  one  in  which 
there  appears  to  be  great  interest.  A study  of  the  facts  shows 
a wide  distribution  of  oil  and  gas.  Most  wells  drilled  have  found 
at  least  a show,  and  many  oil  and  gas  springs  indicate  the  abund- 
ance of  those  substances.  Closer  study  shows  a close  associa- 
tion between  the  oil  and  gas,  and  the  Chattanooga  black  shale, 
that  is  widely  distributed  over  the  State.  The  black  shale  is 
well  known  to  contain  a large  amount  of  bituminous  matter, 
which  may  be  distilled  off  as  oil  or  gas,  leaving  an  asphaltic  resid- 
ual, which  may  run  down  into  the  underlying  rocks.  Such  as- 
phaltic streaks  occur  in  the  “blue  phosphate”  rock.  On  Blue 
Buck  branch  of  Swan  Creek,  in  Hickman  County,  it  has  run 
down  into  the  crevices  of  the  underlying  limestone  to  a distance 
of  twelve  feet.  In  Overton  County  wells  are  found  to  have  ob- 
tained their  oil  from  strata  within  150  feet  above  the  black  shale. 
The  burning  gas  well  in  southwestern  Davidson  County  is  about 
50  feet  above  the  black  shale,  and  so  it  goes.  Unfortunately,  in 
this  State,  the  black  shale  is  not  overlain  by  an  open,  porous  bed 
that  would  serve  as  a resevoir  for  the  oil  and  gas.  The  Tulla- 
homa  chert  is  close  grained,  though  the  crevices  may  contain 
some  oil,  as  apparently  they  have  at  Netherland.  The  black 
shale  has  been  entirely  removed  from  the  Central  Basin,  but 
underlies  all  of  the  Highland  Rim,  in  the  escarpment  of  which 
it  outcrops.  It  is,  therefore,  a possible  source  of  oil  under  all 
of  the  Highland  Rim  and  the  Cumberland  Plateau.  In  that  area 
attention  should  first  be  given  to  any  structural  anticlines  that 
may  be  found,  especially  to  the  northward  extension  of  the  Se- 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


59 


quatchie  Valley  anticline,  where  well  under  cover,  or  northeast 
of  Crab  Orchard  on  the  Tennessee  Central  Railway. 

A second  possible  source  of  oil  and  gas  in  Tennessee  (as  judged 
by  the  experience  of  other  States)  is  at  the  top  of  the  Trenton 
limestone,  from  which  is  obtained  the  oil  and  gas  of  the  Lima- 
Indiana  field.  Up  to  date  this  horizon  has  not  proved  productive 
in  this  State.  Whether  from  lack  of  suitable  reservoir  for  the  oil, 
or  for  lack  of  oil  is  uncertain;  the  evidence  would  suggest  the 
correctness  of  the  first  view.  The  horizon  is  lacking  over  most 
of  the  Central  Basin.  It  outcrops  in  the  foot  of  the  Highland 
Rim  escarpment  and  underlies  the  Rim  and  the  Cumberland 
Plateau.  As  before,  any  broad,  minor  anticlines  should  be  tested 
first.  A third  possible  source  of  oil  and  gas  is  in  the  rocks  of 
more  recent  age  in  West  Tennessee.  The  oil  and  gas  of  the  Gulf 
Coastal  Plain  in  Texas,  Louisiana  and  Oklahoma  suggest  the 
possibility  of  finding  oil  and  gas  in  similar  strata  in  this  State. 
In  a general  way  a north-south  belt  through  the  middle  of  West 
Tennessee  would  seem  to  offer  the  best  chances. 

From  what  has  been  said,  it  is  evident  that  the  Central  Basin 
and  the  Valley  of  East  Tennessee,  are  not  recommended  as  areas 
offering  favorable  chances,  though  it  can  not  be  asserted  that 
no  oil  or  gas  will  be  found  in  either  district.  If  structure  alone 
be  considered,  Murfreesboro  would  be  an  ideal  spot,  but  unfor- 
tunately the  rocks  lying  below  most  of  the  Central  Basin,  though 
often  tested,  have  not  as  yet  yielded  oil  anywhere  in  the  Appa- 
lachian field.  In  the  same  way  experience  in  drilling  east  of 
the  Allegheny  front,  or  Cumberland  escarpment,  from  Pennsyl- 
vania to  Alabama,  has  so  far  given  only  negative  results.  To 
the  knowledge  of  the  author,  not  a single  well  of  the  many  drilled 
in  that  long  belt  has  ever  paid  for  itself. 

Phosphate. — Tennessee  ranks  second  in  the  production  of 
phosphate  rock,  standing  next  to  Florida.  In  1907  the  total  pro- 
duction was  638,612  long  tons,  valued  at  $3,047,836.  Four  main 
types  of  phosphate  rock  are  found:  The  "‘brown,”  from  the 
leaching  of  limestones;  the  “blue  and  gray,”  bedded  deposits; 
the  “nodular,”  in  shales;  and  the  “white,”  probably  redeposited 
from  solution.  The  phosphate  deposits  appear  to  be  confined  to 
the  western  and  northern  parts  of  the  Central  Basin,  and  ad- 
joining territory  extending  locally  across  the  Tennessee  River. 
The  largest  deposits  have  been  found  in  Maury,  Hickman,  Lewis, 
Marshall,  Perry,  Williamson,  Giles,  Sumner  and  Davidson  coun- 
ties. 


60 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


The  “brown”  phosphate  is  formed  by  the  leaching  of  the  Herm- 
itage, Bigby  and  Catheys  limestones  of  Trenton  age  and  the 
Leipers  limestone  of  Lorraine  age.  The  original  limestones  con- 
tain a number  of  highly  phosphatic  bands,  in  which  the  phos- 
phate of  lime  will  run  from  30  to  55  per  cent,  the  rest  being 
mainly  calcium  carbonate.  When  the  latter  is  removed  by  rain 
water  there  is  left  a porous  brown  rock  resembling  sandstone, 
having  from  70  to  82  per  cent  “bone  phosphate,”  or  lime  phos- 
phate. The  rain  water  acts  irregularly,  as  it  gains  access  to  the 
limestone  through  joints.  Where  the  original  rocks  run  high 
in  phosphate  the  result  is  a firm  “rock”  phosphate.  Where  the 
original  rock  is  low  in  phosphate,  and  that  scattered,  the  result 
is  a “sand,”  in  which  usually  the  proportion  of  sand  and  clay  is 
high.  Formerly  only  the  “rock”  was  used;  now  the  sand  is 
washed,  and  when  that  is  done  thoroughly  it  is  claimed  to  yield 
as  high  as  82  per  cent  of  phosphate  of  lime. 

The  “brown”  phosphate  as  mined  occurs  either  as  a “mantle” 
on  benches  or  gentle  slopes,  or  as  a “collar”  deposit  following  the 
outcrop  of  the  limestone  which  yields  it,  according  as  the  lime- 
stone outcrops  on  a gentle  or  a steep  slope.  The  mantle  deposits 
are  rarely  less  than  three  feet  thick,  and  often  six  feet,  or  even  up 
to  ten  or  twelve  feet.  The  phosphate  appears  as  a loosely  co- 
herent, porous,  brown  sandstone,  lying  in  thin,  horizontal  plates 
in  wavy  lines,  due  to  the  irregular  solution  of  the  underlying 
limestone.  The  phosphate  is  mined  without  blasting. 

The  “blue  and  gray”  phosphate  is  a bedded  deposit  at  the  base 
of  the  Chattanooga  black  shale.  It  has  a thickness  of  from  4 
feet  down  to  nothing.  It  is  variable  in  thickness  and  quality. 
To  the  southwest  it  runs  into  the  Hardin  sandstone.  As  a rule 
it  does  not  run  as  high  in  phosphate  as  the  “brown”  rock,  but 
for  the  manufacture  of  acid  phosphate  is  superior  to  the  latter, 
as  it  breaks  down  readily  and  does  not  require  as  much  acid  in 
its  treatment,  and  dries  out  quickly  after  treatment.  The  rock 
is  mined  by  stripping  around  the  face  of  the  hill  until  the  over- 
burden becomes  too  great,  after  which  the  bed  is  mined  in  the 
same  manner  as  a thin  coal  bed,  by  running  drifts  and  digging 
it  out  in  rooms. 

The  “nodular”  phosphate  occurs  as  phosphatic  balls,  or  nod- 
ules in  the  Maury  green  shale,-  and  apparently  of  the  same  age. 
These  nodules  carry  about  60  per  cent  of  lime  phosphate.  Up 
to  the  present  they  have  not  been  worked,  as  the  difficulty  of 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


61 


getting  out  the  nodules  is  too  great  as  compared  with  the  mining 
of  other  types  of  the  rock. 

The  “white"’  phosphates  are  found  in  Decatur  and  Perry  coun- 
ties. They  appear  to  be  recrystalized  calcium  phosphate,  or  apa- 
tite. They  occur  in  the  surface  mantle  of  debris,  sometimes  as 
a matrix  in  chert  breccias ; sometimes  as  a solid  laminated  layer. 
The  phosphate  appears  to  have  resulted  from  the  solution  of 
phosphate  rock  at  a higher  horizon,  and  its  redeposition,  either 
in  caves  or  otherwise. 

It  has  been  estimated  that  there  remain  six  or  seven  thousand 
acres  of  “brown”  phosphate  rock,  equivalent  to  20,000,000  tons. 
Exploration  is  constantly  increasing  the  amount,  though  much 
of  that  amount  outside  of  the  present  Mt.  Pleasant  district  is 
not  of  as  high  grade ; nevertheless  there  seems  quite  a probability 
that  large  quantities  of  high-grade  rock  will  still  be  found.  When 
the  time  comes  that  it  will  pay  to  mine  the  unweathered  phosphat- 
ic  limestone  vast  quantities  of  such  rock  will  be  available.  The 
“blue”  rock  does  not  appear  to  have  as  wide  a geographic  ex- 
tent, but  from  its  higher  grade  than  the  unweathered  limestone 
it  will  be  immediately  available.  It  has  been  estimated  that 
100,000,000  tons  remain ; later  exploration  will  probably  increase 
that.  The  “nodular”  phosphate,  while  not  as  rich  as  either  of 
the  two  preceding,  has  a much  wider  extent.  In  the  distant  fu- 
ture it  may  prove  a large  source  of  supply.  It  is  claimed  that 
continued  exploration  has  shown  much  larger  areas  of  “white” 
phosphate  in  Decatur  County  than  was  formerly  suspected. 

Pyrite. — Pyrite,  or  as  is  often  called,  “fool’s  gold,”  is  the 
golden  yellow  iron  sulphate.  It  occurs  in  minute  quantities  in 
most  of  the  rocks  all  over  the  State,  especially  in  the  Chatta- 
nooga black  shale.  There  are  few  places  where  it  exists  in  any 
quantity.  It  has  been  worked  on  Stoney  Creek,  in  Carter  County, 
12  miles  northeast  of  Elizabethton,  and  1,000  tons  have  been 
reported  as  mined  in  one  year.  Large  quantities  have  been  found 
in  Moore,  Cheatham  and  Greene  counties,  as  well  as  in  associa- 
tion with  the  copper  ores  of  Polk  County.  Now  that  the  sulphur 
fumes  from  the  reduction  of  the  copper  of  Polk  County  are  be- 
ing utilized  in  the  production  of  sulphuric  acid,  the  demand  for 
pyrite  in  this  State  is  riot  so  active. 

Salt. — No  salt  is  being  mined  in  this  State  at  present.  Salt 
has  been  found  in  many  of  the  counties  of  the  State,  notably: 
Anderson,  White,  Van  Buren,  Warren,  Overton  and  Jackson. 


62 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


Anderson  and  White  counties  have  produced  some  salt,  the  latter 
having  had  an  output  for  a time  of  50  bushels  a day. 

Sand  a7id  gravel. — Gravel  has  alvv^ays  been  used  extensively 
for  roads,  and  the  use  of  cement  has  opened  up  a ne^v  demand 
for  both  sand  and  gravel.  In  1908  Tennessee  produced  565,325 
cubic  yards  of  sand  and  gravel,  with  a value  of  $290,050.  Most 
of  this  sand  and  gravel  is  dredged  from  the  bottom  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, Tennessee  and  Cumberland  rivers.  The  principal  pro- 
ducing counties  have  been  Shelby,  Davidson,  Knox,  Hamilton, 
Rhea,  Decatur,  Benton,  Roane,  Johnson  and  Carter,  with  other 
counties  producing  small  amounts.  Glass  sand  has  been  noted 
under  that  head. 

*Sa7ids^o?zc.-^Sandstone  is  but  little  used  in  Tennessee,  partly 
because  it  is  not  so  widespread  as  limestone,  nor  so  readily  avail- 
able to  the  larger  cities,  and  partly  because  of  the  difficulty  of 
getting  out  the  rock  of  uniform  and  pleasing  color.  Probably 
the  rock  most  used  is  the  Bon  Air  sandstone,  which  occurs  along 
the  west  part  of  the  Plateau.  The  buildings  of  the  University  of 
Sewanee  are  built  of  that  rock.  It  has  a mottled  buff  color  and 
not  unpleasant  appearance.  Near  Pikeville  is  a stone  that  in 
places  is  a uniform  pink.  It  has  been  used  in  buildings  at  Pike- 
ville, in  the  State  Penitentiary,  and  elsewhere.  These  stones 
are  worked  readily  when  first  quarried,  but  in  a few  days  the 
surface  tends  to  harden  until  it  is  almost  as  hard  as  granite. 
The  Clinch  Mountain  and  Chilhowee  sandstones  are  hard,  and 
are  worked  with  difficulty.  Flagstones  abound  in  the  counties 
of  the  eastern  Highland  Rim.  In  West  Tennessee  the  Lafayette 
is  sometimes  cemented  into  a sandstone  that  can  be  used  for  the 
foundations  of  buildings.  As  a whole  the  use  of  sandstone  in  the 
past  has  been  m.ainly  for  rough  masonry  work,  as  for  bridge 
abutments,  curbing,  flagstones  for  sidewalks,  etc.,  and  its  use 
in  this  way  has  been  in  a large  measure  supplanted  by  cement. 
In  1908  only  830  tons  were  reported  as  quarried,  with  a value 
of  $1,650. 

Shale. — (See  clay). 

Silica  Rock. — The  use,  when  ground  up  and  sized,  of  decayed 
chert,  for  polishing  powder  has  often  been  suggested,  and  dur- 
ing the  past  year  a company  has  been  organized  to  prepare  such 
rock,  at  Black  Fox,  in  Bradley  County.  There  are  many  places 
where  the  cherts  of  the  Tullahoma  and  the  Knox  dolomites 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


63 


weather  on  a large  scale  into  a soft,  porous  rock  that  can  usually 
be  broken  in  the  fingers.  The  development  of  the  plant  at  Black 
Fox  will  be  watched  with  interest. 

Silver. — No  silver  ores  have  been  found  in  Tennessee  outside 
of  the  silver-bearing  copper  ores  of  the  Ducktown  region,  in 
Polk  County.  There  the  metal  is  obtained  as  a by-product.  In 
1908  a total  of  128,549  ounces  were  obtained,  valued  at  $67,952. 
This  was  an  increase  of  43,017  ounces  over  the  production  in 
1907.  The  gold  and  silver  is  recovered  from  only  part  of  the 
ore,  as  the  castings  shipped  abroad  go  unrefined. 

Few  metals  have  been  hunted  for  more  persistently  than  silver. 
Even  in  the  few  weeks  since  the  establishment  of  the  Survey 
many  specimens  have  been  brought  or  sent  to  the  Survey,  un- 
der the  impression  that  they  contained  silver  ore,  in  most  cases 
accompanied  by  stories  of  Indians,  marked  trees,  etc.  Traces 
of  silver  have  been  found  in  most  of  the  lead  ores,  but  as  yet  not 
enough  to  pay  for  its  refining.  As  regards  the  stories  of  Indians 
finding,  or  knowing  the  whereabouts  of  silver  mines,  a knowl- 
edge of  the  processes  of  metallurgy  necessary  to  obtain  the  silver 
from  its  ore,  and  the  fact  that  as  a rule  the  ores  of  silver  bear 
no  resemblance  to  the  metal  silver,  would  at  once  stamp  them 
as  improbable,  to  say  the  least.  Safford  had  this  to  say  about 
such  stories:  ‘‘The  numerous  old  Indian  stories  about  silver 
mines,  which  are  so  common  in  East  and  Middle  Tennessee,  there 
being  at  least  one,  perhaps  two,  on  the  average,  for  every  county, 
are  entitled  to  no  credit.  To  give  specific  account  of  them  would 
require  a volume,  which,  when  written,  would  be  worth  prac- 
tically nothing.” 

Slate. — No  slate  is  at  present  produced  in  Tennessee.  The 
metamorphosed  slates  of  the  extreme  eastern  counties,  it  is  be- 
lieved, form  an  inexhaustible  supply.  The  slate  is  a pale  green 
semi-talcose  variety,  very  durable  when  free  of  pyrite,  and  splits 
readily  into  plates  with  smooth  surfaces.  The  Wilhite  slate  has 
the  necessary  hardness,  evenness  and  cleavage  along  the  Little 
Pigeon  River,  and  is  well  exposed  over  large  areas,  but  not  de- 
veloped. Quarries  have  been  opened  in  the  Pigeon  slate  at  many 
points,  and  slates  and  flags  taken  out  for  local  use.  In  some 
cases  the  cleavage  is  across  the  bedding,  and  in  others  coinci- 
dent with  it.  Slates  are  found  in  Cocke,  Sevier,  Blount,  Monroe, 
McMinn  and  Polk  counties. 

Sulphuric  Acid. — The  copper  ores  of  Ducktown  are  mainly 


64 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


sulphides  of  iron  and  copper.  In  smelting  those  ores  large  quan- 
tities of  sulphur-dioxide  and  trioxide  are  given  off.  Where  al- 
lowed to  escape  into  the  air  these  fumes  are  very  destructive  to 
vegetation  and  crops.  Recently  both  companies  have  constructed 
plants  for  the  concentration  of  those  gases  into  sulphuric  acid. 
The  sulphur-dioxide  is  first  converted  into  trioxide  and  then  it 
unites  with  water  in  the  form  of  steam  to  form  sulphuric  acid. 
In  1908,  with  only  one  plant  in  operation,  the  value  of  sulphuric 
acid  produced  was  $151,000. 

Zinc. — Zinc  mining  in  Tennessee  is  still  in  the  development 
stage.  In  1907  the  output  reached  251,198  pounds,  valued  at 
$14,821.  Zinc  ores  are  confined  to  the  magnesian  limestones, 
or  dolomites  of  the  State,  notably  the  Knox  dolomite  of  the  great 
Valley  of  Tennessee.  The  Knox  dolomite  is  a grayish  white  rock, 
non-crystalline,  and  more  or  less  filled  with  chert  nodules.  In 
the  Great  Valley  of  Tennessee  this  rock  is  sharply  folded  and 
faulted  in  long  lines  lying  northeast  and  southwest,  and  outcrops 
in  belts  between  belts  of  other  outcropping  rocks.  Most  of  the 
ore  that  has  been  developed  occurs  in  three  of  these  belts;  the 
first  belt  crosses  Claiborne  and  Union  counties  near  New  Pros- 
pect, and  six  miles  southeast  of  Tazewell.  At  least  two  mines 
have  been  opened  on  this  belt.  The  second  belt  follows  the  South- 
ern Railway  along  the  valley  of  the  Holston  River  for  forty  miles. 
It  is  from  50  to  700  feet  wide.  The  third  belt  lies  further  south 
and  near  the  French  Broad  River. 

In  all  cases  the  ores  are  originally  sphalerite,  or  zinc  blende, 
sometimes  associated  with  galena,  or  pyrite,  and  occasionally 
with  chalcopyrite.  It  occurs  in  coci^se  masses,  or  stringers  dis- 
seminated in  the  magnesian  limestone.  It  is  usually  found  only 
below  the  level  of  ground  water,  except  sparingly.  When  the 
limestone  containing  the  disseminated  blende  weathers  down  by 
dissolving,  there  results  a clay  at  the  bottom  of  which  the  ore 
accumulates;  but  the  ore  also  weathers  into  Smithsonite  or  Cal- 
omine,  the  former  being  zinc  carbonate  and  the  latter  the  hy- 
drous zinc  silicate,  formed  by  the  action  of  CO2  released  from  the 
limestone.  These  ores  will  be  found  immediately  overlying  the 
limestones  and  under  the  clay.  The  name  “Buck  FaU  is  given 
by  the  miners  to  a variable  mixture  of  clay  with  calamine  and 
smithsonite.  It  may  be  “hard,”  or  “soft,”  and  is  usually  too  low 
in  zinc  to  be  mined  under  present  conditions. 


Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee 


65 


Ores  of  iron  and  manganese,  as  well  as  lead,  are  commonly  as- 
sociated with  the  zinc,  as  well  as  dolomite  and  calcite,  fluorite, 
quartz  and  barite.  The  ores  appear  to  be  closely  associated  with 
the  occurrence  of  breccia  along  fault  zones  or  anticlines  in  the 
Knox  dolomite.  Thus  at  New  Prospect,  near  Powell  River,  in 
Union  County,  the  ore  forms  a narrow  zone,  striking  north  50° 
east.  Just  south  of  the  crest  of  Powell  Mountain,  six  miles 
southeast  of  Tazewell,  Claiborne  County,  the  ores  occur  near  a 
fault  in  the  tilted  rocks  which  form  the  lower  part  of  the  Knox 
dolomite.  The  second  zone  of  deposits  are  also  in  brecciated 
rock  following  several  small  anticlines,  as  can  be  seen  at  Mossy 
Creek  near  Jefferson  City,  Jefferson  County.  Where  calamine 
and  smithsonite  are  found  accumulated  through  weathering  of 
the  limestones,  it  is  usually  true  that  the  weathering  had  de- 
scended by  cracks  or  crevices  so  as  to  leave  the  surface  when 
exposed  very  irregular,  the  unweathered  portions  projecting  up 
into  the  clay. 

Zinc  mining  has  been  carried  on  in  a small  way  since  1883, 
when  a mill  was  erected  on  Mossy  Creek.  Zinc  is  known  to  oc- 
cur in  a number  of  places  in  the  Middle  Basin  of  Tennessee. 
These  have  not  yet  been  exploited,  nor  have  they  been  developed. 


SURVEY  BULLETINS. 


The  following  bulletins  have  been  issued  by  the  Survey,  and 

will  be  sent  on  request  upon  the  receipt  of  postage  as  indicated. 

A list  of  the  other  parts  of  this  bulletin  are  also  given : 

Bulletin  No.  1. — Geological  work  in  Tennessee.  (Part  A issued.) 

A.  The  establishment,  purpose,  object  and  methods  of 
State  Geological  Survey;  by  Geo.  H.  Ashley;  33  pages, 
issued  July,  1910;  postage,  2 cents. 

Bulletin  No.  2. — Preliminary  papers  on  the  Mineral  Resources 
of  Tennessee,  by  Geo.  H.  Ashley  and  others.  (Part  A issued.) 

A.  Outline  introduction  to  the  Mineral  Resources  of  Ten- 
nessee, by  Geo.  H.  Ashley,  issued  September  10,  1910; 
postage,  2 cents. 

B.  The  coal  fields  of  Tennessee,  by  Geo.  H.  Ashley  (in 
preparation) . 

C.  The  iron  ores  of  Tennessee,  by  R.  P.  Jarvis  (in  prep- 
aration) . 

D.  The  marble  of  East  Tennessee,  by  C.  H.  Gordon  (in 
preparation). 

E.  Oil  Development  in  Tennessee,  by  M.  J.  Munn  (in 
preparation) . 

F.  The  phosphate  deposits  of  Tennessee,  by  Lucius  P. 
Brown  (in  preparation)  . 

G.  The  zinc  deposits  of  Tennessee,  by  S.  W.  Osgood  (in 
preparation) . 

Bulletin  No.  3. — Drainage  Reclamation  in  Tennessee;  74  pages. 
Issued  July,  1910.  Postage,  3 cents. 

A.  Drainage  Problems  in  Tennessee,  by  Geoge  H.  Ashley; 
pp.  1-15;  postage,  1 cent. 

B.  Drainage  of  Rivers  in  Gibson  County,  Tenn.,  by  A.  E. 
Morgan  and  S.  M.  McCrory;  pp.  17-43;  postage,  1 cent. 

C.  The  Drainage  Law  of  Tennessee;  pp.  45-74;  postage, 
1 cent. 


NOTE 


It  was  the  original  plan  of  the  Survey  to  publish  the 
material  on  The  Coal  Fields  of  Tennessee,  as  Bulletin 
2-B ; but  from  a change  of  plans,  it  was  published  as 
the  leading  articles  in  Volume  III,  No.  1 of  The  Re- 
sources of  Tennessee,  under  the  titles.  The  General 
Features  of  the  Tennessee  Coal  Field  North  of  the 
Tennessee  Central  Railroad,  and  The  Tennessee  Coal 
Field  South  of  the  Tennessee  Central  Railroad.  This 
number  of  The  Resources  of  Tennessee  is  herewith  in- 
serted, in  order  to  complete  the  publications  as  origi- 
nally outlined. 


Volume  111 


Number  1 


JANUARY,  1913 


THE  RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE 

Published  by  the  State  Geological  Survey 


STATE  GEOLOGICAL 
COMMISSION 

Gov.  BEN  W.  HOOPER,  Chairman 

Dr.  brown  AYERS,  Secretary 
President,  University  of  Tennessee 

Capt.  T.  F.  peck 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture 

Dr.  J.  H.  KIRKLAND 

Chancellor,  Vanderbilt  University 

Dr.  WM.  B.  hall 

Vice-Chancellor^  University  of  the  South 

GEO.  E.  SYLVESTER 

Chief  Mine  Inspector 


GEOLOGICAL  CORPS 

A.  H.  PURDUE 

State  Geologist 

WILBUR  A.  NELSON 

Assistant  Geologist 

C.  H.  GORDON 

Associate  Geologist 

J.  A.  SWITZER 

Hydraulic  Engineer 


CONTENTS 

The  “Resources  of  Tennessee”  will  hereafter  appear  quarterly. 

The  general  features  of  the  Tennessee  coal  field  north  of  the  Tennessee  Central 
Railroad,  by  L.  C.  Glenn. 

The  Tennessee  coal  field  south  of  the  Tennessee  Central  Railroad,  by  Wilbur 
A.  Nelson.' 

The  importance  of  saving  our  soils,  by  A.  H.  Purdue. 

Good  road  development  in  Tennessee,  by  Wilbur  A.  Nelson. 


5KETCH  MAP 


The  Resources  of  Tennessee  Will  Hereafter 
Appear  Quarterly 


The  Resources  of  Teuncsscc,  which,  for  eighteen  months  has  been  is- 
sued as  a monthly  bulletin  of  the  Tennessee  Geological  Survey,  becomes 
a quarterly  with  this  issue.  As  a monthly,  the  bnlletin  has  brought  many 
expressions  of  appreciation  from  both  within  and  without  the  State.  It 
is  hoped  that  the  persons  who  have  expressed  such  approval  and  others 
who  have  approved  the  publication  but  have  not  given  the  approval  ex- 
pression, wall  not  interpret  this  change  as  an  indication  of  relaxed  energy 
on  the  part  of  the  Geological  Survey.  Rather  it  means  that  more  energy 
will  be  expended  upon  other  things  than  would  be  possible  were  the  pub- 
lication continued  as  a monthly.  There  are  loud  demands  for  bulletins 
on  coal,  phosphate,  iron,  clay,  slate,  soil,  marble,  bauxite,  forestry,  build- 
ing stone,  mineral  waters,  land  reclamation,  and  other  things.  Securing 
the  data  for  these  bulletins  will  require  much  time  and  labor,  and  will  tax 
the  energies  of  the  Survey  to  their  utmost. 

Through  the  medium  of  the  quarterly  we  hope  to  supply  information 
that  the  Survey  has  gathered  and  has  not  been  worked  over  for  a finished 
report,  but  which  is  demanded  by  the  public.  Of  such  nature  is  the  in- 
formation in  the  two  papers  on  coal,  published  in  this  issue.  Also,  we 
hope  by  means  of  the  quarterly  to  supply,  as  was  done  with  the  monthly, 
information  on  matters  of  importance,  yet  not  requiring  the  space  and 
expense  necessary  for  a bulletin.  We  hope  also  by  this  means,  occasion- 
' ally  to  give  the  public  the  benefit  of  talks  or  lectures  which  seem  to  be  of 
general  value,  and  which  relate  to  the  work  of  the  department,  but  which 
can  not  find  their  way  to  the  people  through  the  public  press. 

In  this  connection,  it  might  be  well  to  state  that  while  it  will  be  our 
effort  to  make  the  articles  scientific,  it  will  be  the  ])olicy  to  eliminate  all 
technical  expressions  possible.  These  will  be  left  for  the  more  compre- 
hensive bulletins,  to  which  the  papers  of  the  quarterly,  as  a rule,  will  be 
only  preliminary.  We  feel  sure  that  the  geologists  among  our  readers 
will  see  the  place  that  the  magazine  is  trying  to  fill,  and  excuse  the  want 
of  completeness  and  scientific  tone  that  will  characterize  it. 


4 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


The  General  Features  of  the  Tennessee  Coal  Field 
North  of  the  Tennessee  Central  Railroad 


By  L.  C.  Glenn. 


Purpose  and  basis. — The  purpose  of  the  following  preliminary  report 
is  to  give  a brief  statement  of  the  general  facts  now  known  as  to  that 
part  of  the  coal  area  of  the  State,  which  lies  north  of  the  Tennessee  Cen- 
tral Railroad.  The  report  is  based  on  a personal  reconnaissance  of  the 
area  made  in  1911  and  1912,  and  is  intended  to  give  as  much  general  in- 
formation as  is  now  possible  in  reply  to  the  many  inquiries  received  by 
the  Survey  as  to  the  coals  of  this  region.  Necessarily,  details  are  largely 
omitted  and  correlations  of  coals  from  area  to  area  are  touched  upon 
lightly,  since  such  work  to  be  of  certainty  and  value,  can  only  be  done  in 
a region  like  this  by  careful  detailed  work.  It  is  hoped  that  this  recon- 
naissance may  be  followed  by  detailed  studies  of  at  least  the  more  im- 
portant parts  of  the  region  and  that  the  results  of  these  studies  may  be 
published  in  full  detail. 

Dizdsions. — The  area  to  be  considered  may  conveniently  be  divided  into 
an  eastern  and  a western  part  by  a line  approximately  coinciding  with  the 
Queen  and  Crescent  railroad  from  Harriman  northward  to  the  Kentucky 
line.  These  two  parts  stand  in  contrast  to  each  other  in  their  topography 
and  geology,  and  in  their  economic  importance  and  industrial  development, 
as  will  be  shown  in  describing  each  area.  When  the  entire  coal-bearing 
area  of  the  State  is  considered,  the  above  divisions  form  the  northwestern 
and  northeastern  parts,  and  may  be  so  designated. 

THE  NORTHWESTERN  COAL  AREA. 

This  area  lies,  as  has  been  said,  north  of  the  Tennessee  Central  and 
west  of  the  Queen  and  Crescent  railroads,  and  embraces  parts  of  Pickett, 
Overton,  Fentress,  Putnam,  Cumberland,  Alorgan  and  Scott  counties. 

Topographically,  it  is  a broad  plateau,  with  an  average  elevation  of 
1,200  to  2,000  feet.  Its  surface  is  level  or  gently  rolling  except  along  the 
larger  streams,  which  flow  in  deep  and  narrow  gorges,  whose  sides  are 
formed  in  large  part  by  cliffs  of  sandstone  or  conglomerate  that  in  many 
places  are  100  to  200  feet  or  more  in  height.  These  gorges  may  cut 
down  entirely  through  the  coal-bearing  rocks  and  reveal  the  shales  and 
limestones  beneath,  as  for  example,  the  gorge  of  Obey’s  River  and  of  its 


NORTH  b:kN  COAL  IHLLl)  i)F  TliNNlCSSlHL 


5 


principal  tributaries.  The  western  edge  of  the  coal  field  is  an  escarpment 
of  irregular  outline  that  overlooks  the  Highland  Rim  some  4(XJ  to  600 
feet  beneath  it. 

The  rocks  of  the  northwestern  area  are  mainly  confined  to  the  lowest 
or  conglomerate  division  of  the  coal  measures,  though  toward  the  eastern 
part  of  the  area  these  rocks  are  overlaid  by  a thin  covering  of  higher 
coal  measure  rocks  that  are  usually  cut  through  along  the  streams,  reveal- 
ing the  lower  rocks  beneath. 

These  lower  rocks  consist  of  conglomerates,  sandstones  and  shales  in 
very  varying  thickness  and  proportion.  In  fact  the  great  characteristic 
of  these  rocks  is  their  variability.  At  Monterey  there  are  two  beds  of 
conglomerate,  but  the  lower  one  quickly  changes  to  shale  and  disappears 
to  the  northward.  Farther  east  there  are  several.  To  the  northeast  in 
Fentress  and  in  Pickett  counties  there  may  be  either  one  or  several  beds 
of  conglomerate.  This  conglomerate  may  contain  abundant  well  rounded 
pebbles  or  may  rapidly  change  laterally  or  vertically  into  a sandstone 
which  is  often  of  pinkish  color.  It  is  soft  and  easily  disintergrated,  and 
gives  rise  to  the  sandy  surface  which  characterizes  nearly  all  of  the 
plateau.  The  shales  also  vary  in  short  distances  from  a few  feet  to  a 
score  or  more  in  thickness,  and  the  coals  likewise  partake  of  this  varia- 
bility as  will  be  noted  presently.  The  thickness  of  this  conglomerate,  or 
Lee  formation,  is  250  to  350  feet  about  Monterey,  but  eastward  and 
northeastward  it  thickens  until  it  becomes  500  or  600  feet  thick  near  Rug- 
by and  in  northwestern  Scott  County. 

The  structure  is  simple.  The  rocks  lie  measurably  flat  over  large  areas, 
though  they  have  a gentle  inclination  to  the  eastward  and  disappear  by 
passing  beneath  the  higher  rocks  that  make  the  surface  of  the  area  east 
of  the  Queen  and  Crescent  Railroad.  A slight  anticlinal  fold  extends 
into  the  area  from  the  southwest  at  Crossville,  but  soon  flattens  out  and 
disappears.  Eastward  at  Crab  Orchard  there  is  an  anticlinal  fold  of 
greater  magnitude  and  of  more  economic  importance. 

The  economic  significance  of  the  structure  and  topography  are  at  once 
apparent.  The  coals  outcrop  only  along  the  western  edge  of  the  plateau 
and  in  the  sides  of  the  deeper  gorges  cut  by  the  streams  that  drain  the 
western  side  of  the  plateau.  Back  from  this  eroded  edge  of  the  escarp- 
ment and  from  the  stream  gorges,  they  are  entirely  concealed  by  the  rocks 
that  form  the  surface  of  the  plateau,  and  can  only  be  reached  by  drilling. 
Prospecting  and  development  where  there  are  outcrops  above  drainage 
will  be  by  simple  and  inexpensive  drifting,  but  back  on  the  plateau  pros- 
pecting can  only  be  done  by  drilling,  and  development  must  be  by  shafts, 
the  depth  of  which  will  vary  from  150  to  400  or  500  feet,  according  to 
location,  die  greatest  depth  being  where  the  conglomerate  is  thickest  in 


6 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


eastern  Pickett  and  J^'entress,  northern  Morgan  and  western  Scott  coun- 
ties. There  the  thickness  of  the  conglomerate  ranges  from  500  to  600 
or  possibly  700  feet. 

At  Crab  Orchard  the  anticinal  folding  has  exposed  the  entire  thick- 
ness of  these  lower  coal  measure  rocks,  but  the  coals  are  so  badly  dis- 
turbed by  the  crushing  and  faulting  incident  to  their  upturning  that  all 
attempts  to  mine  them  along  their  outcrop  there,  have  so  far  failed.  Away 
from  their  upturned  outcrops  they  rapidly  flatten  out,  and  in  a short  dis- 
tance, it  would  be  entirely  possible  to  reach  them  by  shaft  at  a depth  of 
one  to  three  or  four  hundred  feet,  and  the  day  is  probably  not  far  dis- 
tant when  this  will  be  done. 

Another  result  of  the  folding  at  Crab  Orchard  is  that  on  the  flank  of 
the  fold  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  mountain  a coal  in  the  shales  above  the 
top  of  the  conglomerate,  and  generally  regarded  as  the  equivalent  of  the 
Sewanee  coal,  has  been  crumpled  and  squeezed  until  it  shows  at  Fall 
Creek  and  elsewhere  near  there  a usual  thickness  of  six  to  ten  feet,  and 
in  places  is  20,  30  or  even,  it  is  reported,  40  feet  thick.  This  abnormal 
thickness  is  of  course  compensated  for  by  a corresponding  thinning  else- 
where in  the  immediate  vicinity.  This  thinning  is  usually  at  a point 
Jiigiicr  or  lozvcr  on  the  flank  of  the  anticline  and  not  along  on  the  same 
level,  though  pinching  out  at  the  same  level  may  occur  at  infrequent  in- 
tervals. 

COALS. 

The  coals  of  the  northwestern  area  are  mined  in  comparatively  few 
places,  and  there  are  very  few  country  banks  or  natural  exposures.  In 
much  of  the  region  the  coals  are  entirely  below  drainage  over  large  areas, 
and  are  totally  inaccessible  except  by  drilling,  and  so  far  very  little  drill- 
ing has  been  done.  Our  knowledge  of  the  coals  of  this  section  is  therefore 
limited  and  may  or  may  not  approximate  the  conditions  in  the  large  areas 
where  they  are  yet  unexplored. 

The  characteristic  of  these  conglomerate  coals  is  their  variability. 
Their  thickness  is  rarely  the  same  over  any  considerable  area.  In  one 
mine  it  varies  often  materially  from  room  to  room,  and  it  is  not  certain 
that  any  one  bed  is  continuous  for  more  than  a few  or  a few  score  miles. 
It  seems  certain  that  the  coals  of  the  conglomerate  were  deposited  in  local 
basins  and  that  while  neighboring  basins  in  some  cases  were  contempor- 
aneous in  others  they  probably  differed  somewhat  in  age.  This  greatly 
complicates  the  problem  of  tracing  and  correlating  the  coals  of  the  con- 
glomerate. 

The  lowest  coals  rest  in  places  almost  on  the  IMississippian  limestone, 
while  in  other  places  they  are  25,  50  or  more  feet  above  the  limestone.  A 


NORTHERN  COAL  FIELD  OE  TI^:NNESSIHC 


7 


mile  south  of  Cook  IMacc,  the  oKl  Murdock  opeuiui^  shows  a liard,  clean 
splint  coal  that  varies  from  18  to  20  inches  in  thickness  in  a drift  125  feet 
in  len^tli-  varies  from  a j^'ood  sandy  shale  to  a weak  slickensided 

clay.  .Vt  an  opening-  in  this  same  hollow  and  probably  only  a few  yards 
away,  but  now  covered  np,  Safford  reported  this  coal  to  be  four  feet  thick. 
It  seems  to  be  of  excellent  quality,  and  would  be  quite  valuable  if  on  in- 
vestigation it  proved  to  average  as  much  as  three  or  three  and  a half  feet 
over  an  area  large  enough  to  mine.  Practically  no  prospecting  has  been 
done  in  the  vicinity,  and  its  extent  and  average  thickness  are  unknown. 
It  is  about  55  feet  above  the  limestone. 

At  Wdlder,  some  five  or  six  miles  to  the  southeast,  two  thin  rashy  coals 
10  to  12  feet  apart  occur  at  about  the  horizon  of  the  Murdock  coal  some 
75  or  80  feet  above  the  limestone.  Sixty-five  feet  higher  the  Wilder  coal 
occurs.  It  is  actively  mined  at  Wilder,  where  it  averages  three  and  a half 
to  four  and  a half  feet  in  thickness,  though  it  occasionally  runs  higher  or 
lower  than  these  measurements.  It  has  no  parting,  but  separates  natu- 
rally into  an  upper,  middle  and  lower  bench,  the  lower  being  the  highest 
grade,  and  the  middle  carrying  some  sulphur  in  balls  or  thin  streaks.  A 
mile  and  a half  away  the  Overton  Coal  and  Coke  Company  mine  the  same 
coal.  It  varies  there  from  four  and  a half  to  six  feet  in  thickness,  with 
an  average  of  about  five  feet,  and  is  without  partings.  The  same  coal  is 
mined  at  Crawford,  where  it  averages  three  to  three  and  a half  feet  in 
thickness,  but  varies  considerably  from  this  by  thickening  in  sags  in  the 
floor  and  thinning  in  crossing  intervening  ridges.  These  sags  run  as  a 
series  of  parallel  troughs  with  a general  northeast-southwest  direction, 
and  vary  in  width  from  a few  to  1,200  feet  each.  On  the  ridge  between 
adjacent  troughs  the  coal  may  thin  to  15  inches  for  a few  feet  or  yards. 
The  roof  and  floor  are  generally  good. 

Six  miles  south  of  Crawford  a coal  is  mined  at  Obey  City  that  is  prob- 
ably the  same  as  the  Wilder  coal.  It  is  in  about  the  sanie  stratigraphic 
position,  and  is  similar  in  general  character,  though  it  probably  carries 
somewhat  more  sulphur.  It  averages  34  to  40  inches  in  thickness  and 
does  not  vary  greatly  from  these  limits. 

North  of  Wilder  a coal  is  known  in  several  places  on  the  tributaries  of 
the  East  Fork  of  Obey  River  that  is  believed  to  be  the  Wilder  coal,  and 
it  may  be  the  same  as  the  coal  seen  by  the  writer  in  Buffalo  Cove  at  two 
places  and  measuring  54  and  56  inches  respectively.  The  doubt  in  correla- 
tion arises  from  the  fact  that  this  coal  is  very  close  above  the  limestone 
while  the  coal  at  Wilder  is  130  to  150  feet  above  the  limestone.  The  two 
coals  may  nevertheless  prove  the  same,  the  discrepancy  in  the  distance 
down  to  the  limestone  being  due  to  irregularities  in  the  surface  on  which 
the  coal  measures  began  to  be  deposited. 


8 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


Farther  north  in  Poplar  Cove  a coal  averaging  three  to  three  and  a 
half  feet,  and  worked  for  use  in  Jamestown,  occupies  about  the  horizon 
of  the  Buffalo  Cove  coal  while  farther  northwest  some  six  or  eight  miles 
a coal  was  formerly  mined  extensively  for  local  use  at  several  places  on 
the  ridge  on  either  side  of  Crickett  Creek.  The  workings  were  all  fallen 
in  when  visited,  but  it  was  reported  to  be  four  and  a half  or  five  feet  in 
thickness,  and  on  the  Smith  place  west  of  the  creek  this  thickness  must 
have  been  substantially  correct.  The  quality  seems  to  have  been  good, 
and  it  was  free  from  partings,  and  seems  to  have  a good  roof. 

East  and  northeast  of  Buffalo  Cove,  a number  of  drill  holes  have  been 
put  down.  The  earlier  of  these  were  with  a churn  drill,  while  the  later 
were  by  core  drill.  They  are  grouped  mainly  within  a radius  of  four  or 
five  miles  of  Allardt,  though  there  is  another  small  group  on  Clear  Fork 
some  eight  or  ten  miles  to  the  southeast.  The  writer  has  the  logs  of  only 
a few  of  these  wells.  Of  some  of  the  others  he  has  merely  a statement  of 
the  thickness  of  the  coal  without  exact  information  as  to  its  depth,  or  as 
to  the  elevation  of  the  well  mouths.  It  is  accordingly  difficult  to  make 
as  exact  statement  as  is  desirable  as  to  the  coals  of  the  region.  Coal  is 
apparently  thin  or  absent  in  churn  holes,  1 and  3,  in  and  three- fourths  of  a 
mile  west  of  Allardt  respectively,  and  in  4,  some  three  miles  northwest, 
and  5,  about  the  same  distance  southwest  of  Allardt.  In  diamond  drill 
hole  D very  near  hole  5,  the  coal  is  three  feet  thick;  in  F two  miles  south 
of  Allardt  it  is  five  and  a half  feet  thick;  in  E near  the  mouth  of  Barn 
Creek  four  miles  southeast  of  Allardt  it  is  five  feet  thick ; while  other 
churn  and  core  records  at  five  points  from  one  to  three  miles  east  of  All- 
ardt show  the  coal  to  be  three,  four  and  a half,  five  and  five  and  a half 
feet  respectively. 

Three  churn  holes  on  Clear  Fork  some  eight  miles  southeast  of  Allardt 
show  four  and  a half  feet  of  coal  each. 

From  what  can  be  gathered  as  to  elevation  it  seems  very  probable  that 
these  records  are  all  of  the  same  coal,  and  that  this  coal  is  certainly  the 
same  as  the  Buffalo  Cove  coal,  and  probably  identical  with  the  Wilder 
coal.  This  coal  shows  an  average  of  about  four  feet  with  a few  places 
where  it  is  thin  or  absent.  From  the  wide  distribution  of  the  holes,  it 
seems  that  there  is  a large  body  of  coal  three  to  five  and  a half  feet  thick 
in  that  region,  that  may  be  reached  from  the  plateau  level  at  a depth  of 
250  feet  near  the  Buffalo  Cove  edge  of  the  plateau  or  of  350  feet  some 
six  or  eight  miles  to  the  east,  or  may  be  reached  in  the  valleys  of  Crooked 
Creek  and  other  streams  at  150  feet  or  less,  dependent  on  location. 

To  the  north  and  northeast  of  Allardt  and  Jamestown  the  plateau  level 
is  not  cut  deeply  enough  by  streams  to  reveal  this  coal  until  the  Stearns 
mines  in  Kentucky,  some  25  miles  away  are  reached.  There  several  coals 


NORTH l^:kN  COAL  FIELD  OF  Th:NNlLSSIHC 


9 


quite  regularly  four  to  five  feet  iu  thickness  and  of  excellent  quality,  are 
mined.  Two  of  these  coals  arc  only  a few  feet  apart  and  very  close  above 
the  limestone,  the  other  known  as  the  Rarthell  coal  is  some  40  to  60  feet 
higher.  This  latter  coal  may  represent  the  Allardt  coal,  and  if  so,  it 
would  seem  probable  that  the  drill  would  show  the  Pickett  and  Fentress 
county  region  between  these  places  to  contain  the  same  coal. 

The  logs  of  the  Forest  Oil  Company’s  wells  near  Rugby  show  little  or 
no  coal  in  that  region,  and  near  Bledsoe’s  Stand,  churn  drill  holes  sunk 
some  twenty  or  thirty  years  ago  report  no  coal. 

At  Isoline  there  is  a coal  locally  thick  enough  to  be  of  commercial  im- 
portance, that  seems  to  lie  at  a higher  horizon  than  the  coals  that  have 
been  described.  It  is  only  a few  feet  beneath  the  60-  to  100-foot  bed  of 
soft  conglomerate  that  makes  the  plateau  surface  over  large  areas  there 
and  elsewhere.  The  coal  lies  in  a trough  600  to  1,200  feet  wide  and  is 
known  to  extend  westward  for  two  and  a half  miles,  where  it  is  five  feet 
thick.  What  its  farther  extension  is  in  that  direction  is  not  known.  It 
runs  from  two  and  a half  to  five  feet  in  thickness,  and  showed  the  follow- 
ing section : 


Shale  roof  Inches 

Coal  21 

Bone  2J 

Coal  2 

Bone  21 

Coal,  bituminous  37 

Coal,  cannel  3 

Under  clay,  soft 12 


The  coal  is  bright,  fairly  hard,  lumps  well  and  seemed  free  from  sul- 
phur balls  and  streaks. 

No  coals  are  opened  or  mined  in  the  northern  part  of  Cumberland 
County,  except  at  Isoline.  In  the  northeastern  part  of  the  county  on  Obed 
River  at  the  mouth  of  Elmore  Creek,  an  oil  well  recently  drilled  reports 
a coal  over  five  and  a half  feet  thick  at  a depth  of  134  feet.  This  may 
be  about  the  horizon  of  the  Wilder  and  Crawford  coal. 

Just  west  of  Crab  Orchard  Station,  on  the  Tennessee  Central,  and 
again  in  Crab  Orchard  Mountain  just  east  of  the  station,  the  conglomerate 
is  upturned  and  its  entire  thickness  exposed  to  view.  Attempts  have  been 
made  in  both  places  to  mine  the  coal  exposed  in  it,  but  it  was  found  too 
badly  crushed  and  disturbed  to  make  the  venture  a success. 

Just  above  the  conglomerate  on  the  east  side  of  Crab  Orchard  Moun- 
tain, at  Fall,  Millstone  and  Mammy’s  creeks,  the  Rockwood  coal  has 
been  mined  where  it  has  been  thickened  up  to  10,  20  or  exceptionally 
40  feet  in  lenticular  pockets.  The  pockety  nature  of  the  coal  has  made  its 


10 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


mining  very  uncertain.  The  first  of  the  above  mines  was  being  robbed 
preparatory  to  abandonment,  the  second  was  in  litigation  and  closed,  and 
the  third  had  been  abandoned  when  visited.  It  seems  very  probable  that 
a little  farther  east  from  these  mines  there  are  a good  number  of  square 
miles  of  territory  in  the  middle  of  the  broad  flat-bottomed  syncline  be- 
tween the  Crab  Orchard  and  the  Cumberland  mountains  where  this  Rock- 
wood  coal  will  be  found  by  drilling  to  be  of  good  thickness  and  free  from 
disturbance.  So  far  as  is  known  this  region  has  not  been  explored  with 
the  drill.  The  Rockwood  mines,  however,  have  been  operating  for  years 
on  the  eastern  margin  of  the  same  coal  and  have  workings  that  are  now 
some  two  miles  back  from  the  mine  mouth.  The  coal  is  about  four  feet 
in  thickness  and  is  coked  and  used  at  Rockwood  in  making  iron.  There 
is  undoubtedly  a large  area  in  this  section  where  careful  prospecting 
would  reveal  coal  thick  enough  and  regular  enough  in  its  thickness  to 
make  it  commercially  practicable  to  mine  it  on  as  large  a scale  as  might 
be  desired. 

The-  equality  of  the  conglomerate  coals  would  not  be  as  high  as  the 
Coal  Creek  or  some  of  the  other  coals  of  the  northeastern  section. 
This  would  not  make  much  difference  from  a commercial  stand- 
point, however,  since  these  northwestern  coals  would  not  naturaily  lind 
their  market  in  the  territory  of  the  coals” on  the  east  of  them  but  would 
be  shipped  westward  into  middle  and  western  Tennessee  and  Kentucky, 
where  they  would  compare  favorably  in  quality  with  the  coals  from  west- 
ern Kentucky  with  which  they  would  come  into  competition,  and  ought 
to  be  able  easily  to  hold  their  own  in  competition  with  any  of  these  latter 
coals.  ’ ...... 

Before  they  can  be  developed  to  any  great  extent  it  will  be  necessary 
to  construct  railways  into  the  region.  Much  of  it  is  40  or  50  miles  from 
tiansportation  at  present,  and  must  remain  undeveloped  as  long  as  the 
present  lack  of  transportation  continues. 

It  is  true  that  in  early  days  some  coal  in  Fentress  and  Pickett  counties 
was  floated  on  barges  down  the  Obey  and  Cumberland  rivers  to  Nash- 
ville, but  the  price  of  coal  in  Nashville  today  is  only  a half  to  a thirci  of 
what  it  then  was  and  rafting  coal  is  no  longer  practicable.  Railroad  build- 
ing on  the  plateau  would  be  easy  and  inexpensive,  and  almost  any  point 
could  be  reached  without  difficulty. 

The  conglomerate  coals  vary  enough  in  thickness  and  are  locally  ab- 
sent over  small  areas  often  enough  to  make  it  necessary  to  prospect  any 
given  property  very  thoroughly  with  a diamond  drill  before  making  pur- 
chase or  attempting  development.  It  seems  from  all  of  the  evidence  avail- 
able, that  the  coals  are  more  irregular  and  pockety  in  the  region  about 
Monterey,  where  an  attempt  to  mine  them  failed  because  of  the  very  ])ockT 


NORTHERN  COAL  EIIH.D  OF  TENNESSEIC 


11 


cty  character  of  the  seam,  and  to  the  east  and  southeast,  and  that  they 
become  more  persistent  to  the  northeast  and  will  probably  be  found,  when 
prospected,  in  northern  Fentress  and  middle  and  eastern  Pickett  counties 
to  be  more  nearly  like  the  Stearns  coals  in  their  thickness,  regularity,  and 
quality.  P)y  observing  merely  such  precautions  as  would  be  obviously 
desirable  in  undertaking  any  plan  for  mining  development  anywhere,  there 
is  no  reason  why  this  territory  may  not  be  developed  so  as  to  yield  as 
large  a tonnage  as  may  be  desired. 

Above  the  conglomerate  the  only  coals  of  value  in  this  northwestern 
section  would  seem  to  be  the  ones  in  its  southeastern  and  northeastern 
corners.  In  the  synclinal  basin  between  the  Crab  Orchard  anticline  and 
the  Cumberland  escarpment,  the  occurrence  of  the  Rockwood  coal  has 
been  mentioned.  It  probably  extends  northeastward  into  the  basins  of 
Crab  Orchard  and  Clifty  creeks,  but  has  received  no  development  and 
probably  has  not  even  been  prospected. 

The  rocks  of  this  northwestern  area  dip  gently  eastward,  and  near  the 
eastern  edge  of  the  area  pass  beneath  the  shales  and  sandstones  that 
make  the  surface  rocks  of  the  northeastern  distinct.  At  a number  of 
places  these  higher  rocks  extend  westward  across  the  Queen  and  Cres- 
cent Railroad,  especially  from  Sunbright  northward  to  the  Kentucky  line. 
From  near  Oneida  northward  these  higher  rocks  west  of  the  railroad 
contain  a coal  that  is  mined  at  Bear  Creek  and  is  also  mined  at  a number 
of  places  east  of  the  railroad,  as  for  instance  at  Glen  Mary,  Robbins,  Al- 
iny,  LeMoyne  and  elsewhere.  At  Bear  Creek,  the  Virginia  Mining  Com- 
pany’s opening  showed  the  following  section  at  the  head  of  the  main  entry 
and  of  the  first  and  third  right  entries : 


Main  1st  right  3d  right 

Shale  roof  Inches  Inches  Inches 

Coal  7 8i  1 

Splinty  bone  1 I 1 

Coal  Gi  G Gi 

Bone  5 10  5^ 

Coal  20  18  19 


This  Bear  Creek  coal  traces  southwestward  to  Paint  Rock  at  Almy  and 
eastward  to  the  LeMoyne  mine  on  Gum  Fork  of  Jellico  Creek  and  farther 
tracing  eastward  makes  it  very  probably  the  same  as  the  Dixie  coal  at 
Newcomb  and  Jellico. 

In  summary  it  may  be  said  of  this  northwestern  coal  field  that  it  is  very 
imperfectly  known,  largely  because  of  the  fact  that  except  along  its 
eroded  western  edge  its  coals  generally  lie  several  hundred  feet  beneath 
the  plateau  surface  and  are  more  expensive  to  prospect  than  where  they 
crop  at  the  surface.  The  conglomerate  coals  so  far  developed  are  rela- 


12 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


lively  high  in  ash  and  sulphur  and  are  not  coked,  but  are  used  exclusively 
as  steam  and  domestic  coals.  They  are  marketed  along  the  line  of  the 
Tennessee  Central  Railroad,  a large  part  going  to  Nashville,  and  some  is 
shipped  through  Nashville  to  points  on  other  railways  in  competition  witli 
coal  from  West  Kentucky.  Little  or  none  goes  east  beyond  the  end 
of  the  Tennessee  Central  since  it  then  comes  into  competition  with  the 
near-by  coals  on  the  Southern  and  Louisville  and  Nashville  railroads  in 
the  northeastern  section  of  the  field  next  to  be  described. 

The  Bear  Creek  coal  finds  its  market  on  the  Queen  and  Crescent  road 
either  for  use  by  that  road  or  for  steam  and  domestic  use  northward  in 
Kentucky  or  southward  toward  Chattanooga.  Under  certain  market  con- 
ditions, especially  when  strikes  prevail  in  the  West  Virginia  or  the  Illinois- 
Indiana  region,  this  coal  finds  a market  north  of  the  Ohio  River. 

THE  NORTHEASTERN  COAL  FIELD. 

This  field  embraces  the  coal-bearing  area  of  Tennessee  lying  east  of 
the  Queen  and  Crescent  Railway.  It  is  roughly  triangular  and  is  bounded 
on  the  north  by  Kentucky,  on  the  west  by  the  railway  just  mentioned  and 
on  the  southeast  by  the  somewhat  irregular  but  sharply  defined  line  made 
by  the  Cumberland  Mountain  escarpment  extending  from  Harriman  to- 
Cumberland  Gap.  It  is  the  most  important  coal-producing  area  in  the 
State. 

Topographically  it  stands  in  sharp  contrast  to  the  northwestern  region 
just  described.  Instead  of  being  a plateau  with  a broadly  flat  or  rolling 
surface  beneath  which  narrow  stream  gorges  here  and  there  are  cut,  it  is 
a maze  of  sharp  crested  ridges  winding  and  branching  in  the  most  intri- 
cate fashion  and  separated  from  each  other  by  deep  and  usually  narrow 
Y-shaped  valleys,  cut  by  the  many-branching  streams  of  the  region.  JMany 
of  the  ridge  crests  rise  to  3,000  and  some  even  to  3,500  feet  in  height. 
In  most  places  the  ridge  crests  are  sharply  rounded,  and  some  of  these 
have  good  soils  and  are  cleared,  while  in  other  places  the  crests  are  cliff- 
capped  and  wild.  The  sides  are  generally  very  steep  except  where  some 
heavy  sandstone  here  or  there  stands  out  in  a line,  it  may  be,  of  bold  cliffs 
and  holds  just  above  it  a gently  sloping  bench  that  contours  the  moun- 
tains possibly  for  miles.  These  benches  are  cleared  and  farmed  in  many 
places,  but  the  steep  slopes  are  usually  heavily  wooded.  Roads  are  con- 
fined mostly  to  the  stream  valleys.  Few  of  them  cross  the  ridges,  and 
many  a mountaineer’s  cabin,  perched  high  on  a bench  or  on  some  ridge 
crest,  may  be  reached  only  by  a narrow,  steep  bridle  trail. 

The  deep  dissection  of  the  rocks  of  this  northeastern  region  has  re- 
moved much  of  the  coal  it  once  contained,  since  many  of  the  thickest 


13 


Noirnii^RN  COM.  \n\uA)  oi^'  ticnnicssicic. 

coals  arc  foutul  on  the  middle  or  U|)[)cr  slopes  of  the  ridges  where  they 
are  eomi)aratively  narrow,  and  where  the  area  that  has  been  removed  by 
erosion  is  a miinher  of  times  greater  than  that  left  in  the  ridges  that  re- 
main. 

While  there  has  been  such  economic  loss  from  erosion  there  has  also 
been  much  enonomic  gain  since  the  deep  dissection  has  laid  bare  some 
low-lying  coals  of  great  extent  and  value,  as  for  instance  the  Coal  Creek 
and  Jellico  ^ils,  and  at  the  same  time  has  rendered  the  coals  of  the  en- 
tire region  much  more  easily  prospected  than  are  the  coals  of  the  plateau 
region. 

Where  the  coals  crop  from  the  mountain  side  as  those  in  this  region  do 
over  most  of  their  extent,  it  is  so  easy  to  open  them  by  drift  that  when  a 
coal  goes  under  drainage  level  no  effort  is  made  to  reach  it  by  shaft.  In 
many  places  a shaft  mine  would  not  be  more  expensive  to  open,  operate 
and  maintain,  down  say  to  the  Coal  Creek  coal  after  it  has  gone  under 
drainage  level,  than  are  some  of  the  long,  steep  inclines  used  to  reach  the 
coals  high  on  the  mountain  sides  where  the  area  of  coal  is  probably  small 
and  the  life  of  the  mine  correspondingly  short  as  compared  with  a shaft 
mine,  where  the  entire  area  about  the  mine  contains  coal.  There  are  no 
shaft  mines  in  the  district,  the  nearest  approach  to  such  being  the  slopes  by 
which  the  Rex  coal  is  reached  at  LaFollette. 

The  geology  also  of  this  northeastern  division  is  in  direct  contrast  to 
the  northwestern.  Instead  of  one  formation  a few  hundred  feet  thick  in 
which  sandstone  and  conglomerates  predominate,  we  have  here  a number 


C/Oke  ovens,  LaFollette,  Tenn. 


14 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


of  different  formations  aggregating  2,000  to  3,000  feet  in  thickness  in 
which  shales  predominate.  Instead  of  having  one,  two  or  three  coals  as  in 
the  conglomerate  we  have  here  a dozen  or  two  of  coals,  quite  a number  of 
which  are  at  one  place  or  another  of  commercial  thickness  and  value.  In 
addition  to  these  coals  above  the  conglomerate  and  accessible  over  most 
of  this  region  above  drainage,  the  conglomerate  itself  also  extends  under 
all  of  this  region  and  doubtless  contains  coals  of  value  that  will  some  day 
he  reached  by  shaft,  as  the  top  of  the  conglomerate  lies  only  a few  to  a 
few  hundred  feet  beneath  drainage  level  in  much  of  this  northeastern 
section. 

The  rocks  above  the  conglomerate  have  been  divided  by  the  U.  S.  Ge- 
ological Survey  into  a number  of  formations,  but  in  the  present  brief  de- 
scription it  will  not  be  necessary  to  describe  these  formations  or  give  their 
areal  extent.  The  folios  in  which  they  are  described  and  mapped  may 
either  be  obtained  in  Washington  or  are  accessible  in  many  libraries. 

In  structure  this  division  is  not  quite  so  simple  as  the  northwestern  one. 
Its  eastern  and  southeastern  edge  is  delimited  by  the  Cumberland  escarp- 
ment where  the  coal-bearing  rocks  rise  rapidly  into  the  air  to  the  south- 
east along  a line  usually  of  faulting  with  an  overthrust  from  the  northwest. 
This  line  extends  from  Cumberland  Gap  almost  straight  southwestwa'-d 
to  near  Careyville  and  there  curves  to  the  southeast  to  Coal  Creek  beyond 
which  it  soon  resumes  its  usual  southwest  course  and  under  the  name  of 
Walden  Ridge  extends  to  Harriman  and  beyond. 

Ten  miles  northwest  of  and  parallel  to  the  Cumberland  Mountains  there 
is  the  Pine  Mountain  fault.  It  extends  from  near  Jellico  southwest  to 
Pioneer,  where  it  turns  sharply  to  the  southeast  and  becomes  a cross  fault 
that  joins  the  Cumberland  Mountain  fault  near  Careyville.  The  over- 
thrust here  is  from  the  northeast  and  the  ridge  made  by  the  conglomerate 
is  known  as  Fork  Mountain. 

This  Pine  ]\Iountain  fault  is  overthrust  from  the  east  and  the  upturned 
conglomerate  forms  the  crest  of  the  long  rugged  Pine  Mountain  ridge, 
just  as  it  does  the  parallel  crest  of  the  Cumberland  to  the  southeast.  The 
basin  enclosed  between  the  Cumberland,  the  Fork  and  the  Pine  moun- 
tains is  thus  separated  structurally  from  the  rest  of  tliis  northeastern  field. 
It  is  drained  almost  entirely  by  Clear  Creek,  and  may  be  called  the  Clear 
Creek  basin.  In  this  Clear  Creek  basin  the  steep  inward  dips  on  either 
side  quickly  die  away,  especially  on  the  Cumberland  Mountain  side,  and 
in  a few  hundred  feet  the  rocks  become  flat.  Such  abrupt  flattening  is 
indeed,  characteristic  of  both  the  Cumberland  and  Walden  Ridge,  at 
least  as  far  south  as  Rockwood. 

The  remainder  of  the  northeastern  coal  field  is  a very  broad  shallow 
basin  with  very  gentle  dips.  Much  the  larger  part  is  drained  l)y  New 


nc)rtiii^:rn  com.  ok  ti^:nnicssi^:ic 


15 


River,  which  Hows  approximately  along-  the  axis  of  this  basin.  Jt  is 
probable  that  the  syncline  has  a northern  branch  that  parallels  Pine  Moun- 
tain and  is  occupied  by  Jellieo  Creek.  Dips  in  all  cases  arc  gentle  except 
for  local  minor  folding  such  as  may  be  seen  on  Brimstone  Creek  near  the 
mouth  of  Hutson  branch. 

The  Clear  Creek  basin  between  the  Pine  and  Cumberland  mountains 
may  be  considered  as  a unit.  It  is  crossed  diagonally  by  the  Louisville 
and  Nashville  Railroad,  and  a branch  of  the  Southern  extends  up  Clear 
Fork  to  the  Kentucky  line.  Numerous  mines  are  operated  on  these  lines 
of  road  and  the  relation  to  each  other  of  the  coals  now  developed  is  rea- 
sonably clear. 

The  lowest  coal  mined  in  the  basin  is  the  Rex.  It  is  about  300  feet 
above  the  Lee  conglomerate  and  is  doubtless  equivalent  to  the  Coal  Creek 
coal  which  it  resembles  in  various  ways.  It  is  mined  at  LaFollette.  The 
roof  is  slate  that  where  undisturbed  may  hold  very  well,  but  which  falls 
readily  when  shot  down  along  entries.  About  a foot  from  the  top  the 
coal  generally  has  a parting  that  varies  from  0 to  12  inches  with  an  av- 
erage of  about  two  inches,  while  the  coal  beneath  it  averages  two  feet. 
This  coal  is  low  in  ash  and  sulphur,  and  is  coked  for  the  furnace  at  La- 
Follette. Above  it  at  LaFollette  513  feet  is  a coal  locally  known  as  the 
Kent.  This  coal  was  formerly  worked  immediately  above  Rex  mine  Num- 
ber 2.  The  section  varied  much  in  different  parts  of  the  mine.  The  top 
coal  varied  from  5 to  25  inches,  then  came  a dirt  band  from  1 to  18  inches 
beneath  which  the  bottom  coal  varied  from  18  to  26  inches.  It  was  high 
in  sulphur  and  ash.  It  seems  very  probable  that  it  is  the  equivalent  of  the 
Jellieo  coal. 

At  the  Gem  mine  some  seven  miles  north  of  LaFollette  on  the  ridge 
between  the  head  of  Lick  and  Rocky  creeks  a seam  locally  known  as  the 
Jordan,  is  worked.  It  is  reported  to  be  1,200  feet  above  the  Rex  coal 
there,  which  was  supposed  to  be  reached  in  a bore  hole  at  a depth  of  620 
feet.  Two  small  coals  regarded  as  the  Kent,  there  split,  are  found  500 
feet  beneath  the  Jordan,  which  has  an  elevation  above  sea  of  1987  feet 
at  the  mine  mouth.  It  dips  gently  northwestward  and  varies  but  little 
from  48  inches  of  coal  with  a parting  usually  about  a foot  from  the  top 
that  varies  from  one  to  six  inches.  This  parting  may  be  rash,  or  clay,  and 
either  free  from  or  mixed  with  coal.  The  area,  owing  to  the  elevation, 
is  limited,  but  two  or  three  miles  to  the  northeast  it  is  mined  at  Cotula, 
where  it  has  very  similar  section  and  thickness,  except  that  the  parting 
varies  from  zero  to  four  inches,  and  part  of  the  coal  runs  up  to  five  feet 
or  occasionally  more  in  thickness. 

In  the  section  along  the  Louisville  and  Nashville  Railroad  from  Cotula 
north  to  Chasca  the  lowest  seam  exposed  is  the  Kent  or  Jellieo.  It  is  split 


16 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


into  two  benches  the  lower  of  which  has  been  mined  at  several  ])laces 
generally  under  the  name  of  the  Italy  seam.  It  averages  34  inches  and 
has  a sandstone  roof  and  hard  shale  floor  that  make  working  expensive. 
At  Cotiila,  it  is  below  railway  grade,  but  near  Chasca  it  begins  to  rise 
rapidly  to  the  northwest  under  the  influence  of  the  Pine  Mountain  fault. 

About  220  to  290  feet  above  the  Kent  or  Italy  seam  along  this  section 
of  Davis  Creek  is  the  Rich  Mountain  seam  mined  at  Wynn,  Remy,  Rich 
Mountain,  Cupp,  Kimberley  and  Chasca.  It  has  an  average  thickness  that 
varies  in  different  mines  from  30  to  44  inches  and  may  or  may  not  have 
a thin  clay  parting  in  the  middle  or  lower  part  and  generally  has  several 
inches  of  rash  beneath  it. 

Some  90  to  125  feet  above  the  Rich  Mountain  coal  on  Davis  Creek  is 
the  Log  Mountain  seam.  This  seam  is  mined  only  at  Jackson  and  West- 
bourne,  where  it  averages  about  44  inches  and  is  solid.  Elsewhere  it 
seems  to  be  split  or  thin  in  this  section  in  the  few  places  where  search  has 
been  made  for  it.  In  the  western  part  of  each  of  the  above  mines  the 
upper  10  inches  is  cannel.  In  the  eastern  workings  this  cannel  disappears. 

This  Log  Mountain  or  Westbourne  coal  is  believed  to  be  the  same  as 
the  Dean,  the  Poplar  Lick,  and  the  Bryson  Mountain  coal.  The  area  above 
this  horizon  in  the  ridges  in  the  Clear  Creek  basin  is  in  the  aggregate 
large  and  further  prospecting  will  doubtless  disclose  other  areas  where 
it  is  of  workable  thickness  as  it  is  a coal  of  widespread  occurrence  both 
in  Kentucky  and  in  Tennessee. 

About  150  feet  above  the  Log  Mountain  coal  is  the  Jordan  which,  as 
has  been  seen,  is  mined  at  the  Gem  mine  at  Peabody,  and  at  the  Southern 
Coal  and  Coke  Company’s  mine  at  Cotula.  The  writer  is  not  certain  as 
to  the  correlation  of  the  Jordan  coal.  It  has  been  correlated  by  some  with 
the  coal  known  as  the  Dean  or  Poplar  Lick.  About  100  or  125  feet  above 
the  Poplar  Lick  coal  in  the  Middlesboro  region  is  the  Klondike  or  J\Ic- 
Guire  coal,  which  carries  marine  fossils.  In  the  Coal  Creek  and  New 
River  region  a coal  known  as  the  Big  Mary  is  also  characterized  by  the 
marine  fossils  it  carries,  and  is  associated  with  other  coals  above  it,  one 
of  which  is  usually  correlated  with  the  Dean.  It  is  probable  that  the  ma- 
rine fossils  characterize  the  same  coal,  and  if  so  the  Dean  could  not  be 
below  it  in  one  region  and  above  it  in  another.  This  tangle  of  correlation 
can  only  be  worked  out  by  future  detailed  work. 

At  Alorley,  two  mines  work  a coal  that  is  locally  called  the  Kramor 
seam.  It  is  32  to  35  inches  thick,  is  about  250  feet  above  the  top  of  the 
conglomerate  and  is  probably  to  be  correlated  with  the  Rex  seam  of  the 
LaFollette  region. 

On  Clear  Fork  at  Anthras  and  Clairfield  several  mines  operate  on  a 
coal  generally  considered  to  be  the  Jellico.  It  varies  much  in  thickness 


NORTlll'.RN  COAT.  \nK\A)  ()I<  TlA\i\ lASSI^lC. 


17 


in  the  mines  and  prospect  openings  that  have  been  made.  Where  mined 
it  averaj^es  from  42  to  52  inches  and  may  he  solid  or  may  have  a parting 
that  varies  ii])  to  12  inches  in  thickness,  but  is  frecpiently  absent.  In  a 
prospect  on  Rock  Creek,  the  thickness  is  reported  as  68  inches.  There  is 
a large  area  to  the  south  of  Clear  Fork  in  which  this  coal  occurs,  though 
its  thickness  there  is  not  known. 

Near  the  head  of  Clear  Fork  at  Prnden  and  at  Fonde  a coal  some  five 
or  six  feet  in  thickness  is  extensively  mined.  It  is  usually  split  into  three 
benches  by  two  clay  partings  and  in  a portion  of  the  area  the  upper  part- 
ing is  so  thick  that  only  the  two  lower  benches  of  coal  are  mined  while 
in  other  portions  the  upper  parting  is  thin  and  the  lower  so  thick  that  the 
middle  and  upper  benches  of  the  coal  are  alone  removed. 

In  some  places  it  splits  into  four  or  five  benches  of  coal,  but  generally 
some  two  are  large  enough  and  near  enough  together  to  be  worked.  This 
coal  is  the  same  as  the  Mingo  coal  of  Bennett  Fork.  Its  relation  to  the 
coal  mined  at  Clairfield  and  Anthras — and  usually  considered  to  be  the 
Jellico — has  not  been  ascertained  by  the  writer.  One  report  places  it  435 
feet  above  the  Clairfield  coal.  The  Mingo  has  often  been  correlated  with 
the  Jellico,  but  if  it  is  435  feet  above  the  coal  at  Clairfield,  it  is  evident 
that  one  or  the  other  of  these  two  correlations  is  badly  wrong. 

In  the  Clear  Creek  basin  spur  tracks  from  the  Louisville  and  Nash- 
ville or  the  Southern  might  easily  be  extended  up  any  one  of  the  numer- 
ous tributary  streams  and  thus  develop  much  new  territory  now  untouched. 

The  discussion  of  the  remaining  portion  of  this  northeastern  coal  field 
can  best  be  undertaken  by  districts,  beginning  at  Jellico  and  going  south- 
ward and  westward  around  the  margin  of  the  basin.  This  description 
may  be  relatively  brief  since  many  of  the  largest  mines  are  on  one  or  the 
other  of  a very  few  seams,  such  as  the  Coal  Creek  and  the  Jellico. 

At  Jellico  the  lowest  coal  known  locally  is  the  Swamp  Angel.  It  is 
found  at  or  a short  distance  below,  drainage  level  and  is  reported  to  be^ 
32  to  34  inches  in  thickness.  It  is  not  mined.  About  100  feet  above  it 
is  another  unmined  coal  known  as  the  Dixie.  It  may  be  solid  or  split  by 
a clay  parting  and  is  said  to  be  24  to  36  inches  thick.  Either  this  or  the 
Swamp  Angel  is  at  about  the  horizon  of  the  Coal  Creek  coal.  This  Dixie 
coal,  when  traced  westward,  correlates  with  the  coal  mined  at  the  Le- 
Moyne  mine  on  Gum  Fork  of  Jellico  Creek.  At  LeMoyne  there  is  a main 
bench  of  30  to  33  inches  above  which  there  is  a parting  that  is  left  as  the 
roof.  Above  this  parting,  which  varies  from  8 to  36  inches,  there  are 
five  inches  of  poor  bony  coal  that  is  not  mined.  About  100  to  120  feet 
above  the  Dixie  there  is  a thin  coal  near  Newcomb,  known  as  the  Black 
Wax,  and  some  60  or  70  feet  above  it  is  the  Blue  Gem  coal.  This  coal 
is  always  thin,  bn<  jc  of  such  excellent  quality  as  a domestic  fuel  that  a 


18 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


thickness  of  18  to  22  inches  is  mined  in  numerous  places  about  Jellico. 
It  is  also  mined  at  Elk  Valley,  where  it  varies  from  16  to  24  inches. 

About  Jellico  the  Jellico  coal  is  90  to  110  feet  above  the  Blue  Gem.  It 
varies  greatly  in  thickness  and  in  details  of  section  within  short  distances. 
In  one  mine  it  varies  from  two  to  six  feet.  It  may  be  solid,  but  more 
frequently  has  one  or  two  partings,  which  vary  in  thickness,  and  in  po- 
sition, but  which  rarely  prevent  the  coal  from  being  mined.  It  is  mined 
at  Jellico,  Newcomb  and  Elk  Valley. 

Four  hundred  and  forty  feet  by  aneroid  above  the  Jellico  coal  at  New- 
comb, there  is  an  excellent  cannel  mined  by  the  Zcheni  Coal  Company. 
It  shows  a top  bench  of  24  to  26  inches  of  cannel,  one  to  two  inches  of 
parting  and  8 to  11  inches  of  cannel,  and  is  known  to  underlie  a consid- 
erable area  in  thickness  great  enough  to  mine.  Some  other  coals  are 
known  to  occur  above  and  below  this  cannel,  but  they  have  not  been  pros- 
pected sufficiently  to  determine  their  thickness  or  value. 

At  Pioneer,  two  coals  were  formerly  mined  that  are  known  as  the  Up- 
per and  Lower  Pioneer.  These  are  relatively  high  in  the  stratigraphic 
section,  but  no  attempt  will  here  be  made  to  correlate  them  with  other 
coals.  Neither  is  worked  at  present  and  but  little  information  could  be 
secured  as  to  their  thickness  or  character.  They  lie  well  below  the  tops 
of  the  ridges  about  Pioneer,  and  large  areas  to  the  northwest,  west  and 
south  of  Pioneer  rise  above  their  horizon.  What  their  extent  and  thick- 
ness throughout  this  territory  may  be  is  not  known. 

Three  miles  south  of  Pioneer  a spur  track  passes  east  through  the  gap 
in  Fork  Mountain  and  reaches  the  Rector  mine,  which  was  opened  on 
what  appears  to  be  the  Kent  seam.  When  driven  in  about  a thousand 
feet,  the  coal  was  cut  off  by  a fault  and  the  mine  was  abandoned.  Some 
three  miles  east  of  there  on  the  head  of  Office  Creek,  the  same  coal  occurs. 
In  each  place  it  is  four  feet  thick.  This  coal  is  also  known  at  several 
points  on  Stinking  Creek  north  of  Walnut  Mountain,  so  that  it  underlies 
much  the  larger  part  of  the  Clear  Creek  basin  from  Fork  Mountain  north- 
east to  the  Louisville  and  Nashville  Railroad.  We  have  already  noted  its 
development  along  that  railroad,  where  it  is  usually  known  as  the  Italy 
coal,  and  its  development  also  at  Anthras  and  elsewhere  on  Clear  Fork, 
where  it  is  known  as  the  Jellico. 

By  a little  geological  work  at  Rector  at  the  proper  time  the  continua- 
tion of  the  seam  beyond  the  fault  could  have  been  located  and  the  mine 
might  have  been  saved  to  its  owners. 

At  Turley,  Block,  Red  Ash  and  Careyville,  there  are  a number  of  mines 
that  work  one  or  the  other  of  two  coals,  situated  near  the  tops  of  the 
mountain  ridges.  The  strata  rise  considerably  to  the  southward  so  that 
each  coal  is  carried  higher  in  that  direction.  Their  general  elevation 


NORTH  1^:RN  coal  FIVAA)  OF  TFNNICSSIHC 


19 


where  mined  may,  however,  he  taken  as  2,v300  to  2,750  feet  above  sea 
level.  They  are  reaehed  hy  inclines  one  to  two  miles  lon^  that  liave  a 
vertical  rise  in  that  distance  of  1,000  to  1,400  feet.  The  coal  is  lowered 
by  gravity  in  monitor  ears  holding  10  to  12  tons  each.  The  ridges  at  the 
horizon  of  these  coals  are  relatively  narrow  so  that  individual  bodies  of 
coal  readily  worked  from  one  opening  average  400  to  800  acres. 

The  higher  of  the  two  high  ridge  coals  mined  at  the  above  places  is  lo- 
cally known  as  the  Rock  Spring  coal.  It  is  mined  at  Turley  and  at  Block, 
and  is  known  to  occur  for  some  miles  along  the  ridges  and  high  spurs  on 
the  north  side  of  the  Montgomery  Fork  basin.  By  its  rise  to  the  south- 
ward it  is  carried  up  so  near  the  tops  of  the  ridges  in  that  direction  that 
it  is  doubtful  if  there  are  any  considerable  areas  of  it  left  there.  Its  ex- 
act extent,  however,  like  that,  indeed,  of  all  of  the  other  coals  of  the  re- 
gion is  not  known  and  can  only  be  ascertained  by  detailed  work. 

A section  of  this  is  as  follows ; 

Inches 


Coal  19 

Bone  4 

Coal  33 

Clay  3 

Coal  13 


In  some  places  the  bottom  bench  of  coal  is  absent  or  is  bone  and  rash, 
and  the  bone  between  the  two  upper  benches  in  places  disappears,  leav- 
ing a solid  bench  of  40  to  42  inches.  The  coal  is  hard  and  carries  some 
sulphur  in  the  bench  above  the  bone.  This  bone  is  inclined  to  stick  to  the 
coal  when  present.  Mining  is  either  by  machine  or  by  shooting  on  the 
solid. 

At  Block  325  feet  by  aneroid  below  the  Rock  Spring  coal  another  coal 
occurs  that  averages  three  feet  in  thickness.  It  is  known  as  the  Red  Ash, 
and  is  mined  at  Block  and  is  generally  believed  to  be  the  coal  mined  at 
Red  Ash,  Careyville  and  the  Sun  mine.  At  Red  Ash  this  coal  has  a top 
bench  of  38  inches,  then,  clay  two  inches  and  coal  one  and  a half  inches. 
At  Careyville  the  coal  is  solid  and  averages  46  to  48  inches,  and  seems 
quite  regular.  At  the  Sun,  it  varies  from  three  and  a half  to  five  feet  in 
thickness,  and  on  the  right  workings  is  solid,  but  on  the  left  a soft  clay 
appears  slightly  below  the  middle  and  had  run  up  to  eight  inches  when 
further  work  in  that  direction  was  stopped.  It  is  not  yet  certain  to  the 
writer  that  these  are  all  the  same  coal,  though  the  Careyville  and  Red  Ash 
mines  are  on  the  same  seam. 

The  next  mining  region  south  of  Careyville  is  Coal  Creek,  with  which 
Briceville  is  included.  The  Coal  Creek  seam  has  been  mined  here 
for  years  on  an  extensive  scale.  The  coal  crops  close  above  drainage  for 


20 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


some  8 or  10  miles  along  Coal  Creek  and  Valley  Fork.  It  averages  in 
the  various  mines  40  to  48  inches  in  thickness,  with  42  inches  as  a gen- 
eral average,  but  varies  greatly  in  detail  in  any  one  mine.  Where  of  av- 
erage thickness  it  i)erhai)s  more  often  has  a knife  edge  to  4-inch  parting 
than  not.  This  parting  is  usually  slightly  below  the  middle.  In  some 
places  the  coal  runs  up  to  six  feet  locally  and  in  a small  mine  just  north 
of  Briceville  it  is  even  thicker.  The  roof  varies  from  a good  sandy  shale 
to  a soft  clay  from  place  to  place  in  the  same  mine,  and  when  of  clay  re- 
(juires  much  timbering  and  care  to  hold  until  worked.  The  top  six  to 
eight  inches  of  the  floor  is  a clay  that  softens  when  wet.  The  mines  on 
this  coal  are  usually  dry  and  sprinkling  is  often  necessary. 

Near  the  crop  this  coal  dips  westward  as  much  as  8 to  12  per  cent,  in 
places,  but  soon  flattens  out  and  over  large  areas  has  scarcely  any  dip. 
Some  of  the  workings  extend  two  miles  into  the  mountain.  Northward 
from  Coal  Creek  its  outcrop  is  soon  concealed  by  the  great  Walden  Ridge 
fault  line  except  for  a short  distance  near  Careyville  where  it  is  mined  by 
the  Bear  Creek  Company.  In  the  Briceville-Coal  Creek  region  this  is 
the  only  coal  mined  and  until  very  recently  no  others  had  even  been  pros- 
])ected  to  any  extent. 

Just  recently  some  active  prospecting  has  been  done  by  Air.  L.  J.  A. 
Petrie  on  the  mountain  side  west  of  the  Black  Diamond  mine.  Here  he 
has  faced  a number  of  coals  whose  position  and  thickness  are  given  on  the 
long  vertical  section  given  herewith.  These  facings  show  that  there  are 
several  promising  coals  well  toward  the  top  of  the  ridge,  but  still  low 
enough  to  give  a very  considerable  acreage.  Similar  work  had  been  be- 
gun by  Air.  E.  F.  Buffat  on  a spur  of  Cross  Alountain  west  of  Briceville, 
when  this  region  was  visited  by  the  writer.  It  is  evident  that  there  are 
several  promising  coals  in  Cross  Alountain  some  1,200  to  1,600  feet  above 
the  valley  floor  to  the  east  and  some  of  them  undoubtedly  correspond  to 
the  coals  mined  some  miles  to  the  north  from  Careyville  to  Turley. 

Southwestward  from  Coal  Creek  the  next  mining  center  is  the  Oliver 
Springs  region.  Oliver  Springs  bears  much  the  same  topographic  and 
structural  relation  to  the  coal-bearing  area  that  Coal  Creek  does.  The 
Coal  Creek  seam  is  likewise  the  best  known  seam  in  the  region.  It  is 
often  called  the  Poplar  Creek  coal  and  outcrops  at  a number  of  places 
on  Poplar  Creek,  Big  and  Little  Cow  creeks,  and  westward  on  the  head 
of  Little  Emory  River  north  of  Coalfield.  It  has  been  mined  at  numer- 
ous places  in  this  Oliver  Springs  district  in  the  past  and  is  now  mined  at 
Big  Alountain  and  elsewhere  on  Indian  Creek,  and  in  the  vicinity  of  Coal- 
field. It  lies  only  a short  distance  above  drainage,  in  most  places,  and  has 
many  of  the  same  general  characteristics  that  it  has  at  Coal  Creek.  Its 
average  thickness  is  about  48  inches  and  it  may  be  with  or  without  a 


NORT 


21 


'WKRN  c'oAi.  inp:ij)  tiuNNi^:ssi^:r. 


4. 


/^^7i 


tl 
1 1 


53Z, 


/ooo  >■ 


/^JZ4 
rroz^nfyax/ 

7 


7337-. 


ssLeanoofC- 

C 

557.7>a*VJof^. 


Sec.  1-2-3.  Vertical  section  from  the  Black  Diamond  mine  westward  up  Cross 
Mountain. 


Sec.  4.  Churn  and  diamond  drill  record  D near  Allardt, 


22 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


parting  and  the  roof  may  be  either  a shale  or  a soft  clay.  Beneath  it  there 
is  always  clay.  This  coal  is  not  definitely  known  northward  on  the  New 
River  basin.  It  is  probable  that  it  is  one  of  several  small  coals  that  rise 
above  water  level  near  the  mouth  of  Bull  Creek  a few  miles  below  Norma. 

Some  1,300  to  1,400  feet  above  the  Coal  Creek  coal  there  is  a seam  that 
is  extensively  mined  at  Windrock,  where  it  is  considered  to  be  the  Lower 
Deaii.  It  averages  54  inches  in  thickness,  but  varies  much  in  detail.  In 
a part  of  the  mine  the  coal  is  solid  while  in  another  part  a thin  band  ap- 
pears that  thickens  as  shown  by  the  drill,  to  35  or  40  feet  and  then  thins 
away  again  in  no  great  distance  to  a few  inches.  Splits  are  of  frequent 
occurrence  in  many  of  the  coals  of  this  northeastern  region,  and  while 
rarely  known  to  be  anything  like  as  large  as  the  above  one,  they  serve 
to  puzzle  the  prospector  and  increase  the  difficulty  and  expense  of  opera- 
tion. 

This  Windrock  coal  is  very  soft  and  friable  and  is  sold  almost  exclu 
sively  as  a steam  coal. 

Northwest  of  Coalfield  the  Coal  Creek  coal  soon  goes  under  drainage 
and  on  the  upper  slopes  of  Little  Brushy  Mountain  at  an  elevation  of 
1,700  feet,  the  State  or  Brushy  Mountain  seam  some  600  feet  above  the 
Coal  Creek  seam,  appears  and  is  worked  by  the  Little  Brushy  Coal  Com- 
pany. Its  average  thickness  there  is  34  inches,  and  it  is  without  parting. 
Northward  at  Petros,  it  is  mined  by  the  Big  Brushy  Company  and  by  the 
State. 

It  varies  much  in  thickness,  but  averages  some  40  to  44  inches.  It  may 
be  free  from  partings  or  one  or  more  may  be  present  either  of  rash  or  of 
clay.  These  partings  are  frequently  in  lenses  only  two  to  five  feet  across, 
or  they  may  be  persistent  for  some  distance.  The  roof  is  generally  a 
good  shale,  the  floor  is  a clay.  This  seam  is  driven  through  to  daylight 
on  the  New  River  side,  but  it  has  not  been  prospected  beyond  a mile  or 
two  north  of  its  crop.  It  is  a soft  coal,  cokes  well  and  goes  as  coke  to 
the  iron  furnaces  chiefly  at  Dayton  and  Chattanooga,  or  is  sold  to  the 
steam  trade. 

Attempts  were  made  a few  years  ago  by  the  State  to  mine  a seam  some 
750  feet  above  the  State  seam,  generally  known  as  the  Frozenhead  seam, 
and  correlated  by  some  with  the  Upper  Pioneer.  The  coal  thinned  to 
some  three  feet  or  less  when  the  mine  had  been  driven  in  some  2,500  feet 
and  the  mine  was  abandoned.  A 32-inch  coal  130  feet  below  the  Frozen- 
head  was  opened  and  driven  some  30  feet.  It  is  solid  and  apparently 
good  and  clean.  A hundred  feet  lower  is  another  coal  once  opened  but 
reported  as  badly  split. 

In  the  New  River  basin  very  little  prospecting  has  been  done  and  al- 
most no  mining.  On  Straight  Fork  of  Smoky  Creek  the  Big  Mary  coal 


NORTH i^RN  com:  iHiHH)  oi^^  ti^:nnicssihc 


23 


was  opened  and  mined  for  a short  time  ])y  the  Raker  company.  Where 
measured  it  has  a main  bench  of  37J/2  inches  a1)ovc  wliich  were  several 
thin  alternations  of  coal,  bone  and  partings.  As  usual  it  carries  marine 
shells  in  the  roof.  The  attempt  to  mine  this  coal  was  soon  abandoned 
partly  because  of  local  freight  rates  and  partly  because  of  the  unsatis- 
factory character  of  the  seam.  The  Big  Mary  seam  is  everywhere  very 
variable  and  unreliable,  although  it  often  presents  locally  a very  attrac- 
tive appearance.  This  coal  has  been  faced  on  the  head  of  Brimstone 
Creek  of  Smoky  Creek  where  the  only  bench  of  consequence  is  a bottom 
one  of  27^  inches.  Two  hundred  and  fifty  feet  higher  another  coal  50  to 
52  inches  and  solid  has  been  faced  and  60  feet  still  higher  there  is  a 38- 
inch  solid  facing.  The  52-inch  coal  is  a good-looking  clean,  hard  coal. 

On  Round  Knob  some  eight  miles  southwest  of  Norma,  at  an  elevation 
of  some  2,000  feet  there  is  a solid  64-inch  coal  on  the  Tom  Jones  place. 
A five-inch  band  of  splint  coal  separates  the  bottom  12  inches  from  the 
top  47  inches.  The  coal  looks  good  and  clean. 

Just  westward  from  Round  Knob  on  Brimstone  Creek  20  to 
60  feet  above  water  level,  is  a coal  that  has  been  faced  at  a number  of 
places  from  below  Hutson’s  branch  up  to  Mill  Creek,  where  it  goes  under 
drainage.  It  is  about  a thousand  feet  below  the  coal  at  the  Jones  place. 
It  varies  somewhat,  but  averages  about  36  inches  of  solid,  good-looking 
coal.  Westward  on  Indian  Fork  at  the  Sam  Walker  opening  it  shows 
top  and  bottom  benches  of  20  and  38  inches  of  coal  separated  by  15  inches 
of  clay.  On  the  head  of  Aaron  branch  it  has  top  coal  37  inches,  bony  shale 
four  inches,  coal  18  inches.  Opposite  the  mouth  of  Pemberton  branch,  it 
is  42  inches  and  solid.  At  Robbins  it  shows  31  inches  of  solid  coal. 

This  coal  is  widely  developed  in  Brimstone  Creek  basin  and  crops  on  the 
mid-slopes  or  near  the  base  of  the  hills.  It  is  the  same  as  the  coal  mined  at 
Glen  Mary,  Helenwood,  Almy,  Bear  Creek  and  LeMoyne,  and  mentioned 
on  page  11.  At  and  near  Almy  there  are  a number  of  mines  working  it. 
It  averages  there  24  to  30  inches,  and  at  Glen  Mary  has  about  the  same 
average.  The  roof  there  is  usually  good  and  the  coal  is  clean.  jMost  of 
it  is  used  as  steam  coal. 

The  coals  in  the  New  River  and  upper  Emory  River  basins  are  very 
imperfectly  known  and  need  extensive  prospecting  and  much  more  study 
before  any  very  broad  statements  may  be  made  concerning  them.  Good 
coals  undoubtedly  exist  in  these  basins,  but  before  they  can  be  developed, 
adequate  transportation  facilities  must  be  provided  and  at  reasonable 
rates,  since  competition  is  so  keen  today  in  the  coal  trade  that  a few  cents 
difference  in  freight  or  other  charges  make  the  difference  between  suc- 
cess and  failure. 


24 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


\'cry  much  of  the  coal  land  in  this  northeastern  field  is  owned  by  hold- 
ing' co]n])anies  who  lease  it  to  0])erators  at  royalties  that  vary  from  6 to 
12^  cents  ])er  ton.  The  tendency  in  recent  leasing  has  been  toward  the 
mean  or  minimum  of  the  figures  just  given  and  the  maximum  royalty 
quoted  above  is  regardevl  as  high  for  present  market  conditions. 

In  marketing  the  output  of  this  section,  competition  is  more  severe  to- 
day than  at  any  time  in  the  past,  since  the  development  a few  years  ago 
of  mines  on  the  Louisville  and  Nashville  and  the  Southern  railways  in 
the  Clear  Creek  basin,  added  much  to  the  local  output,  and  at  about  the 
same  time  the  opening  of  important  new  fields  in  southwest  V irginia  and 
the  construction  of  new  lines  of  road  to  deliver  these  latter  coals  to  the 
mill  section  of  the  Carolinas  and  Georgia,  further  unsettled  the  coal  trade 
and  forced  a readjustment  in  markets  and  rates  that  has  not  yet  perhaps 
settled  to  equilibrium.  Added  to  these  conditions  has  been  the  fact  that 
the  State  can  produce  coal  materially  cheaper  than  any  private  operator 
can,  and  so  is  in  a position  to  quote  prices  when  dull  seasons  come  that 
are  low  enough  to  secure  orders  to  keep  her  mines  running  and  her  con- 
victs busy,  but  that  are  so  low  they  would  cjuickly  force  any  private  com- 
pany into  bankruptcy. 

To  what  extent  in  point  of  fact  the  State  of  Tennessee  avails  itself  of 
this  peculiar  advantage  that  it  undoubtedly  possesses,  the  writer  does  not 
know,  but  it  is  generally  felt  among  private  operators  that  they  are  sub- 
jected in  this  way  by  the  State  to  such  unfair  competition  that  there  is  a 
strong  sentiment  already  developed  among  them  that  the  State  should 
take  her  convicts  from  the  mines  and  place  them  on  the  public  roads. 

In  a few  years  when  the  present  seam  mined  at  Petros  is  exhausted  it 
would  be  very  pertinent  to  raise  the  question — if,  indeed,  it  should  not 
be  done  now — whether  the  State  should  not  abandon  the  policy  of  mining 
coal,  as  a matter  of  simple  justice  and  fairness  to  her  citizens  engaged  in 
the  same  pursuit  and  use  her  convicts  in  such  road  building. 

In  a rapid  reconnaissance  such  as  the  one  on  which  this  report  is  based, 
it  has  not  been  possible  to  see  more  than  sample  areas  of  the  various  un- 
developed sections  and  time  has  in  the  same  way  been  lacking  for  fol- 
lowing out  the  many  problems  of  distribution  and  correlation  that  the 
studies  in  any  one  locality  suggested.  In  this  brief  article  it  has  further- 
more not  been  possible  to  give  more  than  a general  glimpse  of  the  field. 
Some  of  the  description  has  been  generalized  so  much  that  the  local  op- 
erator with  his  probably  detailed  knowledge  of  his  own  locality  may  re- 
gard it  with  scant  favor.  The  attempt  here,  however,  has  been  through- 
out, not  especially  to  give  him  more  knowledge  of  his  own  region  than 
he  now  possesses,  though  this  is  doubtless  true  in  some  instances,  but 
rather  to  give  to  the  man  who  knows  nothing  whatever  of  this  section 


NOkTlllCRN  COM.  V\K\A)  Ol^'  TI^'.N N ICSS ICIC 


25 


of  tlic  State’s  coal  area  some  j^cneral  ideas  of  its  coal  content  that  it  is 
hoped  may  he  true  so  far  as  they  It  is  ho])ed  that  detailed  work  may 
follow  and  that  the  eiujuiries  of  the  man  locally  familiar  with  this  or 
that  section  may  he  capable  of  satisfactory  answer  as  a result  of  such 
work.  ]\lany  courtesies  and  much  information  have  been  received  dur- 
ing' the  work.  It  would  be  impossible  to  name  all  to  whom  the  writer  is  thus 
indebted  as  the  list  would  include  every  mining  luan  from  owner  and 
luanager  on  down,  with  whom  the  writer  came  in  contact.  He  can  not 
refrain,  however,  from  expressing  his  great  indebtedness  to  Mr.  H.  Mur- 
man,  of  Coal  Creek,  for  much  information  with  regard  to  the  coals  of 
that  region  with  which  his  years  of  work  have  made  him  so  familiar. 


26 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


The  Tennessee  Coal  Field  South  of  the  Tennessee 
Central  Railroad 


By  Wilbur  A.  Nelson. 


INTRODUCTION. 

Purpose  and  basis. — The  purpose  of  this  report  is  to  give  in  a very 
general  way  much  of  the  information  that  has  been  collected  by  the  Geo- 
logical Survey  on  the  southern  Tennessee  coal  field.  It  is  a preliminary 
report  in  the  strictest  sense  of  the  word,  and  will  later  be  followed  by  a 
much  more  detailed  one.  Very  little  attention  is  given  to  stratigraphy, 
as  it  takes  much  detailed  work  to  correlate  correctly  the  coals  over  a large 
area,  and  this  has  not  as  yet  been  satisfactorily  done.  It  will  be  taken  up 
in  the  subsequent  paper. 

The  report  is  based  on  a personal  investigation,  made  to  conform  with 
the  objects  of  this  paper.  The  field  work  was  done  at  odd  times  during 
the  years  of  1911  and  1912,  and  in  all  not  more  than  a month  or  two  was 
spent.  Naturally  many  points  were  not  visited,  but  as  a whole  the  entire 
area  was  well  covered. 


LOCATION  AND  EXTENT. 

General  character,  extent  and  relation. — This  coal  field  is  a part  of  the 
Great  Appalachian  field,  which  extends  from  northern  Pennsylvania  to 
central  Alabama.  In  the  northern  part  of  the  State  are  found  the  same 
beds  as  in  Kentucky,  and  in  the  southern  part  the  same  beds  as  in  Ala- 
bama. As  this  paper  deals  with  the  southern  part  of  the  field,  the  coals 
correspond  more'  in  general  character  to  the  Alabama  coals  than  the  Po- 
cahontas coal  of  West  Virginia  or  the  Clearfield  coal  of  Pennsylvania. 

The  coal  field  of  Tennessee  is  the  Cumberland  Plateau  which  extends 
in  a northeast  and  southwest  direction  across  the  State,  forming  the  di- 
viding line  between  Aliddle  and  East  Tennessee.  The  field  has  an  aver- 
age width  of  from  35  to  50  miles.  It  covers  practically  all  of  Bledsoe, 
Cumberland,  Marion,  Morgan  and  Scott  counties ; the  western  part  of 
Anderson,  Campbell,  Claiborne,  Hamilton,  Rhea  and  Roane;  nearly  all  of 
Grundy,  Fentress  and  Van  Buren  counties;  and  the  eastern  side  of  Coffee, 
Franklin,  Overton,  Putnam,  Warren  and  White  counties.  For  a descrip- 
tion of  the  northern  part  of  the  Tennessee  coal  field  see  the  companion 


SOUTHERN  COAL  FIELD  OF  TENNESSlUC 


27 


article  on  The  general  features  of  the  Tennessee  coal  field  north  of  the' 
Tenjiessee  Central  Railroad,  by  L.  C.  Glenn. 

Area  of  field. — In  that  part  of  the  coal  field  south  of  the  Tennessee 
Central  Railroad,  comprising  2,200  square  miles,  the  area  containing  coal 
measures  above  the  Sewanee  conglomerate,  comprises  only  1,420  square 
miles,  divided  as  follows:  Walden  Ridge  665  square  miles;  south  of  Vau 
Buren  County,  240  square  miles;  north  of  the  Van  Buren-Grundy  and 
Wn  Buren-Bledsoe  county  line,  515  square  miles.  These  figures  show 
that  in  the  southern  counties  much  of  the  upper  coal  measures  have  been 
removed  by  erosion. 


TOPOGRAPHY  AND  DRAINAGE. 

Topography. — The  Cumberland  Plateau,  which  contains  the  Tennessee 
coal  field,  is  a broad  upland,  standing  about  2,000  feet  above  sea  level.  As 
a rule  the  surface  is  nearly  flat,  or  only  slightly  rolling.  The  streams 
flowing  out  to  the  east,  west,  and  south  have  cut  many  deep  ravines  in 
this  upland,  but  in  proportion  to  the  broad  upland,  they  occupy  only  a 
small  part  of  the  area.  The  result  of  this  condition,  is  that  the  coals  have 
been  brought  to  the  surface  at  a large  number  of  points,  at  the  same  time, 
they  have  been  greatly  protected,  so  that  in  many  cases  almost  as  large 
an  area  of  the  beds  remain  as  though  they  were  entirely  below  drainage. 
These  conditions  prevail  in  the  northern  part  of  the  field.  It  may  be 
easily  seen  that  the  sandstones  are  not  responsible  for  the  general  flatness 
of  the  plateau,  for  the  surface  bevels  a number  of  massive  sandstones  as 
well  as  the  intermediate  less  resistent  shales  and  shaly  sandstone.  This 
is  well  seen  in  Walden  Ridge,  where  the  sandstone  that  protects  the  east- 
ern edge  of  the  plateau  is  stratigraphically  500  to  700  feet  lower  than  the 
same  sandstone  which  protects  the  western  edge  overlooking  the  Se- 
quatchie Valley. 

On  the  eastern  edge  of  the  plateau,  there  is  a fairly  even  escarpment 
with  a precipitous  drop  of  about  1,000  feet,  and  the  streams  that  drain 
this  area  lie  at  the  bottom  of  long  narrow  gorges.  On  the  western  edge 
there  is  a similar  drop,  but  the  edge  of  the  escarpment  is  not  regular.  It 
ramifies  back  and  forth,  forming  numerous  headlands  separated  by  deep 
dendritic  like  coves.  The  ends  of  these  headlands  have  in  a few  cases 
been  cut  off  and  now  stand  out  as  isolated  outliers.  The  Sequatchie  Val- 
ley extending  nearly  half  way  across  the  State  in  a general  direction  of 
north  30  degrees  east,  bisects  the  plateau  in  the  southern  half  of  Tennes- 
see. This  long  narrow  anticlinal  valley  ending  in  the  Crab  Orchard 
Mountains,  which  rise  up  nearly  2,000  feet  above  the  valley,  has  its  sides 
formed  by  the  steeply  upturned  strata  of  the  coal  measures,  which  quickly 
flatten  out  in  either  direction  from  the  valley  escarpment.  The  average 


28 


RESOURCES  OE  TENNESSEE. 


height  of  the  plateau  along  this  valley  is  about  1,000  feet,  but  on  the  east- 
ern side  going  north,  one  sees  an  imposing  array  of  knobs,  which  extend 
u])  about  1,500  feet.  These  knobs,  as  well  as  the  Crab  Orchard  Mountains 
at  the  head  of  the  valley,  are  the  remnants  of  the  anticlinal  mountain 
that  once  existed  here.  In  the  Crab  Orchard  Mountains,  which  rise  above 
the  general  level  of  the  plateau,  we  do  not  get  the  higher  coal  measures^ 
but  instead  the  lower  ones  lifted  about  800  feet  above  their  general  level 
in  the  Southern  Tennessee  field. 

In  the  coves  and  passes  of  these  mountains  is  the  only  place  where  lime- 
stone occurs  on  top  of  the  plateau.  At  one  place  it  forms  the  floor  of  a 
large  cove  of  over  8,000  acres,  which  is  completely  surrounded  by  moun- 
tains, and  is  drained  by  the  waters  passing  into  a large  limestone  cavern. 
The  exit  from  this  cavern  is  in  the  head  of  Sequatchie  Valley,  where  the 
water  comes  out  as  a large  spring. 

Drainage. — All  of  the  drainage  of  the  plateau  is  cared  for  by  the  tribu- 
taries of  either  the  Tennessee  or  Cumberland  rivers.  In  the  field  south 
of  the  Tennessee  Central  Railroad,  all  of  the  drainage,  southeast  of  a 
line  extending  from  the  Tracy  City  branch  of  the  Nashville,  Chattanooga 
& St.  Louis  Railroad  to  the  Crab  Orchard  Alountains,  is  into  the  Ten- 
nessee River ; the  remainder  of  the  plateau  is  drained  by  streams  flowing 
into  the  Caney  Fork,  a tributary  of  the  Cumberland. 

On  Walden  Ridge,  the  watershed  is  never  more  than  a half  mile  from 
the  escarpment  along  the  Sequatchie  Valley,  practically  all  of  the  drain- 
age going  directly  into  the  Tennessee  River,  through  White,  Fall,  Piney,. 
Roaring,  Rocky,  Opossum,  Soddy,  Chickamauga  and  Suck  creeks,  and 
their  tributaries.  All  of  these  creeks  have  formed  deep  and  narrow 
gorges,  which  wind  into  the  ridge  and  afford  suitable  places  to  tap  the  coat 
measures.  The  early  development  of  the  coal  fields  of  Walden  Ridge,  was. 
due  primarily  to  this  fact.  The  short  streams  that  flow  down  the  west, 
side  of  the  ridge,  empty  into  the  Sequatchie  River,  a tributary  of  the 
Tennessee.  The  long  drainage  to  the  east  on  Walden  Ridge,  is  due  to 
the  surface  of  the  ridge  being  practically  a dip  slope,  extending  from  the 
knobs  along  the  Sequatchie  Valley  to  the  eastern  escarpment,  a distance 
of  from  eight  to  ten  miles.  The  water  ran  down  this  slope  and  gradually 
cut  down  the  deep  gorges  of  the  present. 

In  the  northern  part  of  the  Sequatchie  Valley,  the  drainage  on  the 
western  side  is  as  short  as  on  the  eastern  side,  but  southward  the  drain- 
age area  increases,  the  creeks  becoming  larger.  Near  the  southern  end,, 
Little  Sequatchie  River  and  Battle  and  Crow  creeks  are  from  15  to  25 
miles  long.  These  flow  nearly  south  and  drain  the  southern  part  of  the 
Sewanee  Basin.  The  divide  between  the  gorges  of  these  streams  flowing 


S()UTllb:RN  COM.  b'lElA)  TICNN iCSSl^'JC 


29 


south  and  the  ones  llowing-  north  is  very  narrow  and  from  a half  mile  to 
several  miles  wide. 

The  drainage  of  the  western  edge  of  the  plateau  is  through  Cancy 
Fork,  which  rises  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Cumberland  County;  and 
its  tributaries,  of  which  tlie  main  ones  are  Calf  Killer,  Rocky,  Collins, 
and  Elk  rivers.  These  so-called  rivers  have  cut  deeply  into  the  plateau, 
and  are  the  largest  and  longest  streams  of  the  area.  The  gorge  or  ‘‘gulf” 
as  it  is  called,  of  the  Caney  Fork  is  deep  and  narrow,  and  cuts  directly  into 
the  heart  of  the  mountains  and  down  through  the  coal  measures  into  the 
underlying  limestones.  In  this  gorge  the  Caney  Fork  flows  in  places  on 
the  surface,  in  places  through  underground  channels,  until  it  reaches  the 
edge  of  the  plateau,  where  it  is  a turbulant  stream  with  a large  volume  of 
water,  soon  to  be  utilized  by  the  erection  of  an  80,000  horse-power  hydro- 
electric plant,  which  will  furnish  power  to  the  country  in  a radius  of  sev- 
eral hundred  miles. 

Southward  along  the  western  edge,  the  “gulfs”  become  wider,  and 
long,  wide  coves,  that  cut  up  this  part  of  the  field  into  a dendritic-like  area 
from  which  much  of  the  coal  has  been  removed,  make  their  appearance. 
These  streams  carry  large  amounts  of  water  in  the  winter  and  spring 
months,  but  during  the  summer  and  autumn  become  very  low,  many  of 
their  branches  on  the  mountain  drying  up  entirely.  Much  of  the  water 
that  falls  on  the  plateau  soaks  into  the  ground,  and  down  to  the  limestone, 
where  after  passing  through  underground  channels  or  caves,  it  comes  out 
as  deep-seated  springs.  Many  caves  occur  around  the  base  of  the  plateau, 
some  of  which  contain  deposits  of  alum,  saltpeter  and  cave  onyx. 

GEOLOGY. 

Kinds  of  rock. — The  Cumberland  Mountains,  which  are  the  depository 
of  Tennessee’s  seams  of  coal,  are  of  Carboniferous  age.  The  rocks  are 
all  of  sedimentary  origin  and  consist  of  more  or  less  pure  layers  of  lime- 
stone, shale  and  sandstone.  The  valleys  and  lower  slopes  of  the  moun- 
tains are  of  limestones  and  shales  interbedded.  The  upper  part  of  the 
slopes  and  the  top  of  the  plateau  are  composed  of  a series  of  sandstones 
and  shales.  It  is  in  these  shales  that  the  coal  seams  occur.  In  the  south- 
ern part  of  the  field  the  sandstones,  shales  and  coals  vary  in  some  particu- 
lars from  the  same  measures  in  the  central  part  of  the  field,  that  is,  in 
Cumberland  County.  In  Marion  County  the  lower  series  of  sandstone, 
shales  and  coals  are  well  developed,  while  the  higher  members  have  been 
almost  entirely  eroded. 

In  Cumberland  County  and  vicinity,  the  lower  measures  are  largely 
wanting.  The  upper  members,  which  capped  only  the  low  hills  on  the 


30 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


Cumberland  Plateau  in  the  southern  section,  cover  the  entire  plateau  sur- 
face in  the  central  part  of  the  field.  These  upper  members  contain  many 
coal  seams.  Several  of  these  seams  are  workable  and  well  known  mines 
arc  located  upon  them. 

In  the  preceding  discussion  the  southern  field  is  shown  to  differ  con- 
siderably in  its  northern  and  southern  parts.  In  the  discussion  of  the 
geology  and  coals,  the  southern  field  will  be  divided  into  three  districts, 
as  follows:  Tracy  City,  Bon  Air  and  Walden  Ridge. 

1 racy  City  district — geology. — The  geology  of  this  region  is  well  shown 
by  two  sections,  one  at  Tracy  City,  the  other  at  Orme.  The  main  rock  is 
a very  heavy  conglomeratic  sandstone  known  as  the  Sewanee  sandstone 
about  100  feet  thick.  # 

As  the  Sewanee  conglomerate  is  traced  northward,  it  thickens  consid- 
erably, and  at  the  falls  on  Fall  and  Cane  creeks  in  Van  Buren  County  it 
is  300  feet  thick.  Here  it  is  a mass  of  hard  rocks,  with  a well  developed 
conglomeratic  phase.  Still  further  northward  from  this  point,  the  sand- 
stone divides  into  an  upper  and  low  member,  with  a 60-foot  shale  inter- 
vening. This  was  seen  in  the  gorge  of  Bee  Creek  at  Herbert.  On  Cane 
Creek,  the  300- foot  sandstone  mentioned  is  the  first  sandstone  which  oc- 
curs above  the  limestone.  The  upper  50  or  75  feet  of  this  mass  is  a soft 
honey-combed  sandstone  which  contains  a large  per  cent,  of  efflorescent 
material,  probably  epsom  salts.  Just  above  the  Sewanee  conglomerate, 
lies  a shale  in  which  occurs  the  main  coals  of  this  region,  called  the  Se- 
wanee coal.  There  is  sometimes  a coal  lead  directly  on  top  of  the  Se- 
wanee sandstone.  The  lower  Sewanee  occurs  30  feet  above  the  conglom- 
erate, while  the  upper  Sewanee  occurs  30  feet  higher.  There  sometimes 
occurs  a thin,  shaly  sandstone  between  the  upper  and  lower  Sewanee  coals. 
The  shale  member  extends  up  some  distance  above  the  upper  Sewanee 
coal,  and  is  overlaid  by  an  80-  to  140- foot  sandstone,  which  is  soft  and 
coarse,  and  colored  red  or  orange  in  places. 

Below  the  Sewanee  conglomerate,  occurs  a series  of  sandstones  and 
shales,  which  extend  down  to  the  limestone,  reached  at  a distance  of 
about  200  feet.  The  sandstones  are  non-conglomeratic,  hard,  and  fairly 
pure.  The  shales  all  contain  thin  seams  of  coal  which  come  and  go.  The 
only  place  at  which  any  of  these  lower  seams  is  mined  commercially  is  at 
Orme,  Tenn.  This  seam  occurs  directly  under  the  first  sandstone  below  the 
Sewanee  conglomerate.  All  the  other  seams  are  too  thin  to  work. 

Tracy  City  district — structure. — The  rocks  in  this  region  have  only  very 
low  general  dips  except  along  the  southeastern  edge  of  the  area,  where 
part  of  the  western  limb  of  the  low  anticlinal  fold,  which  formed  the 
Sequatchie  Valley,  still  remains  uneroded  and  forms  the  escarpment  to 
the  valley. 


SOUTH b:KN  COM.  FIELD  OF  TENNESSIHC 


31 


At  Altaniont  in  the  center  of  Grundy  County,  limestone  occurs  in  the 
bed  of  a stream,  but  whether  this  is  due  to  a fault,  or  is  a lens  of  cal- 
carions  material  lying  in  the  coal  measures  at  this  point  has  not  been  de- 
termined. 

Bon  Air  district — geology. — This  region  contains  a much  thicker  coal 
section  than  the  southern  area  just  discussed.  Nearly  all  of  the  sand- 
stones are  conglomeratic  in  some  locality,  but  often  where  one  of  them 
is  markedly  so  the  other  members  are  lacking  in  this  character.  Sections 
at  Bon  Air,  Clifty  and  Crab  Orchard  show  in  general  the  rocks  as  they 
occur  in  this  area. 

The  section  at  Bon  Air  shows  the  main  sandstone  of  this  region.  It  is 
a heavy,  hard  sandstone,  about  100  feet  thick,  with  a conglomeratic  phase 
near  the  top.  This  sandstone  forms  a high  bluff  over  a wide  area.  The 
pebbles  are  white  quartz  and  vary  in  size  up  to  about  one-half  inch  in 
diameter.  Between  the  sandstone  and  the  underlying  limestone,  there 
occurs  only  one  shale,  which  varies  from  dark  to  light  bluish-gray.  It  is 
in  this  shale  that  the  well  known  Bon  Air  coals  occur.  The  upper  Bon 
Air  seam  lies  53  feet  below  the  bottom  of  the  overlying  sandstone,  while 
the  lower  Bon  Air  seam  is  about  20  feet  beneath.  There  is  a third  seam 
at  this  locality  that  rests  on  the  limestone  which  occurs  six  feet  beneath 
the  lower  Bon  Air  coal.  It  would  be  well  to  state  that  another  vein  of 
coal  occurs  at  many  places  in  this  locality  just  below  the  heavy  100-foot 
sandstone.  This  is  the  Ravenscroft  coal. 

At  Clifty,  a mining  town  in  Cumberland  and  White  counties,  a good 
section  occurs,  which  is  shown  above.  The  lowest  rock  is  a very  heavy 
conglomerate,  which  occurs  in  the  bed  of  Caney  Fork  River  at  this  point. 
The  limestone  comes  in  just  below  this  sandstone,  but  it  is  not  seen  at 
this  point.  Above  this  is  a 60-foot  shale,  very  clayey  and  bluish-gray  in 
color,  which  contains  red  bands  of  about  one  inch  thickness.  It  is  possi- 
ble that  a coal  occurs  in  this  shale  near  the  top.  The  next  member  of  the 
series  is  a 40-foot  sandstone  composed  of  thin  and  heavy  beds  containing 
shale  partings  in  its  lower  half.  In  color,  it  is  yellowish,  with  shades  of 
red. 

Above  this  sandstone,  occurs  a 60-foot  clay  shale,  grayish  in  color, 
containing  locally  a thin  sandstone,  which  appears  about  20  feet  from 
the  base  of  the  shale.  In  this  shale  occurs  the  workable  coal  of  this  local- 
ity, which  is  about  15  feet  above  the  underlying  sandstone.  This  is  the 
Clifty  coal.  At  the  base  of  this  shale  occurs  another  coal  seam.  The 
next  member  of  the  series  is  a heavy,  coarse  sandstone,  50  feet  thick, 
which  caps  the  tops  of  the  hills  at  Clifty.  Where  none  of  it  has  been 
eroded,  it  reaches  a thickness  of  100  feet.  From  work  done  by  Mr. 


32 


RESOURCES  OE  TENNESSEE. 


J. 


Z07S- 


/300 


o.  P:.0. 
c VI.P.  • 
pee 


appc"/- 


f&8S- 


/800r 


Beff/eCnee^ 
Coa/ 


/700- 


CobJ- 

Coa/ 


1.  Section  at  Tracy  City, 
Grundy  County. 

2.  Section  at  the  mines  at 
Orme,  Marion  Co.  The 
upper  conglomerate  forms 
to  top  of  the  mountain. 

3.  Section  at  Dunlap,  Se- 
quatchie County,  taken  up 
the  incline  of  the  South- 
ern Coal  Co.  to  the  Dun- 
lap coal.  The  upper  part 
was  seen  further  back  on 
the  mountain. 


f3oc 


/B?s 


Caj/ 


/BOO 


Coj/ 


/700 


Doehp  Soa/ 


Coa/ 


Coo/ 


/ 700-' 


/60(r 


CeoJ 

Coa/ 


/socr 


Cea/ 

Coa/ 


Section  from  drill  hole  No. 
45  of  Bon  Air  Coal  & Iron 
Co.  made  near  Bon  Air 
shaft  mine. 

Section  at  Clifty  from 
Caney  Fork  River  to  top 
of  Pilot  Knob. 


7 


G-a  G-d. 


S. 


6-a-b.  Section  along  T.  C.  R.  R.  just  west  of  Crab  Orchard. 


7.  Section  up  incline  of  New  Etna  Coal  Co.  at  Whiteside, 
Marion  County. 


8.  Section  from  the  top  of  the  mountains  back  to  Soddy 
mines,  and  down  to  the  bottom  of  the  incline  of  the  Dur- 
ham Coal  Co.,  Soddy,  Hamilton  County. 


9.  Section  at  Graysville,  taken  from  Vol.  I,  p.  120,  “Re- 
sources of  Tennessee.” 


34 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


Chas.  Butts  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  and  by  the  author  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1911,  it  appears  that  the  Clifty  and  Bon  Air  seams  are  the  same. 

The  sixth  section  given,  was  taken  along  the  Tennessee  Central  Rail- 
road just  west  of  Crab  Orchard,  Cumberland  County,  where  the  rocks 
are  exposed  on  end,  and  have  dips  of  from  15  to  75  degrees  approximate- 
ly west.  The  entire  series  of  the  coal  measures  are  brought  to  the  sur- 
face and  crossed  by  the  railroad  in  several  cuts  at  this  place. 

At  the  base  of  the  section  is  a heavy  sandstone  conglomerate,  which 
dips  about  75  degrees.  Just  to  the  east  is  a slight  fault,  and  the  next 
rocks  seen  are  the  limestones  which  underlie  the  coal  measures.  The  up- 
per several  hundred  feet  of  the  section  is  composed  of  a series  of  clayey 
sandstones,  and  sandy  shales.  The  characteristic  red  or  orange  color  of 
these  sandy  shales  can  not  be  mistaken  after  they  have  once  been  seen. 
The  top  sandstone  is  the  Rockcastle  sandstone,  mentioned  in  several  of 
the  U.  S.  Geological  folios  of  this  region. 

Bon  Air  region — structure. — In  most  of  this  region  the  rocks  are  nearly 
level,  and  the  dips  are  so  slight  that  one  can  tell  that  the  rocks  rise  or 
fall  only  by  comparing  their  elevation  above  sea  level  at  points  a half 
mile  or  more  apart.  As  before  mentioned,  the  rocks  along  the  Sequatchie 
\^alley  dip  steeply  to  the  west,  but  they  flatten  out  at  a distance  of  a half 
mile  from  the  escarpment.  From  the  head  of  the  Sequatchie  Valley  to 
Crab  Orchard,  along  the  west  edge  of  the  Crab  Orchard  Mountains,  the 
same  conditions  prevail.  The  fault  which  lies  on  the  western  side  of  Se- 
quatchie Valley  also  extends  northeastward  along  the  western  edge  of 
Crab  Orchard  Mountains,  and  has  been  noted  at  several  points.  Another 
fault  was  recently  traced  and  mapped  by  Mr.  Chas.  Butts,  of  the  U.  S.  Ge- 
ological Survey,  and  the  writer  in  the  summer  of  1911.  It  occurs  in  Gum- 
berland  County  and  extends  in  a southwest  direction  from  a point  just 
south  of  Crossville  to  near  the  place  where  Cumberland,  Bledsoe  and  Van 
Buren  counties  meet.  This  zone  of  disturbance  passes  just  west  of  Lan- 
tana,  Cumberland  County,  where  it  is  well  marked. 

Walden  Ridge  district — gaology. — This  area  is  a long  narrow  ridge  cut 
off  from  the  Cumberland  Mountains  on  the  west  by  the  Sequatchie  Val- 
ley, and  extending  northeast  parallel  to  and  along  the  eastern  edge  of  the 
Cumberland  Mountains  to  Morgan  County.  The  Raccoon  Mountains, 
which  lie  just  south  of  the  ridge  and  west  of  Chattanooga,  will  also  be 
considered  under  this  head. 

In  the  southern  part  of  this  area  the  sandstones  on  Walden  Ridge  have 
thickened  considerably.  This  is  well  shown  on  Lookout  iMountain, 
an  outlier  of  the  ridge,  where  the  main  bluff  is  over  200  feet  high.  On 
the  ridge  proper,  just  north  of  Chattanooga,  the  sandstones  are  still  very 
thick,  and  at  Suck  Creek  a bluff  was  noted  nearly  200  feet  thick.  As  you 


SOUTH  ICkN  COAL  V\K\A)  OF  TF:NNJ^.SSIUC 


35 


go  nortliward  the  conditions  change  and  the  main  sandstones  thin  consid- 
erably. 

Sections  seven,  eight,  and  nine  show  to  best  advantage  the  conditions 
as  they  exist  in  this  area. 

The  Etna  section  was  made  along  the  incline  of  the  New  Etna  mines 
at  Whiteside,  IMarion  Comity.  The  lowest  rocks  here  exposed  are  thin 
beds  of  sandstone  and  shales  with  a few  thin  coal  seams.  The  Etna  coal, 
the  first  coal  worked,  occurs  in  the  lower  half  of  the  section  at  the  base 
of  a heavy  sandstone  about  100  feet  thick,  which  here  stands  out  as  a 
high  bluff.  Several  feet  of  thin-bedded,  hard  flagstones  lie  at  the  base 
of  this  thick  bedded  sandstone.  At  the  point  where  this  section  was  made, 
there  were  no  signs  of  a conglomeratic  phase,  but  about  one  mile  from 
here  two  such  well  marked  bands  were  found  near  the  base  of  the  bluff. 
They  were  approximately  four  feet  thick,  and  separated  by  about  15  feet 
of  sandstone.  The  gray  shale  in  which  the  coal  occurs,  is  sandy  in  places, 
and  has  a slaty  appearance.  Below  this  is  a thin-bedded,  whitish-gray, 
pure  sandstone.  About  150  feet  above  the  top  of  the  first  heavy  bluff, 
another  bluff-forming  sandstone  occurs.  Between  these  two  bluff's  are  a 
few  sandy  shales  and  shaly  sandstones.  A heavy-bedded,  massive  sand- 
stone about  100  feet  thick  composes  the  upper  bluff.  It  is  coarse  grained 
and  soft  in  many  places,  and  has  a yellow  color,  which  occasionally  has  a 
reddish  tinge.  Directly  on  top  of  this  upper  sandstone  bluff  occurs  the 
Kelley  eoal,  the  principal  seam  of  this  region.  Two  other  coals  lie  in  this 
80- foot  shale,  whose  lower  part  is  very  sandy.  The  next  member  of  the 
series  is  a heavy  50-foot  sandstone,  which  caps  the  hills  at  this  point. 
There  are  twelve  seams  of  coal  that  were  noted  in  this  section. 

The  Soddy  seetion  was  made  up  the  incline  to  the  Soddy  mines,  and 
from  thence  along  the  road  to  the  top  of  the  mountain.  The  lower  300 
feet  of  the  section  is  composed  of  thin,  alternating  beds  of  sandstones  and 
shales.  These  thin,  white,  or  light-yellow  sandstones  are  often  either 
rippled-marked  or  cross-bedded.  The  shales,  which  contain  a few  thin 
coals,  are  often  sandy  and  generally  have  a yellowish-gray  color.  Above 
this  series  is  a thick  100-foot  sandstone,  the  lower  40  feet  of  which  makes 
a thick,  cross-bedded,  hard,  sandstone  bluff.  The  upper  part  of  this  bed 
is  composed  of  a thinly  laminated  cross-bedded  sandstone  with  shaly 
streaks  intervening.  The  next  member  of  the  section  is  a thick,  bluish- 
gray,  clayey  shale  containing  the  Soddy  coal,  which  occurs  15  feet  above 
the  underlying  sandstone.  The  lower  50  feet  of  this  shale,  contains  sev- 
eral thin  sandstone  bands.  Above  this  is  a thin  sandstone,  overlaid  by 
about  60  feet  of  iron-stained  gray  shale,  partly  sandy,  and  partly  clayey. 
Twenty  feet  from  the  top  of  this  shale  is  a coal  seam.  Overlying  the 
shale  is  a hard,  cross-bedded,  yellow  sandstone,  50  feet  thick,  which  some- 


36 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


times  forms  a low  cliff.  This  is  followed  by  120  feet  of  covered  moun- 
tain side,  which  is  i)robably  a sandy  shale.  Above  this  and  ca])ping-  the 
mountain  is  a heavy  and  massive  yellowish-white,  bluff-forming  sand- 
stone conglomerate.  It  is  full  of  white  quartz  pebbles,  up  to  an  eighth 
of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  in  places,  the  upper  portion  of  the  bed  shows 
a few  mud  cracks. 

The  last  section  is  one  taken  near  Graysville,  where  they  are  mining 
the  lower  measures,  and  is  very  similar  to  the  one  at  Soddy.  A descrip- 
tion of  this  area  occurs  in  Volume  I,  Resources  of  Tennessee,  pages  117 
to  163. 

Walden  Ridge — structure. — The  rocks  of  the  ridge  have  a gradual 
southeastward  dip  from  the  Sequatchie  Valley,  where  the  layers  of  sand- 
stones and  shales  are  steeply  upturned  toward  the  west.  One-half  a mile 
from  this  valley  escarpment  the  rocks  appear  to  lie  flat,  but  at  that  point 
an  almost  perfect  dip  slope  sets  in  across  the  ridge,  which  extends  within 
one  mile  of  the  eastern  bluffs,  at  which  point  the  rocks  are  300  feet  lower. 
Again  on  the  eastern  edge  of  the  ridge  the  rocks  have  steep  dips,  but  in  a 
northwestern  direction.  Walden  Ridge  is  really  a syncline  with  a long 
western  and  short  eastern  slope.  On  account  of  this  eastern  slope,  the 
mines  on  the  eastern  side  are  located  in  the  heads  of  the  ravines  where  the 
rocks  are  more  level. 

COAL  VEINS. 

TRACY  CITY  DISTRICT. 

In  this  report  the  Tracy  City  district  includes  all  of  Crundy  County  and 
parts  of  Bledsoe,  Franklin,  Marion  and  Sequatchie  counties.  The  reason 
for  thus  grouping  them  is  that  the  coal  development  in  these  southern 
counties  has  all  been  partly  correlated  with  old  workings  at  Tracy  City,' 
where  the  Sewanee  coal  is  mined. 

Workable  seams. — In  this  area  the  Sewanee  coal  is  the  main  workable 
seam.  The  only  other  seam  worked  south  of  Tracy  City  is  one  of  the 
lower  veins  known  as  the  Battle  Creek  coal.  These  two  coals  are  easily 
located,  for  their  horizon  varies  very  little. 

Scioancc  coal. — The  main  Sewanee  seam  occurs  about  50  feet  above  the 
top  of  the  only  heavy  sandstone  conglomerate  of  this  area.  This  sand- 
stone is  here  coincident  with  and  forms  the  surface  of  most  of  the  gen- 
eral plateau,  and  on  it  lies  numerous  low  hills,  the  only  remnants  that  are 
left  of  the  higher  measures.  It  is  in  these  hills  that  the  Sewanee  coal 
seams  are  found.  Only  the  upper  vein,  which  varies  greatly  in  thickness, 
is  worked.  Although  many  measurements  show  the  seam  to  be  five  or 
six  feet,  and  some  as  high  as  ten  or  more  feet,  the  general  average  is 


Entrance  to  Battle  Creek  Coal  Co.’s  mine  at  Orme,  Tenn. 


Inside  of  mine  at  Orme,  Tenn.,  showing  20-foot  vein  of  coal. 


38 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


from  three  to  three  and  a half  feet.  The  floor  of  the  seam  is  a very  • 
plastic  grayish-white  clay,  or  a gray  shale.  Above  the  seam  is  a very 
fossiliferous  gray  shale,  carrying  a large  variety  of  plant  impressions. 

Battle  Creek  coal. — The  horizon  of  this  coal,  as  already  mentioned,  is 
at  the  base  of  the  first  heavy  sandstone  below  the  Sewanee  conglomerate, 
which  also  forms  the  main  bluff  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  coal  field. 
This  seam  is  one  of  the  most  uncertain  veins  worked  in  Tennessee,  for  it 
varies  greatly  in  thickness,  changing  in  a few  feet  from  the  thickness  of 
a pencil-mark  to  a 20- foot  vein.  The  troughs  in  which  the  coal  occurs 
extend  in  a direction  north  50  degrees  east.  In  places  the  coal  in  the 
rolls  is  solid,  but  at  other  points  the  hard  coal  is  divided  into  four  benches 
of  about  the  same  thickness,  separated  from  each  other  by  an  inch  or  two 
of  soft  bony  coal.  At  the  base  of  the  lowest  hard  coal  bench,  there  oc- 
curs in  places  a bench  of  soft  coal  which  varies  from  nothing  to  two  feet 
in  thickness.  Again  small  lenses  of  cannel  coal  occur,  entirely  surrounded 
by  the  hard  coal.  There  is  very  little  kidney  sulphur  present,  but  sulphur 
occurs  in  the  form  of  flakes.  The  coal  is  hard  bituminous,  and  shows 
practically  no  slacking  on  exposure. 

The  roof  of  the  seam  is  hard,  fairly  pure  sandstone,  while  the  floor  is 
sandstone  where  that  is  not  overlaid  by  several  feet  of  grayish-white  clay. 
This  clay  occurs  as  a rule  where  the  coal  is  thin,  and  even  then  it  often 
is  lacking.  The  horizon  of  this  coal  underlies  the  whole  southern  part  of 
the  plateau  and  has  been  widely  prospected,  but  ha^  not  up  to  the  present 
been  found  in  quantities  favorable  for  mining,  except  at  Orme,  Tenn. 

Some  other  coals  are  worked  in  this  district,  but  as  this  is  done  only  in 
Bledsoe  County,  these-^geams  will  be  described  under  the  description  of 
that  county.  They  are  the^Richland,  Morgan  Springs  and  Angel  coals. 

EXTENT  OF  COAL  MINES. 

Bledsoe  County. — This  county  is  divided  into  three  sections  extending 
in  a northeast  and  southwest  direction ; they  are  the  western  third,  lo- 
cated on  the  Cumberland  Mountains,  the  central  third  in  the  Sequatchie 
Valley,  and  the  eastern  part  on  Walden  Ridge.  The  horizon  of  the  Se- 
wanee coal  underlies  most  of  this  county  on  the  Cumberland  IMountains. 
Active  mining  is  carried  on  only  at  Atpontley,  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
county.  The  rocks  at  this  point  dip  somewhat,  and  as  in  other  places  on 
the  edge  of  Sequatchie  Valley,  mining  conditions  are  far  from  ideal. 

The  coal,  which  is  somewhat  mashed,  ranges  from  three  inches  to  six 
feet,  and  contains  a clay  parting  which  varies  from  one  to  twelve  inches. 
This  parting  occurs  anywhere  from  the  top  to  the  bottom  of  the  seam. 
The  coal  is  probably  the  Sewanee  seam. 


S()Utiii^:rn  coal  \uk\a)  of  tp:nnicssp:ic 


39 


The  area  around  I’ikeville  reeenlly  has  l)een  thorouf^hly  diseussed  l)y 
W.  C.  IMialen,  of  the  U.  S.  (L'ologieal  Survey,  in  an  article  which  a])- 
peared  in  X'olnine  1,  No.  4,  Resources  of  Toinessee,  which  can  l)e  obtained 
from  the  State  Ceologist.  The  Richland  and  Angel  coals  are  the  main 
veins  described  in  this  paper.  The  Richland  is  probably  the  same  as  the 
lowest  Sewanee  coal,  as  it  occurs  directly  on  top  of  the  Sewanee  con- 
glomerate, while  the  Angel  coal  occurs  just  below  that  formation  and  is 
a very  persistent  seam.  The  Alorgan  Springs  coal,  which  lies  directly  un- 
der the  upper  cliff- forming  sandstone  has  not  exceeded  two  feet  in  thick- 
ness wherever  prospected.  It  is  a good  clean  coal,  and  may  occur  in  some 
localities  in  workable  thickness.  The  Angel  bed  is  being  worked  in  an 
8- foot  vein  on  the  Stephen  Gap  road,  in  Bledsoe  County,  just  below  the 
county’s  northern  line,  where  it  is  mashed  and  dips  about  25  degrees.  The 
Richland  coal  is  only  about  two  feet  thick  around  Pikeville.  The  main 
or  upper  Sewanee  is  the  principal  coal  and  has  been  opened  in  numerous 
places,  along  the  western  boundary  of  the  county,  where  the  seam  is  well 
developed,  and  shows  from  three  to  four  feet  of  coal  in  many  prospects. 

On  the  State  coal  lands  of  the  Herbert  Domain,  in  the  northwestern 
part  of  the  county  near  Herbert,  the  coal  in  one  opening  shows  a thick- 
ness of  71  inches,  but  at  this  point  the  rocks  are  slightly  mashed  and  the 
thickness  of  the  coal  is  abnormal. 

Franklin  County. — The  Sewanee  coal  occurs  in  this  county  only  in  three 
comparatively  small  hills  between  the  town  of  Sewanee  and  the  county 
line  just  east  of  it.  The  Nashville,  Chattanooga  and  St.  Louis  railroad 
cuts  through  a sag  in  one  of  these  hills,  at  which  point  the  coal  outcrop 
can  be  seen.  Practically  all  of  the  coal  has  been  worked  out  of  these  hills, 
and  the  mines  abandoned.  It  is  from  these  deposits  that  this  coal  gets 
its  name,  although  the  original  Sewanee  mines  were  in  the  coal  seam  at 
present  called  the  Battle  Creek  coal. 

Several  spurs  of  the  Cumberland  Plateau,  which  contain  the  coal  veins 
below  the  Sewanee  conglomerate,  extend  out  into  Franklin  County.  Such 
is  the  spur  up  which  the  Nashville,  Chattanooga  and  St.  Louis  railroad 
branch  line  from  Cowan  to  Tracy  City  runs,  and  on  which  the  town  of 
Sewanee  is  located.  The  one  of  the  ramifications  of  this  ridge  which  ex- 
tends south  from  Sewanee  along  the  county  line,  also  contains  the  Battle 
Creek  seam.  West  of  the  main  line  of  the  Nashville,  Chattanooga  and 
St.  Louis  railroad  from  the  Cowan  tunnel  to  the  Tennessee-Alabama 
state  line,  are  some  outliers  of  the  Cumberland  Mountains,  which  are 
capped  by  the  lower  coal  measures  in  which  the  Battle  Creek  seat  i has 
been  prospected,  without  success. 

Grundy  County. — All  of  the  county  that  lies  on  the  plateau  is  under- 
laid by  the  lower  measures,  which  contain  several  seams,  none  of  which 


40 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


have  been  found  workable.  The  Sewanee  coal  is  worked  extensively  in 
this  county,  at  Tracy  City,  Coalinont  and  Clouse  Hill.  The  main  opera- 
tions are  now  at  Coalinont  and  around  Tracy  City.  Circling  around  the 
eastern  side  of  Tracy  City  and  from  there  extending  northward  about 
six  miles  is  a long  narrow  ridge,  which  at  its  end  spreads  out  and  covers 
several  square  miles,  and  is  underlaid  with  the  Sewanee  coal.  The  mines 
at  Coalinont  are  situated  at  its  northern  end.  East  of  Coalinont  and  along 
the  county  line  is  an  area  in  Grundy  County  a mile  or  more  wide,  which 
also  contains  the  Sewanee  coal.  The  lack  of  a railroad  in  this  territory 
is  all  that  has  prevented  the  development  of  this  section. 

Marion  County. — The  part  of  this  county  that  lies  on  the  Cumberland 
^Mountains  is  greatly  cut  up  by  the  ravines  and  coves  which  ramify  back 
and  forth  into  the  plateau.  The  upper  measures  have  been  eroded  away 
from  most  of  this  county,  but  two  small  areas  occur  on  the  promontory 
between  the  Little  Sequatchie  River  and  Fiery  Grizzard  Creek.  The  road 
from  Sequatchie  to  Tracy  City  passes  over  one  of  these  areas,  while  to  the 
other  there  is  an  extension  of  the  Nashville,  Chattanooga  and  St.  Louis 
railroad  from  Tracy  City.  A large  area  of  Sewanee  coal  exists  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  county  on  the  spur  of  the  mountain  between  the  Lit- 
tle Sequatchie  River  and  the  Sequatchie  Valley.  The  mines  at  Whitwell 
are  located  on  this  area.  There  is  a large  body  of  coal  in  this  region,  and 
development  is  only  held  back  by  lack  of  transportation. 

The  Battle  Creek  coal  is  worked  at  Orme,  Tennessee,  in  the  southwest- 
ern corner  of  the  county,  as  has  already  been  mentioned.  In  the  past,  a 
number  of  mines  have  operated  on  the  coal  in  this  area,  which  is  that  part 
of  the  Cumberland  jMountains  which  lies  from  South  Pittsburg  west  to 
the  county  line. 

Sequatchie  County. — This  county  is  divided  into  three  natural  divisions 
by  the  topography  of  the  region.  The  western  third  lies  on  the  Cumber- 
land Mountain,  the  central  third  lies  in  the  Sequatchie  Valley,  and  the 
eastern  third  on  Walden  Ridge.  The  Sewanee  seams  occupy  practically 
the  entire  part  of  the  county  that  lies  on  the  mountain.  Drill  records 
show  a vein  of  good  thickness.  Mining  is  carried  on  at  only  one  place, 
Dunlap,  where  the  coal  is  48  inches  thick.  At  the  mine  entrance  the  seam 
is  split  by  an  18-foot  clay  lens,  which  thins  down  to  three  inches  toward 
the  north  and  disappears  entirely  towards  the  west.  A section  is  given 
at  this  point  on  page  32,  which  shows  rashy  coal  40  inches  thick  just 
above  the  heavy  Sewanee  conglomerate.  At  a distance  of  40  feet  above 
the  conglomerate,  the  main  Sewanee  seam  occurs.  Instead  of  the  sand- 
stone above  this  shale  capping  the  highest  hills  of  the  mountain  as  it  does 
around  Tracy  City,  the  measures  rise  higher,  and  one  finds  at  this  point 
another  thick  shale  in  which  three  coal  veins  occur.  The  lower  of  these 


SOUTH p:rn  com.  ihih.d  oi'  ticnnicssihc 


41 


scams  lies  directly  on  top  of  the  first  sandstone  above  the  conglomerate, 
and  at  this  ])oint  measures  LS  inches,  d'hirty-fivc  feet  hii^her,  occurs  the 
second  seam,  which  is  20  inches  thick,  but  made  up  entirely  of  rash  coal. 
At  the  top  of  this  shale  about  70  feet  hi[;her,  is  the  third  seam,  containin<^ 
18  inches  of  coal,  directly  underlying;-  the  cap  rock  of  the  mountain,  which 
is  a soft,  white,  coarse  sandstone.  North  from  this  county  the  same  con- 
ditions prevail.  These  upper  coals  are  found  in  many  of  the  hills  while 
those  below  the  Sewanee  conglomerate,  as  elsewhere,  occur  in  irregular 
pockety  seams. 


P.ON  AIR  DISTRICT. 

This  District  is  comprised  of  that  part  of  Cumberland  and  Putnam 
counties  south  of  the  Tennessee  Central  Railroad,  and  the  part  of  Van 
Buren  and  White  counties  that  lies  on  the  plateau. 

Workable  coals. — The  main  coals  of  this  area  are  the  Bon  Air  coals. 
They  are  extensively  mined  at  and  around  the  town  of  Bon  Air,  where 
they  occur  in  the  shale  under  the  first  heavy  bluff- forming  sandstone.  At 
the  top  of  this  shale  the  Ravenscroft  coal  occurs. 

Ravcnscroft  coal. — The  Ravenscroft  coal,  which  averages  54  inches,  is 
a hard,  bituminous  coal,  containing-  some  sulphur,  and  makes  an  espe- 
cially good  domestic  fuel.  It  is  covered  by  a sandstone  roof  and  has  a 
bluish-gray,  clay  floor.  In  i)laces  there  occurs  several  inches  of  rash  at 
the  base  of  the  coal. 

Boji  Air  coals. — There  are  two  Bon  Air  coal  seams,  an  upper  and  a 
lower,  which  are  separated  by  about  20  feet  of  clay  and  shale.  In  places 
the  upper  seam  is  worked,  and  again  it  is  the  lower  vein  which  is  the  thick- 
er. Often  there  is  a third  seam,  or  one  might  say  an  under  rider  of  the 
lower  Bon  Air,  which  occurs  five  or  six  feet  below  it  and  is  separated 
from  it  by  clay.  This  seam  rests  on  limestone,  or  is  separated  from  it  by 
a foot  or  two  of  clay.  From  field  observations  it  appears  that  where  one 
of  the  Bon  Air  coals  occurs  in  workable  thickness  the  other  is  too  thin 
to  be  utilized.  In  the  shaft  mine  the  seam  averages  36  inches.  It  must 
not  be  thought  that  the  only  coal  found  immediately  above  the  limestone 
strata  is  the  Bon  Air,  for  this  is  not  so.  The  line  of  contact  between  the 
limestone  and  the  overlying  coal  formation  is  a line  of  unconformity. 
That  is,  the  rock  series  is  broken,  and  some  of  the  members  are  missing, 
because  they  were  never  laid  down.  In  this  manner  as  one  travels  from 
the  south  to  the  north,  it  is  seen  that  the  lower  coal  measures  are  grad- 
ually cut  out.  For  example,  the  coals  that  lie  next  to  the  limestone  along 
the  State’s  southern  line  are  many  feet  lower  stratigraphically  than  the 
coals  that  lie  next  to  the  limestone  along  the  Tennessee  Central  Railroad. 

Sczvancc  coals. — At  Eastland  and  Clifty,  situated  along  the  Cumber- 


42 


RESOURCES  OE  TENNESSEE. 


land-Wliitc  County  line,  the  coals  mined  in  the  top  ridges  are  called  the 
Sewanee  coals.  There  are  two  veins  which  occur  at  this  point,  the  lower 
one  occurring  directly  on  top  of  the  sandstone  upon  which  Clifty  is  built, 
and  the  upper  one  about  15  feet  higher  and  separated  from  it  by  shale. 
The  up])er  coal,  which  is  soft  and  slacks  very  easily,  is  the  main  seam 
and  is  the  one  generally  worked.  It  contains  too  much  sulphur  to  permit 
of  making  commercial  coke.  At  Eastland  the  seam  averages  48  inches, 
and  has  a bluish-gray  shale  roof,  and  a gray  clay  bottom.  At  Clifty,  about 
a half  mile  distant,  the  coal  in  one  of  the  mines  averages  48  inches  and  42 
inches  in  another.  The  floor  of  the  seam  is  gray  clay,  and  the  roof  is 
bluish-gray  shale  or  a thin  sandstone. 

The  Morgan  Springs  coal,  which  is  of  good  quality  and  clean,  has  been 
worked  in  a few  local  banks,  but  is  too  thin  to  mine  commercially. 

Cuinberland  County. — This  large  county  is  divided  by  the  Tennessee 
Central  Railroad  in  a northeastern  and  a southwestern  area  of  nearly 
equal  size.  The  southwestern  area  only  will  be  discussed  in  this  article. 
The  remainder  of  the  county  is  described  in  the  companion  article,  by  Dr. 
L.  C.  Glenn.  The  eastern  edge  of  the  county  lies  along  the  Sequatchie 
anticlinal  fold,  which  forms  the  Sequatchie  Valley  and  Crab  Orchard 
Mountains. 

The  coals  along  this  line  have  been  worked  locally;  but  as  the  rocks 
have  dips  which  range  from  15  to  75  degrees  the  mashing  is  so  great,  that 
all  the  mines  opened  in  this  area  have  been  closed.  In  the  section  given 
along  the  Tennessee  Central  Railroad  just  west  of  Crab  Orchard,  the 
thickness  of  the  different  coal  outcrops  from  the  bottom  to  the  top  are 
as  follows : 

A lead  that  had  somewhat  the  appearance  of  coal  was  noted  in  a much 
mashed  five- foot  shale  which  occurred  in  the  middle  of  the  lowest  con- 
glomerate, where  the  dip  was  70  degrees. 

The  next  coal,  which  measured  20  inches  and  occurs  in  the  first  shale, 
was  being  opened  at  the  time  this  locality  was  visited.  This  seam,  which 
is  probably  the  same  as  the  coal  at  Monterey,  is  said  to  vary  from  18 
inches  to  five  feet. 

The  next  or  second  shale  contains  two  coals,  one  30  feet  from  the  bot- 
tom and  the  other  at  the  base  of  the  overlying  sandstone,  which  has  a 
dip  of  25  degrees.  The  thickness  of  the  lower  coal  is  36  inches,  while 
that  of  the  upper  is  12  inches.  In  the  third  shale,  there  are  also  two  coal 
horizons,  one  occurring  at  the  top  and  the  other  at  the  bottom.  The  coal 
at  the  lower  horizon  is  16  inches  thick,  and  has  a sandstone  bottom  and 
shale  roof.  The  upper  coal  horizon,  at  the  base  of  the  overlying  sand- 
stone, shows  only  a thin  coal  blossom.  The  two  higher  shales  at  this  point 
do  not  show  any  coal  horizons. 


43 


SOUTH p:rn  coal  jhjhh)  of  tennessihc 

About  one  mile  west  of  Crab  Orchard  these  measures  flatten  out.  ddie 
upper  sandstone  of  the  Crab  Orcliard  section  covers  a larj^e  part  of  the 
surface  of  the  ])lateau  in  this  county,  hut  alon^’  the  southeastern  Ijorder 
only  the  lower  200  feet  of  the  coal  measures  remain.  There  is  also  a low 
anticline  ocenring  southwest  of  Crossville,  accompanied  by  faults.  The 
main  fault  starts  one  and  a half  miles  east  of  Legget  and  extends  about 
eight  miles  in  a general  direction  south  60  degrees  west,  passing  about 
one  and  a half  miles  west  of  Lantana,  and  one  mile  south  of  Pott’s  Knob, 
and  Flat  Rock  school  house.  From  this  last  point  it  has  been  traced  about 
eight  miles  further  in  a direction  of  about  south  30  degrees  west,  passing 
just  east  of  Thomas  Spring  School,  and  leaving  the  county  at  a point 
about  two  and  a half  miles  west  of  Newton.* 

There  are  also  two  small  faults  about  four  miles  long  which  run  roughly 
parallel  to  the  main  fault,  one  to  the  east  of  it,  and  one  to  the  west.  The 
eastern  one  runs  about  one-half  mile  west  of  Lantana,  and  the  western 
one  extends  from  about  one-half  a mile  south  of  Legget  for  a distance  of 
four  miles,  the  other  end  being  one-half  a mile  south  of  Anderson  Knob. 
The  region  of  these  faults  is  naturally  somewhat  disturbed,  and  was  first 
recognized  by  Safiford  many  years  ago  at  Lantana,  where  a bed  of  mashed 
coal  was  mined  by  stripping  off  several  feet  of  soil  under  which  it  occured. 
Where  the  formations  are  undisturbed  in  this  region,  the  main  coals  lie 
from  two  to  six  hundred  feet  under  the  surface,  and  not  much  is  known 
concerning  them,  as  very  little  drilling  has  been  done. 

Putnam  County. — Only  the  eastern  edge  of  this  county  lies  on  the  Cum- 
berland Mountains,  and  but  part  of  it  is  south  of  the  Tennessee  Central 
Railroad.  At  Monterey  the  section  is  somewhat  similar  to  that  at  Bon 
Air.  The  one  heavy  conglomeratic  sandstone  present  forms  massive  bluffs 
at  this  point,  is  the  surface  rock  on  the  border  of  the  plateau,  and  has  a 
seam  of  coal  at  its  base.  Eastward  some  of  the  upper  sandstones  and 
shales  appear,  and  at  Dripping  Spring  there  are  about  200  feet  of  sand- 
stone and  shale  present  above  the  heavy  bluff  sandstone  which  occurs  at 
Monterey.  The  main  coal  occurs  under  the  bluff*  at  Monterey,  and  is  prob- 
ably the  same  as  the  Ravenscroft  seam.  Several  inches  of  rashy  coal  at 
the  base  of  the  soft,  red  conglomerate,  upon  which  Dripping  Spring  is 
situated,  was  the  only  other  vein  noted. 

Van  Bu7'cn  County. — The  coal  resources  of  this  county  are  entirely  un- 
developed and  the  only  mining  is  from  small  banks  and  for  local  use.  The 
western  part  of  this  county,  and  especially  the  southwestern  corner,  is 
underlaid  by  one  or  more  rich  veins  of  coal,  while  around  the  post-office 


*This  was  observed  in  working  the  geology  of  the  Crossville  folio,  which  will 
be  published  by  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 


44 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


of  (Ellcntine  in  the  southern  part  of  the  county,  numerous  openings  have 
been  made  on  the  coals,  which  show  that  several  seams  are  of  workable 
thickness.  A bank  about  one  mile  north  of  Gillentine,  which  is  said  to 
l)e  on  the  Sewanee  seam,  shows  44  inches  of  coal,  and  has  a roof  of  eight 
inches  of  shaly  clay  covered  by  a thin  sandstone.  This  is  a coal  which 
shows  little  weathering,  and  has  a small  cubical  cleavage. 

At  Rovertson  Springs  is  an  opening  which  measures  54  inches ; on  Glady 
Fork  one  that  measures  52  inches ; while  at  the  Oleo  post-office  a pros- 
pect shows  48  to  52  inches  of  coal,  all  supposed  to  be  on  one  of  the  Se- 
wanee seams.  They  lie  above  the  heavy  sandstone  which  forms  the 
mountain  escarpment  just  west  of  this  area,  and  probably  correspond  to 
the  coals  worked  at  Sewanee. 

Under  the  bluffs  which  occur  around  the  head  of  Rocky  River  and  its 
tributaries,  openings  have  been  made  on  what  is  probably  the  equivalent 
of  the  Ravenscroft  seam.  One  of  these  openings,  which  was  made  where 
the  water  of  Double  Branch  falls  over  the  bluff,  shows  a 38f4-inch  seam, 
divided  into  two  benches.  The  upper  bench  consists  of  ten  inches  of  hard 
coal,  separated  by  13  inches  of  slate  from  the  lower  bench,  which  con- 
tains 16^  inches  of  good  coal.  These  measurements  were  taken  at  the 
outcrop.  It  is  said  that  the  slate  thins  down  to  several  inches  at  the  end 
of  the  drift  and  that  the  coal  thickens.  The  roof  of  this  seam  is  hard 
sandstone  and  the  floor  is  clay. 

Around  the  town  of  Spencer,  these  upper  and  lower  seams  occur  in 
about  the  same  thickness  as  at  the  points  just  mentioned,  and  coal  from 
them  is  used  locally. 

White  County. — Only  the  eastern  part  of  this  county,  contains  the  coal 
measures  of  the  Cumberland  Plateau.  The  main  mines  on  the  Bon  Air 
seam  occur  around  the  town  of  Bon  Air,  while  in  the  northeastern  corner 
of  the  county  the  Ravenscroft  coal  is  worked.  At  Eastland  and  Clifty, 
on  the  middle-eastern  border,  the  supposed  Sewanee  seams  are  operated. 
These  localities  have  already  been  taken  up  under  the  head  of  ‘'Bon  Air 
district”  on  page  41,  in  the  description  of  the  type  seams  of  coal. 

On  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  areal  map  of  the  Pikeville  sheet,  the 
country  where  the  present  Clifty  extension  of  the  Nashville,  Chattanooga 
and  St.  Louis  railroad  crosses  Clifty  Creek,  is  shown  as  containing  only 
the  lower  coals,  but  recent  work  has  proven  that  the  upper  coals  occur. 
The  rocks  are  somewhat  disturbed  at  this  point  and  have  local  dips  of 
5 to  10  degrees,  and  a slight  fault  may  probably  exist.  A coal  probably 
in  the  first  shale  above  the  Bon  Air  coals,  has  been  opened  at  this  point 
and  shows  a thickness  of  24  inches,  with  a one-inch  parting  near  the  cen- 
ter. In  the  shale  above  this  one,  another  coal,  which  shows  a thickness 
of  from  25  to  38  inches,  has  been  opened  up  in  several  places.  One  of 


SOUTH  I^:kN  COAL  I'lVAA)  Ol^'  TICNNICSSLIC 


45 


these  prospects  which  occurs  on  the  side  of  the  ICistland  hills  just  above 
the  Nashville,  Chattanooi^’a  and  St.  Louis  railroad  is  as  follows:  Clay 
shale  roof,  23  inches  of  coal  containing'  kidney  sulphur,  five  inches  of 
rash,  and  a lloor  of  gray  clay.  A coal  is  exposed  niivler  the  falls  of  Jen- 
nings branch,  which  is  near  Stringtown.  The  seam  has  a sandstone  roof, 
slate  bottom  and  is  45  inches  thick.  Its  section  follows ; 

Inches 


Soft  coal  19 

Rash  1 

Cannel  coal  21 

Soft  4 

Total 45 


The  limestone  outcrops  20  feet  below  the  seam.  These  few  localities  cover 
the  county  and  show  in  general  the  condition  of  the  coal  measures. 

WALDEN  RIDGE  DISTRICT. 

Coals  of  Raccoon  Mountain. — The  coals  of  the  W^alden  Ridge  district 
have  been  mined  in  many  different  localities  and  for  many  years.  There 
are  at  least  twelve  coal  horizons,  but  often  many  of  them  are  wanting, 
and  only  one  or  two  of  those  that  remain  are  of  workable  thickness. 
These  seams,  where  they  occur  on  the  New  Etna  Company’s  property  at 
Whiteside,  have  all  been  named.  In  the  section  at  that  point,  given  on 
page  33  the  coals  are  numbered,  and  these  numbers  will  be  used  in  re- 
ferring to  them.  Number  1,  the  IMill  Creek  seam,  is  a very  rashy  coal 
about  four  feet  thick  with  a clay  parting,  which  varies  from  one  to  six 
inches  in  thickness  in  the  middle.  The  coal  above  this  parting  is  not  very 
rashy.  Number  2,  the  Red  Ash  seam,  occurs  42  feet  above  the  Mill  Creek 
vein.  It  is  a very  good,  clean  coal  from  4 to  30  inches  thick,  which  on 
burning  leaves  a red  ash.  Number  3,  the  Dade  seam,  occurs  about  25 
feet  above  the  Red  Ash.  It  was  covered  at  the  time  of  the  visit,  so  no 
measurements  could  be  taken,  but  is  here  a thin  coal.  Number  4,  called 
the  Battle  Creek  coal,  is  clean,  hard  coal,  which  has  a thickness  of  14 
inches,  and  a shale  roof  and  bottom.  Number  5,  the  old  Etna  coal,  was 
the  original  coal  mined  at  this  point.  It  is  hard,  pockety  coal,  which  shows 
little  weathering  and  varies  from  two  inches  to  seven  feet  in  thickness. 
The  top  of  the  seam  is  the  base  of  the  lower  cliff-forming  sandstone, 
while  the  bottom  is  shale  or  clay.  Number  6,  which  has  no  name,  is  only 
a thin  coal  blossom,  which  occurs  on  top  of  the  sandstone  just  mentioned. 
Number  7,  which  is  called  the  Whitwell  seam,  occurs  about  15  feet  above 
No.  6,  but  no  measurements  could  be  taken,  as  the  coal  was  not  opened. 
Number  8,  called  the  Weddell  seam,  is  a soft  coal,  which  measures  eight 


46 


RESOURCES  OE  TENNESSEE. 


inches,  and  has  a 30-inch  white  clay  bottom,  and  a dark  bluish-gray  shale 
roof.  Nuinhcr  9,  the  cap  seam,  which  measures  onl}/  six  inches  and  has 
a sandstone  roof  and  bottom,  lies  directly  under  the  second  bluff-forming 
sandstone. 

Kelley  coal. — Number  10,  the  Kelley  coal,  which  is  very  soft,  tender 
coal  that  breaks  quickly  into  small  cubes,  averages  32  inches  and  is  the 
only  coal  mined  at  present.  It  occurs  directly  on  top  of  the  sandstone 
just  mentioned,  and  has  a sandstone  bottom  and  gray  clay  roof.  It  is 
known  especially  as  a blacksmithing  coal. 

Number  11,  called  the  Durham  or  Craven  seam,  occurs  35  to  40  feet 
above  the  Kelley  coal.  The  vein  consists  of  two  benches,  each  from  12  to 
18  inches  thick,  separated  by  one  to  two  feet  of  hard  shale.  The  upper 
bench  is  somewhat  like  the  Kelley  coal,  but  the  lower  bench  is  very  rashy. 
Number  12,  the  Oak  Hill  seam,  varies  from  18  inches  to  five  feet  in  thick- 
ness, and  contains  a large  amount  of  kidney  sulphur.  It  is  about  25  feet 
above  No.  11,  and  is  the  topmost  seam  at  this  point. 

It  is  thought  that  the  Kelley  coal  corresponds  to  the  lower  Sewanee 
and  Soddy  coal,  but  it  may  be  higher.  The  seams  which  are  here  called 
by  the  miners  the  Dade,  Battle  Creek  and  Whitwell,  probably  do  not  cor- 
respond to  these  coals  at  their  type  locality. 

It  is  said  that  there  are  two  thin  coal  seams  which  occur  below  seam 
No.  1,  the  Mill  Creek  vein. 

Walden  Ridge  coal. — The  main  coals  worked  on  the  Ridge  proper  are 
called  the  Soddy,  Richland,  Angel,  Nelson  and  Goodrich. 

Soddy  coal. — The  lower  Soddy  and  Richland  coals  are  probably  the 
same,  and  are  thought  to  correspond  to  the  lowest  Sewanee  seam.  The 
Soddy  coal  at  Soddy  averages  34  inches,  but  varies  from  ten  feet  to  noth- 
ing. It  has  no  butts  or  faces,  weathers  easily,  and  when  washed  makes 
good  coke.  The  roof  is  of  very  fossiliferous  shale,  and  the  bottom  is  in 
places  hard,  white  clay  with  plant  impressions,  but  where  this  is  wanting, 
the  floor  is  of  sandstone.  An  average  section  is  as  follows : 


Blue  slate  roof  Inches 

Rash  5 

Coal  324 

Rash  or  bone i 

Soft  coal  4 

Hard,  gray  clay,  fossiliferous 

Total 374 


The  lower  12  inches  of  the  seam  contains  a very  little  kidney  sulphur, 
some  of  which  reaches  six  inches  in  diameter. 

Angel  coal. — The  Angel  coal,  which  is  described  under  the  Tracy  City 


soutiij^:rn  com.  laELi)  of  tennp:ssp:ic 


47 


ilistrict  as  occiirrin<;-  at  the  l)asc  of  the  Scwance  conglomerate,  is  not 
worked  on  the  ridge  at  any  point,  but  is  at  a horizon  that  should  he  careful- 
ly prospected,  as  it  may  occur  in  workable  thickness. 

Nelson  scant. — The  Nelson  seam,  which  is  the  next  to  the  lowest  coal 
worked,  and  the  most  important  of  the  lower  coals,  was  first  mined  at 
Dayton.  It  occurs  in  places  as  one  bench,  in  others  as  two,  separated  by 
a thin  parting  of  bone  or  clayey  shale.  It  is  very  soft,  in  places  dirty,  and 
has  an  average  thickness  of  about  40  inches. 

Goodrich  coal. — The  Goodrich  coal,  which  contains  practically  no  rash 
or  bone,  occurs  about  30  feet  below  the  Nelson  seam,  is  the  lowest  coal 
worked,  and  averages  24  inches  or  less  in  thickness.  At  places  in  this 
district,  a coal  called  the  lower  Nelson  is  mined.  This  occurs  about  20 
feet  below  the  Nelson  seam,  and  may  be  the  Goodrich  bed. 

Bledsoe  County. — The  eastern  part  of  this  county  lies  on  Walden 
Ridge.  Along  the  western  edge  of  the  ridge  the  rocks  are  upturned,  as 
has  already  been  mentioned,  and  the  coals  occur  under  conditions  very 
unfavorable  for  mining.  The  Morgan  Springs  coal  outcrops  on  top  of 
the  Ridge  in  many  places,  but  it  is  only  locally  mined,  as  it  has  never 
been  seen  with  a thickness  of  more  than  24  inches.  The  outcrop  of  the 
Richland  coal  has  been  noted  in  several  places,  and  it  is  worked  locally. 

Several  coals  occur  under  the  Richland  outcrop  on  the  side  of  the 
ridge,  and  although  these  seams  have  been  opened  for  local  use,  most  of 
them  were  soon  abandoned,  on  account  of  the  mashed  conditions  of  the 
rocks.  The  remaining  part  of  this  county  is  described  on  page  38. 

Hamilton  County. — The  western  half  of  this  county  lies  on  Walden 
Ridge  and  is  practically  all  underlain  by  good  coal.  Mines  are  located 
every  few  miles  along  the  eastern  escarpment  of  the  ridge.  Most  of  these 
mines  work  the  Soddy  or  Richland  coal  and  the  lower  Nelson  seam,  and 
have  been  in  operation  for  a number  of  years.  At  Montlake,  the  coal 
mined  is  probably  the  Soddy  seam,  as  it  lies  directly  on  top  of  a heavy 
bluff-forming  sandstone,  which  appears  to  be  identical  with  the  one  un- 
der the  Soddy  mines.  The  coal,  which  is  free  from  rash,  and  weathers 
very  little  ranges  from  five  feet  to  thirty  inches  in  thickness,  with  an  av- 
erage of  36  inches,  and  often  has  an  inch  or  two  of  bone  at  its  base.  In 
places  there  is  a little  kidney  sulphur  in  the  middle  of  the  seam. 

There  are  several  large  mines  at  Soddy,  which  work  the  Soddy  coal. 
Data  for  the  type  description  of  the  Soddy  coal,  which  is  given  on  page 
46  was  secured  at  these  mines. 

The  Sales  Greek  mines  are  operated  on  the  lower  Nelson  seam,  which 
is  separted  from  the  upper  Nelson  coal  by  38  feet  of  shale.  This  lower 
Nelson  may  be  found  to  be  the  same  as  the  Goodrich  bed.  A section  of 
the  coal  seam  worked  is  as  follows: 


48 


RESOURCES  OE  TENNESSEE. 


Gray-blue  shale  roof  Inches 

Rash  3 

Coal,  much  pyrites 9 

Rash  1 

Coal,  much  pyrites 17 

Rash  3 

Coal,  very  little  sulphur 12 

Rash  3 

Coal  6 

Clay  shale  bottom 

Total 54 


The  average  thickness  of  the  coal  is  38  inches,  and  it  is  used  in  the  mak-- 
ing  of  coke. 

The  entire  western  part  of  this  county  is  underlain  by  at  least  two  good 
seams  of  coal.  The  upper  or  Soddy  coal  is  workable  in  most  places,  while 
the  lower  one,  the  Nelson,  is  well  developed  in  the  northern  half  of  the 
county  and  may  be  locally  mined  towards  the  south. 

There  are  several  other  seams  of  coal  that  occur  in  this  county,  but  so 
far  none  of  them  have  been  found  workable. 

Marion  County. — At  present  all  the  mining  that  is  being  done  in  the 
eastern  part  of  this  county  is  at  Whiteside,  where  the  New  Etna  mines 
are  located.  The  coals  that  occur  at  this  point  have  already  been  de- 
scribed on  page  45.  The  old  Etna  seam  was  worked  in  the  past  on  the 
^IcNabb  property,  situated  just  across  the  Tennessee  River  from  the 
New  Etna  mines.  Some  mining  was  done  along  the  east  side  of  the  Se- 
quatchie Valley  in  this  county,  but  this  has  all  been  abandoned.  The  two 
main  coals  are  the  Kelley  seam,  which  is  worked  at  the  New  Etna  mines, 
and  the  Etna  seam,  which  in  the  past  was  extensively  mined  up  and  down 
the  river.  At  the  time  of  the  Civil  War  the  U.  S.  Government  had  some 
mines  located  on  this  seam. 

Rhea  County. — The  western  half  of  Rhea  County  lies  on  Walden  Ridge 
and  is  underlain  by  several  good  seams  of  coal.  The  ones  mined  are  the 
Richland  or  Soddy  coal,  and  the  Nelson  and  Goodrich  coals.  At  present 
the  work  is  confined  to  the  southern  end  of  the  county  around  the  towns 
of  Dayton  and  Graysville. 

The  mining  at  Graysville  is  on  the  lower  Nelson  seam,  at  which  point 
the  coal  varies  from  10  inches  to  seven  feet  in  thickness,  with  an  average 
of  24  inches.  It  has  a slate  roof  and  a hard,  sandstone  bottom,  both  of 
which  are  very  irregular.  The  thick  coal  runs  in  parallel  troughs  about 
150  to  500  feet  wide,  having  a general  direction  of  south  60  degrees  west. 
When  the  coal  in  these  troughs  reaches  more  than  four  feet  it  begins  to 
get  dirty. 


souTiiitRN  COM.  OF  ti^:nnj<: SSICIC 


49 


At  Dayton,  niiiios  arc  operated  on  the  Richland  and  Nelson  seams,  the 
main  ones  being-  in  the  Richland  coal.  This  is  the  first  place  that  the  Nel- 
son coal  was  mined.  A detailed  description  of  the  mining  around  this  town 
is  given  in  an  article  on  the  coals  of  the  J3ayton-Pikeville  area,  which 
appeared  in  Volnmc  1,  No.  4,  of  the  Resources  of  Tennessee,  and  which 
can  be  obtained  by  writing  the  Tennessee  Geological  Survey. 

At  ]\Iorgan  Springs,  situated  back  on  the  top  of  the  ridge,  the  Morgan 
Springs  coal  outcrops,  showing  a thickness  of  about  24  inches. 

In  the  northeastern  part  of  the  county,  no  mining  is  done  except  locally. 
The  rocks  that  occur  here  comprise  the  western  side  of  the  Crab  Or- 
chard Mountains,  and  their  tilting  has  been  such  as  to  mash  the  coals 
badly  in  many  places.  At  Grand  View,  coal  from  one  of  the  upper  veins, 
probably  the  Soddy,  is  mined  for  local  use.  It  is  mashed  somewhat.  In 
the  past,  some  mining  was  done  at  Roddy,  but  was  abandoned  on  account 
of  unfavorable  conditions  of  the  rocks. 

Seqnatchie  County. — The  eastern  part  of  Sequatchie  County  lies  on 
Walden  Ridge.  The  same  conditions  prevail  in  regard  to  structure,  and 
the  occurrence  of  coal,  as  in  the  parts  of  other  counties  that  lie  on  the 
western  side  of  the  ridge.  The  dipping  of  the  rocks  back  from  the  val- 
ley, and  the  absence  of  gorges  in  which  openings  could  have  been  made, 
has  prevented  any  mining  in  this  section  of  the  county. 


50 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


The  Importance  of  Saving  Our  Soils* 


By  a.  H.  Purdue. 


The  approximate  area  of  the  earth  is  197  million  square  miles.  About 
one  fourth  of  this,  or  approximately  49  million  square  miles,  is  land.  A 
large  per  cent,  of  the  land  is  located  in  the  cold  regions  of  the  North, 
and  is  unfit  for  cultivation.  Another  large  per  cent,  is  located  in  the 
densely  forested  regions  of  the  tropics,  and  probably  can  never  be  suc- 
cessfully cultivated.  Another  large  per  cent,  is  in  mountain  regions  that  are 
too  rough  and  rocky  for  agricultural  purposes.  Still  another  large  per 
cent,  is  in  arid  regions. 

Only  about  one  third  of  the  land  area,  or  approximately  16  million 
square  miles,  receives  an  annual  rainfall  between  20  and  60  indies.  A 
smaller  annual  rainfall  than  20  inches  makes  a region  arid  or  semi-arid. 
A region  with  an  annual  rainfall  of  more  than  60  inches  is  not  well  suited 
to  agriculture. 

Quite  a per  cent,  of  the  land  area  receiving  more  than  20  inches  annual 
rainfall  is  mountainous  and  is  largely  unfit  for  agriculture;  but  on  the 
other  hand  some  of  the  semi-arid  land  can  be  used  for  farming  purposes 
by  the  process  of  dry  farming  or  by  irrigation.  While  I am  not  able  to 
give  you  a close  estimate  of  the  amount  of  tillable  land  upon  the  surface 
of  the  earth,  it  appears  that  20  million  square  miles  would  be  liberal. 

Though  you  have  often  heard  the  statement  that  the  soil  is  the  chief 
source  of  subsistence,  it  is  not  out  of  place  for  that  to  be  repeated  here, 
or  on  any  other  occasion  where  the  object  is  to  impress  people  with  an 
idea  of  the  true  value  of  land.  While  we  are  not  accustomed  to  think  of 
them  as  such,  air  and  water  are  important  foods.  These,  with  common 
salt  and  fish,  constitute  practically  all  of  our  food  material  that  is  not 
taken  from  the  soil.  Most  of  our  food  comes  indirectly  from  the  soil, 
through  plants  and  animals.  The  soil  is  absolutely  necessary  for  the  ex- 
istence of  man;  and  its  total  depletion  would  mean  the  extermination  of 
the  human  race. 

For  all  practical  purposes  relating  to  the  future  of  mankind,  we  may 
say  that  the  land  area  of  the  earth,  and  consequently  the  soil  area,  is  fixed. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  population  of  the  world  is  rapidly  increasing. 


*Abstract  of  a talk  before  the  Middle  Tennessee  Farmers  Institute,  December 
5,  1912. 


IMPORTANCE  OF  SAVING  OUR  SOILS. 


51 


From  the  best  estimates  that  can  be  made,  the  present  poi)nlation  of  the 
world  is  about  1,600  million.  With  an  area  of  20  million  square  miles  of 
land  that  can  be  successfully  cultivated,  this  is  an  average  of  80  pcoi)lc  to 
the  square  mile.  It  is  said  that  the  population  of  the  world  has  increased 
250  per  cent,  in  the  last  hundred  years.  If  the  increase  of  population  for 
the  next  hundred  years  is  as  great,  there  will  be  an  average  of  280  peo- 
ple for  every  square  mile  of  good  agricultural  land.  This  means  that  if 
the  average  person  consumes  as  much  a hundred  years  from  now  as  at 
present,  35  head  of  stock  will  have  to  be  produced  where  now  ten  head 
are  produced ; that  70  bushels  of  wheat  must  be  grown  where  now  there 
are  20;  that  140  bushels  of  corn  will  have  to  be  grown  where  now  there 
are  40;  and  that  350  bushels  of  potatoes  will  have  to  be  grown  where  now 
there  are  100.  A hundred  years  is  only  a short  distance  in  the  future. 
At  the  present  rate  of  increase  of  the  world’s  population,  or  even  at  a 
greatly  reduced  rate,  what  will  be  its  population  200,  500,  1,000  or  5,000 
years  hence? 

All  the  foregoing  statements  are  made  that  we  might  get  some  idea  of 
the  real  value  of  an  acre  of  land ; but  its  true  value  can  not  be  appreciated 
until  we  consider  the  origin  of  the  soil.  The  limited  time  at  my  disposal 
will  permit  of  my  saying  only  a few  words  on  this  subject,  with  the  hope 
of  impressing  the  idea  that  the  process  is  a very,  very  slow  one.  Soil  is  only 
finely  broken  up  rock,  mixed  with  a small  amount  of  humus.  The  break- 
ing up  of  the  rocks  is  brought  about  by  temperature  changes,  by  the  roots 
of  plants,  by  the  work  of  animals,  by  ice  formed  within  the  rocks,  by  wa- 
ter moving  through  them,  and  in  other  ways. 

While  rocks  are  being  changed  into  soil,  a portion  of  the  soil  is  removed 
from  hill  slopes  by  the  wind,  and  by  the  water  running  over  the  surface. 
The  thickness  of  the  soil  upon  hill  slopes,  is  the  difference  between  what 
has  been  formed  by  the  rock  disintegrating  processes  and  what  has  been 
washed  away.  While  our  hill  slopes  were  covered  with  forests,  the  roots 
of  the  trees,  and  the  decaying  leaves  reduced  the  hillside  wash  to  the  mini- 
mum. When  the  hills  were  cleared  of  their  forests  and  placed  under 
cultivation,  the  amount  of  wash  was  at  once  changed  from  the  smallest 
amount  possible  to  the  largest  amount  possible. 

Strange  at  it  may  appear,  the  people  of  the  United  States  have  not  un- 
til just  recently  become  aroused  to  the  importance  of  saving  their  hill- 
sides from  wash ; and  an  idea  of  the  importance  of  doing  this  is  not  yet 
nearly  as  prevalent  as  it  ought  to  be.  We  have  heard  a great  deal  within 
the  last  few  years  about  conservation  of  coal,  oil,  gas,  timber,  and  water 
power.  There  is  no  means  of  comparing  the  relative  waste  of  these 
products  to  that  of  soil  from  hillside  wash,  but  I have  no  doubt  that  the 


52 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


waste  now  going  on  from  washed  soil  is  greater  than  the  waste  from  all 
other  things  combined. 

It  probably  is  no  exaggeration  to  say  that  in  West  Tennessee  there  are 
hundreds  of  thousands  of  acres  that  not  many  years  ago  were  in  a good 
state  of  cultivation,  but  are  now  so  gullied  as  to  be  entirely  worthless 
and  are  thrown  out  on  the  commons.  It  has  not  been  long  since  a man 
told  me  that  only  a few  years  ago  he  purchased  1,500  acres  of  this  land 
at  60  cents  an  acre. 

The  land  of  Middle  Tennessee  is  not  gullied  like  that  of  the  western 
part  of  the  State,  but  I suspect  the  actual  loss  from  waste  is  equally  as 
great,  and  is  much  more  serious.  It  is  more  serious  for  the  reason  that 
the  soil  of  the  Central  Basin  is  thin.  The  rocks  on  an  average  are  only 
a few  feet  from  the  surface.  In  many  places,  the  soil  has  already  been 
removed  down  to  the  rocks,  rendering  the  land  worthless.  The  Central 
Basin  of  Tennessee  has  long  been  considered,  and  rightly  so,  one  of  the 
most  prosperous  parts  of  the  South.  It  can  not  continue  as  such,  unless 
the  farmers  of  the  region  see  to  it  that  the  deplorable  waste  from  wash 
is  stopped. 

It  is  not  possible  in  a short  talk  to  consider  methods  of  preventing  wash, 
but  if  I only  in  a measure  impress  upon  you  the  importance  of  doing  so, 
the  purpose  of  my  talk  will  have  been  realized.  Remember  that  wash  is 
produced  by  the  water  that  runs  over  the  surface,  known  as  run-off. 
The  way  to  prevent  the  wash  is  to  stop  the  run-off.  One  means  of  doing 
this  is  to  plow  deep.  This  reduces  the  run-off,  because  it  loosens  up  the 
ground  to  considerable  depth  and  permits  the  water  to  soak  in.  The  fur- 
rows should  not  run  up  and  down  slopes,  but  should  be  parallel  with  the 
bases  of  the  hills,  or  as  we  say,  with  the  contours.  If  a gully  starts  on 
the  hillside,  stop  it  at  once.  The  means  are  usually  simple,  and  are  known 
to  all  of  you.  Put  a little  brush  or  straw  at  the  mouth  to  catch  the  wash, 
and  another  small  amount  at  the  head  to  stop  it  from  working  back. 
Where  it  is  necessary  to  do  so,  sod  the  gully  over  with  grass,  such  as  Ber- 
muda, Japanese  clover,  or  red-top.  In  those  cases  where  simple  means 
will  not  prevent  water  from  collecting  along  the  lines  of  the  gullies,  a 
drain  tile  may  be  put  in  along  the  bottom  of  the  gully  extending  down  the 
hill  and  opening  out  at  some  desirable  place.  This  will  prevent  the  wash, 
by  carrying  off  the  water  beneath  the  surface,  instead  of  on  the  surface. 

Terracing  in  another  means  of  preventing  wash,  but  farmers  do  not 
take  to  it,  because  of  the  inconvenience  in  farming  produced  by  the  ter- 
races. The  soil  of  hillsides  of  average  slopes  can  be  saved  without  ter- 
racing, but  it  is  necessary  on  steep  slopes,  and  the  sooner  it  is  resorted  to 
the  better. 

If  our  soils  are  saved  from  destruction  by  wash,  it  must  be  done  by  the 


IMPORTANCF.  OF  SAVING  OUR  SOIf.S. 


53 


farmers  themselves.  And  if,  in  this  brief  talk,  I have  said  anything  that 
has  impressed  even  one  of  you  with  the  idea  that  the  men  of  the  ])resent 
are  only  holding  the  soil  in  trust  to  pass  on  to  future  generations,  and 
that  it  is  among  our  highest  duties  to  prevent  all  the  wash  possible,  my 
talk  has  been  fully  worth  while. 


54 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


Good  Road  Development  in  Tennessee* 


Wilbur  A.  Nelson. 


■fhe  first  settlers  that  moved  into  Middle  Tennessee  had  a hard  and 
rough  journey  to  reach  the  promised  land  of  which  they  had  heard.  At 
that  time  it  lacked,  as  did  practically  all  of  this  new  country  of  ours,  any 
means  of  communication,  other  than  the  streams  and  rivers.  Thus  in 
the  settling  of  Nashville,  the  journey  from  the  Watauga  Settlement  in 
northeastern  Tennessee  was  made  by  journeying  down  the  Tennessee 
River  to  the  Ohio,  and  then  poling  up  the  Cumberland  and  back  into 
Middle  Tennessee,  a journey  at  that  time  of  several  months’  duration. 

Later  the  Indian  trails  were  used  by  the  settlers  in  their  intercourse 
with  one  another,  and  in  going  back  to  their  homes  in  Virginia.  These 
trails  gradually  became  more  and  more  traveled  and  many  of  them  were 
later  followed  by  the  old  stage  roads.  The  names  of  the  most  famous  of 
these  roads  still  linger  with  us,  although  their  exact  routes  are  known  to 
only  a few.  The  old  Natchez  Trace  was  probably  the  best  known,  but 
one  often  hears  other  names  such  as  the  Nicojack  Trail,  etc.  These  were 
Tennessee's  first  roads,  rough  and  rocky,  but  supplying  the  needs  of  that 
generation.  It  is  interesting  to  take  the  map  of  the  State  and  locate  the 
many  small  post-offices,  the  names  of  which  end  in  ''stand”,  showing  that 
they  were  located  on  the  old  stage  roads.  Connecting  these  you  can  in  a 
rough  way  plot  out  the  routes  that  the  old  stage  roads  followed.  Even 
before  Tennessee  became  a state,  much  interest  was  manifested  by  the 
settlers,  and  considering  the  time,  a large  amount  of  road  improvement 
was  carried  on.  The  first  turnpike  that  the  State  authorized  to  be  built 
was  in  1801,  and  was  in  Carter  County,  one  of  the  most  northeastern 
counties  of  Tennessee. 

The  great  development  in  road  building  that  has  characterized  the  Ap- 
palachian states,  among  which  is  Tennessee,  in  the  last  few  years,  is  not 
new  development,  but  accelerated  development  following  a period  of  re- 
tarded development.  In  1836,  eight  years  after  the  first  railroad  was  built 
in  the  United  States  (the  Baltimore  and  Ohio),  Tennessee  passed  a law 
requiring  the  State  to  take  one-third  of  the  stock  in  every  railroad  and 
turnpike  company  organized  in  the  State.  The  development  was  instan- 

*This  paper  was  delivered  before  the  Southern  Appalachian  Good  Roads  As- 
sociation, at  its  annual  meeting  on  November  20,  21,  1912,  in  Atlanta,  Ga. 


GOOD  ROAD  DRVRr.ORMENT  JN  T1CNNI^:SSIG:. 


55 


tancous  and  g'reat,  and  in  that  year  turnpikes  were  autliorized  with  a 
coinhined  eapital  of  $560,000.  Jhit  even  this  did  not  satisfy  the  law- 
makers, and  in  18v38,  the  law  was  amended  so  that  the  State  was  required 
to  take  one-half  the  .stock  in  every  railroad  or  turnpike  chartered.  Up  to 
1839,  the  State  had  issued  $899,580  internal  revenue  bonds.  This  shows 
an  ai)proximate  expenditure  of  two  million  dollars  in  road  construction. 
In  1841,  the  State  had  subscribed  $1,477,166  to  turnpike  construction  in 
IMiddle  Tennessee,  $87,500  in  West  Tennessee.  While  the  figures  for 
East  Tennessee  are  not  available,  they  were  probably  about  a half  million 
dollars.  From  these  figures  a conservative  estimate  would  show  that 
over  five  million  dollars  was  spent  between  the  years  1836  and  1841  in 
building  turnpikes.  At  that  time  the  population  of  the  State  was  only 
829,210,  which  is  roughly  about  a third  of  the  present  population. 

Thus  we  see  that  seventy  years  ago,  Tennessee  was  expending  money 
at  nearly  the  same  rate  per  capita  that  it  has  in  the  last  few  years  for  the 
building  of  good  roads.  These  laws  were  repealed  after  several  years, 
but  not  until  the  object  for  which  they  were  passed  had  been  accom- 
plished. Tennessee  was  constructing  at  this  early  period  a system  of 
turnpikes  and  railroads  that  would  have  been  the  equal  of  any  in  the  coun- 
try, if  the  Civil  War  had  not  arrested  their  development. 

■ The  citizens  of  Tennessee  were  well  blessed  with  a farsighted  vision, 
and  saw  that  without  a way  of  getting  their  products  to  a market  their 
development  would  be  slow  and  uncertain.  This  was  the  cause  of  the  im- 
petus given  to  good  roads  from  the  30’s  to  the  60’s.  In  East  Tennessee 
the  development  was  first  directed  towards  railroads,  as  was  right,  and 
was  to  have  been  followed  by  a system  of  pikes  to  act  as  feeders.  Mid- 
dle Tennessee,  being  better  situated,  in  having  an  outlet  through  Cum- 
berland River,  devoted  most  of  its  energies  to  turnpike  building.  It  was 
at  this  period  that  most  of  the  turnpikes  around  Nashville  were  built.  The 
Civil  War  stopped  this  work.  Just  after  the  war,  the  Brownlow  Adminis- 
tration started  a good  roads  movement,  but  it  was  stopped  when  this  gov- 
ernment was  overthrown  in  1870,  and  since  then  very  little  has  been  ac- 
complished in  road  building,  until  a few  years  ago. 

At  the  beginning  of  Governor  Hooper’s  administration  in  1911,  a move- 
ment for  good  roads  in  general,  and  especially  for  a state  highway  from 
Memphis  to  Bristol  was  inaugurated.  The  following  extract  is  taken 
from  his  speech  made  at  Knoxville  on  October  16,  1912,  in  which  the 
work  that  has  already  been  accomplished  on  this  state  highway  is  set  forth 
as  follows : 

“Between  Memphis  and  Nashville,  26  miles  have  been  and  are  being 
built  in  Shelby  County,  six  in  Fayette,  the  entire  distance  across  Hay- 
wood, the  few  miles  necessary  in  Madison,  $40,000  worth  in  Humphreys, 


56 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


and  some  work  has  been  done  in  Carroll.  Much  educational  work  has 
been  done  in  the  other  counties. 

‘‘Between  Bristol  and  Nashville,  1,592  miles  of  the  preliminary  survey 
have  been  completed,  and  94.5  miles  of  the  location  surveyed.  Contracts 
have  been  let  on  76.5  miles,  and  19.7  miles  is  being  done  by  force  account. 
Cannon  County  has  appropriated  $5,000  bonds;  Warren,  $11,800;  White, 
$90,000;  Cumberland,  $40,000;  Roane,  $20,000;  Loudon,  $40,000;  Wash- 
ington, $60,000;  Carter,  $60,000,  and  Sullivan  and  Hamblen  a sufficient 
part  of  a general  bond  issue.  There  are  already  181  miles  of  macadam- 
ized road  on  this  eastern  end  of  the  route. 

“This  insures  the  completion  of  the  highway.  The  building  of  this 
road,  and  the  agitation  incident  thereto,  have  stimulated  good  road  build- 
ing all  over  the  State,  as  well  as  building  continuations  of  the  highway 
both  in  Mississippi  and  Virginia.” 

From  a financial  point  there  are  three  methods  of  building  roads  in 
Tennessee;  first,  by  the  building  of  private  turnpikes,  which,  in  many 
cases  have  been  afterward  purchased  by  the  counties ; second,  the  use  of 
county  prisoners,  supplemented  by  additional  labor  and  machinery ; and 
third,  the  issuance  of  bonds  by  the  counties.  The  first  method,  was  the 
one  used  before  the  Civil  War.  The  second  method  prevails  in  the  coun- 
ties containing  the  large  cities.  The  last  method  is  the  one  most  exten- 
sively employed  today.  To  issue  bonds,  the  county  must  first  be  author- 
ized to  do  so  by  the  Legislature,  and  afterwards  must  secure  a favorable 
vote  from  the  people  of  the  county.  In  1891,  the  number  of  counties  au- 
thorized to  issue  bonds  was  one;  in  1911,  the  number  was  33. 

The  following  counties  are  those  that  have  issued  bonds  for  road  con- 
struction :* 


Anderson  

Bradley  

Blount  

Campbell  

Carter  

Cocke  

Cumberland  

Grainger  

rj-ypp-pp  

$ 300,000 

200,000 

300,000 

200,000 

60,000 

200,000 

40,000 

200,000 

250,000 

Hamblen  

300,000 

Hamilton  

665,000 

Hawkins  

200,000 

24,500 



Jefferson  

395,000 

Madison  

500,000 

*Figures  for  this  table  were  given  by  C.  C.  Gilbert,  Nashville  Board  of  Trade. 


GOOD  ROAD  DIA'P:L0RMI^:NT  in  Tl'.NNlGSSIG^:. 


57 


Marion  205,000 

McMiiiii  225,000 

Monroe  300,000 

IMontgomery  450,000 

Morgan  85,000 

Lauderdale  25,000 

Loudon  100,000 

Putnam  250,000 

Roane  100,000 

Robertson  450,000 

Sevier  1G0,000 

Smith  30,000 

Simmer  200,000 

Sullivan  300,000 

Union  50,000 

Warren  150,000 

Washington  60,000 

White  200,000 


Total 


$7,234,500 


Tennessee  is  well  blessed  in  every  section  with  excellent  material  for 
good  roads.  For  West  Tennessee,  are  available  the  extensive  deposits 
of  chert  and  gravel  that  occur  in  that  section.  In  Middle  Tennessee,  lime- 
stone or  chert  covers  the  whole  area,  except  the  Cumberland  Plateau, 
which  is  composed  of  sandstone  and  shales.  In  East  Tennessee  good 
road  building  limestone  is  as  abundant  as  in  the  middle  section  of  the 
State.  It  is  supplemented  by  large  deposits  of  fine-grained  chert  in  cer- 
tain places.  Thus  we  see  that  all  sections  of  the  State  are  easily  and 
cheaply  supplied  with  good  road  materials  that  are  being  widely  used  at 
the  present  time. 


58 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


Publications  of  Geological  Survey  of  Tennessee  Issued. 


The  following  publications  have  been  issued  by  the  present  Survey, 
and  will  be  sent  on  request  when  accompanied  by  the  necessary  postage. 
To  make  it  possible  for  libraries  to  complete  their  sets,  and  for  persons 
having  real  need  for  any  of  the  volumes  to  obtain  the  earlier  ones  at 
small  cost,  500  copies  of  each  report  are  reserved  for  sale,  at  the  cost  of 
printing;  the  receipts  from  the  sales  being  turned  into  the  State  Treasury. 

Gaps  in  the  series  of  numbers  are  of  reports  still  in  preparation: 

Bulletin  No.  1 — Geological  Work  in  Tennessee. 

A.  The  establishment,  purpose,  object  and  methods  of  the 
State  Geological  Survey;  by  Geo.  H.  Ashley,  33  pages,  is- 
sued July,  1910,  postage,  2 cents. 

B.  Bibliography  of  Tennessee  Geology  and  Related  Subjects; 
by  Elizabeth  Cockrill,  119  pages;  postage,  3 cents. 

Bulletin  No.  2 — Preliminary  Papers  on  the  Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee, 
by  Geo.  H.  Ashley  and  others. 

A.  Outline  Introduction  to  the  Mineral  Resources  of  Tennes 
see,  by  Geo.  H.  Ashley,  issued  September  10,  1910;  65 

pages;  postage,  2 cents. 

D.  The  Marbles  of  East  Tennessee,  by  C.  H.  Gordon;  issued 
May,  1911;  33  pages;  postage,  2 cents. 

E.  Oil  Development  in  Tennessee,  by  M.  J.  Munn;  issued  Jan- 

uary, 1911;  46  pages;  postage,  2 cents. 

G.  The  Zinc  Deposits  of  Tennessee,  by  S.  W.  Osgood;  issued 
October,  1910;  16  pages;  postage,  1 cent. 

Bulletin  No.  3 — Drainage  Reclamation  in  Tennessee;  74  pages;  issued  July, 
1910;  postage,  3 cents. 

A.  Drainage  Problems  in  Tennessee,  by  Geo.  H.  Ashley; 
pages  1-15;  postage,  1 cent. 

B.  Drainage  of  Rivers  in  Gibson  County,  Tennessee,  by  A.  E. 
Morgan  and  S.  H.  McCrory;  pages  17-43;  postage,  1 cent. 

C.  The  Drainage  Law  of  Tennessee;  pages  45-74;  postage,  1 
cent. 


Bulletin  No.  4 — Administrative  Report  of  the  State  Geologist,  1910;  issued 
March,  1911;  postage,  2 cents. 

Bulletin  No.  5— Clays  of  West  Tennessee,  by  Wilbur  A.  Nelson;  issued  April, 
1911;  postage,  4 cents. 

Bulletin  No.  9 — Economic  Geology  of  the  Dayton-Pikeville  Region,  by  W.  C 
Phalen,  for  sale  only,  price  15  cents. 


LIST  OF  PUBLICATIONS. 


59 


Bulletin  No.  10 — Studies  of  the  Forests  of  Tennessee. 

A.  An  Investigation  of  the  Forest  Conditions  in  Tennessee,  by 
R.  Clifford  Hall;  issued  April,  1911;  56  pages;  postage  3 
cents. 

B.  Chestnut  in  Tennessee,  by  W.  W.  Ashe,  issued  December, 
1911;  postage,  2 cents. 

Bulletin  No.  13 — A Brief  Summary  of  the  Resources  of  Tennessee,  by  Geo.  H. 

Ashley;  issued  May,  1911;  40  pages;  postage,  2 cents. 

Bulletin  No.  14 — The  Zinc  Deposits  of  Northeastern  Tennessee,  by  A.  H.  Pur- 
due; issued  September,  1912;  69  pages;  30  illustrations, 
postage,  3 cents  a number. 

“The  Resources  of  Tennessee — A monthly  magazine,  devoted  to  the  descrip- 
tion, conservation  and  development  of  the  State’s  resources.  Postage, 
2 cents  a number. 

PRINCIPAL  PAPERS. 

Vol.  I.  No.  1 — The  utilization  of  the  small  water  powers  in  Tennessee, 
by  J.  A.  Switzer  and  Geo.  H.  Ashley. 

No.  2. — The  Camden  chert — an  ideal  road  material,  by  Geo. 
H.  Ashley. 

The  Fernvale  iron  ore  deposit  of  Davidson  County,  by 
Wilbur  A.  Nelson. 

Cement  materials  in  Tennessee,  by  C.  H.  Gordon. 

No.  3 — The  gold  field  of  Coker  Creek,  by  Geo.  H.  Ashley. 

No.  4 — Coal  resources  of  Dayton-Pikeville  area,  by  W.  C. 
Phalen. 

No.  5 — Economic  aspects  of  the  smoke  nuisance,  by  J.  A. 
Switzer. 

Watauga  Power  Company’s  hydro-electric  development, 
by  Francis  R.  Weller. 

The  coal  fields  of  Tennessee,  by  Geo.  H.  Ashley. 

No.  6 — Bauxite  Mining  in  Tennessee,  by  Geo.  H.  Ashley. 

A New  Manganese  Deposit  in  Tennessee,  by  Wilbur  A. 
Nelson. 

Road  Improvement  in  Tennessee,  by  Geo.  H.  Ashley. 

Vol.  II.  No.  1 — The  Utilization  of  the  Navigable  Rivers  of  Tennessee, 
by  Geo.  H.  Ashley. 

Dust  Explosions  in  Mines,  by  Geo.  H.  Ashley. 

The  Rejuvenation  of  Wornout  Soil  Without  Artificial 
Fertilizers,  by  Geo.  H.  Ashley. 

Tennessee  to  Have  Another  Great  Water  Power,  by 
George  Byrne. 

Manufacture  of  Sulphuric  Acid  in  Tennessee  in  1911, 
by  Wilbur  A.  Nelson, 


60 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


No.  2 — The  Ocoee  River  Power  Development,  by  J.  A.  Switzer. 
Exploration  for  Natural  Gas  and  Oil  at  Memphis,  Tenn,, 
by  M.  J.  Munn. 

No.  3 — The  Power  Development  at  Hale’s  Bar,  by  J.  A.  Switzer, 
Notes  on  Lead  in  Tennessee,  by  Wilbur  A.  Nelson. 

No.  4 — The  Tennessee  Academy  of  Science. 

The  Preliminary  Consideration  of  Water  Power  Pro- 
jects, by  J.  A.  Switzer. 

Lignite  and  Lignitic  Clay  in  West  Tennessee,  by  Wilbur 

A.  Nelson. 

No.  5 — The  Growth  of  Our  Knowledge  of  Tennessee  Geology, 
L.  C.  Glenn. 

No.  6 — On  the  Impounding  of  Waters  to  Prevent  Floods,  by 
A.  H.  Purdue. 

Drainage  Problems  of  Wolf,  Hatchie,  and  South  Fork  of 
Forked  Deer  Rivers,  in  West  Tennessee,  by  L.  L.  Hid- 
inger  and  Arthur  E.  Morgan. 

The  Waste  From  Hillside  Wash,  by  A.  H.  Purdue. 

No.  7 — Where  May  Oil  and  Gas  Be  Found  in  Tennessee?  By 
Geo.  H.  Ashley. 

Spring  Creek  Oil  Field,  by  M.  J.  Munn. 

No.  8 — The  Monteagle  Wonder  Cave,  by  Wilbur  A.  Nelson. 

Cave  Marble  (Cave  Onyx)  in  Tennessee,  by  C.  H. 
Gordon. 

No.  9 — The  Valley  and  Mountain  Iron  Ores  of  East  Tennessee, 
by  Royal  P.  Jarvis. 

No.  10 — The  Iron  Industry  of  Lawrence  and  Wayne  Counties, 
by  A.  H.  Purdue. 

Some  Building  Sands  of  Tennessee,  by  Wilbur  A. 
Nelson. 

No.  11 — Tests  on  the  Clays  of  Henry  County,  by  F.  A.  Kirk- 
patrick. Introduction,  by  Wilbur  A.  Nelson. 

Barite  Deposits  in  the  Sweetwater  District,  by  Herbert 

B.  Henegar. 

No.  12 — The  Soils  and  Agricultural  Resources  of  Robertson 
County,  by  Reese  F.  Rogers. 

The  Iron  Ore  Deposits  in  the  Tuckahoe  District,  by 

C.  H.  Gordon  and  R.  P.  Jarvis. 


It  was  the  original  plan  of  the  Survey  to  publish  the 
material  on  The  Iron  Ores  of  Tennessee^  as  Bulletin 
2-C;  but  from  a change  of  plans,  it  was  published  as 
the  leading  article  in  Volume  II,  No.  9 of  The  Re- 
sources of  Tennessee,  under  the  title,  The  Valley  and 
Mountain  Iron  Ores  of  East  Tennessee.  This  number 
of  The  Resources  of  Tennessee  is  herewith  inserted, 
in  order  to  complete  the  publications  as  originally  out- 
lined. 


VOL.  2.  NO.  9 NASHVILLE  SEPTEMBER,  1912 


View  of  part  of  the  Tellico  basin  with  the  mountains  in  the  background, 
on  the  sides  of  which  iron  ore  occurs. 


IN  THIS  ISSUE 

The  Valley  and  Mountain  Iron  Ores  of  East  Tennessee. 

By  Royal  P.  Jarves. 

New  Publications. 

News  Notes. 


THE  RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE 

A Magazine  Devoted  to  the  Description^  Conservation  and 
Developmejit  of  the  Resources  of  Tennessee 

Published  Monthly  at  Nashville  by 
THE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  TENNESSEE 

A.  H.  Purdue,  State  Geologist 
Wilbur  A.  Nelson,  Assistant  Geologist 

Entered  as  second-class  matter  July  14, 1911,  at  the  Postoffice  at  Nashville,  Tenn., 
under  the  Act  of  July  16, 1894. 


The  Valley  and  Mountain  Iron  Ores  of 
East  Tennessee. 


By  Royal  P.  Jarvis. 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  region  covered  by  the  present  review  includes  the  counties  of  John- 
son, Carter,  Greene,  Cocke,  Sevier,  Blount,  Monroe,  and  Polk,  the  eight 
border  counties  between  Tennessee  and  North  Carolina.  These  contain 
within  their  borders  the  great  range  of  mountains,  known  by  various  local 
names  as  the  Great  Smokies,  the  Unakas,  the  Blue  Ridge,  etc.  Usually 
there  are  several  parallel  ridges  making  up  the  system.  To  the  northwest 
of  the  range  is  the  great  valley  of  the  Tennessee.  The  Unakas,  or  Great 
Smokies,  are  but  a part  of  the  system  which  stretches  continuously  from 
New  York  to  Alabama.  The  area  included  within  Tennessee  may  be  said 
roughly  to  cover  a strip  extending  northeast-southwest  for  200  miles,  with 
a width  of  10  to  15  miles,  or  an  approximate  area  of  2,000  to  3,000  square 
miles.  Within  this  strip  are  included  both  the  “Valley”  and  the  “Moun- 
tain” ores  of  East  Tennessee. 

GEOLOGY. 

The  geology  of  the  Appalachians  has  been  the  subject  of  numerous 
reports,  and  was  one  of  the  first  regions  to  receive  the  attention  of  the 
early  geologists  of  this  country.  The  elaborate  State  reports  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania Survey,  the  New  York  State  Survey,  the  reports  of  Safford  and 
Killebrew  in  Tennessee,  together  with  the  more  recent  detailed  reports 
and  folios  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  and  the  reports  of  the  State 
Geologists  of  Georgia,  Alabama,  Virginia  and  Maryland  have  served  to 
make  our  knowledge  of  the  general  geology  of  the  region  quite  coiiqilcte. 

A generalized  geologic  section  within  Tennessee,  extending  nortliwcst 


IRON  ORIvS  Ol^'  ^:AST  TICNNluSSI^:!^:. 


327 


from  the  Noiili  C'arolina  hoiindary,  a distance  of  20  miles,  is  made  up  of 
Cambrian  and  Ordovician  rocks,  with  ])re-Caml)rian  and  metamor])hic 
rocks  constituting-  the  underlying-  basal  members,  b'or  the  most  i)art  the 
series  consists  chielly  of  sedimentary  rocks — sandstones,  conglomerates, 
shales,  slates  and  limestones.  These  different  members,  which  are  not 
absolutely  uniform  in  thickness  and  character,  have  received  the  name  of 
some  locality  where  they  are  ty])ically  exposed.  In  the  early  reports,  those 
writers  who  were  familiar  with  the  Pennsylvania  State  reports,  called  the 
whole  series  of  sedimentaries  the  Pottsdam ; Safford  considered  this  Potts- 
dam  group  of  Tennessee  (Geology  of  Tennessee,  1869,  p.  192)  as  made 
up  of  three  great  subdivisions:  1.  The  Ocoee  conglomerates  and  slates; 
2,  the  Chilhowee  sandstone ; and  3,  the  Knox  group  of  shales,  dolomites 
and  limestones.  Recent  work  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  has  placed 
the  Knox  group  in  both  the  Cambrian  and  Ordovician  systems.  Tor 
practical  purposes,  however,  the  more  minute  subdivisions  of  the  later 
is  not  a very  important  matter.  Following  the  nomenclature  of  the  later 
surveys,  the  principal  members  constituting  the  geologic  series  up  into 
the  Silurian  are  as  follows : 


( Rockwood  formation  400-700  Vari-colored  shales  and  calcareous  sandstone* 

j with  one  or  more  iron  beds. 

Silurian  ^ Clinch  sandstone  0-500  Massive  white  sandstone. 


IRON  ORIvS  ()l<  h'.AS'r  NNIASSICIC. 


329 


CLASS  l-MAGriETITE 


Sandstone  aConc^bm.  5halasASands.  H€maiifeVfeinsa5.5.Fbirfinc3. 
CLASS 2-BEDDED  DEPOSITS. 


330 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


Since  the  division  of  the  Cambrian  formations  is  based  almost  entirely 
upon  lithologic  characters,  which  admittedly  affords  a basis  for  only  ten- 
tative divisions,  the  same  formations  have  been  given  two  or  more  names 
in  j)laces  where  faults  are  numerous  and  of  great  throw.  In  many  sec- 
tions where  sedimentary  rocks  occur,  measurements  of  their  thickness 
running  into  the  thousands  of  feet  have  been  given  when  they  are  in  re- 
ality much  less. 

Owing  to  the  harder  and  less  soluble  nature  of  the  conglomerates  and 
quartzites,  they  are  found  capping  the  highest  mountains  and  ridges, 
while  the  softer  and  more  readily  soluble  calcareous  shales,  shaly  lime- 
stones and  limestones  form  the  more  rounded  hills  and  knobs. 

The  formations  genetically  related  to  the  iron  ores  of  this  region  are 
the  granites,  and  gneiss  and  dikes  of  gabbro,  and  related  basic  eruptive 
rocks  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Carter  County ; the  Cochran  conglom- 
erate or  some  of  its  equivalents ; the  Erwin  quartzite  and  its  equivalents, 
with  the  overlying  Shady  limestone;  the  Watauga  shale;  Knox  dolomite; 
and  the  Rockwood  formation,  the  local  name  for  the  Clinton  iron  ore 
horizon. 

ECONOMIC  GEOLOGY. 

Kinds  of  ore. — The  iron  ore  deposits  of  this  region  may  be  classified 
as  follows: 

1.  Deposits  of  magnetite  (Fe304),  containing,  when  pure,  72%  of 
metallic  iron.  These  deposits  occur  in  the  Cranberry  granite,  a fine  and 
coarse  graineJ  biotite  granite  and  granite-gneiss.  These  deposits  within 
the  Tennessee  area  have  never  been  extensively  developed,  although  a 
number  of  openings  have  been  made  along  the  course  of  this  deposit. 
These  are  undoubtedly  on  a continuation  of  the  Cranberry  deposit  of 
North  Carolina,  and  are  traceable  for  a distance  of  about  nine  miles  with- 
in Tennessee. 

2.  Bedded  deposits  in  the  Cochran  conglomerate  or  its  equivalent. 
Such  deposits  occur  in  Bumpus  Cove,  where  some  work  was  done  in  the 
early  days.  They  are  of  very  low  grade,  however. 

3.  Replacements  deposits  of  limonite  (2Fe304.  SHoO).  Theoreti- 
cally this  carries  59.92%  iron.  Similar  hydrated  oxides  of  iron,  .such  as 
goethite  (62.93%  iron)  ; or  turgite  (66.29%  iron),  occur  in  faults  of 
brecciated  zones  in  the  quartzites ; or  as  small  irregular  deposits  parallel 
with  the  bedding  planes  in  some  of  the  shale  members,  particularly  the 
Watauga  shale.  These  deposits  often  show  up  very  well  at  the  surface, 
but  when  depth  is  attained,  or  when  traced  for  any  considerable  distance 
along  their  strike,  they  gradually  fade  out  into  liarren  quartzite  or  shale. 
This  class  of  deposits  is  generally  known  as  the  “Mountain  Ore,”  since 


IRON  ORlvS  Ol^'  KAS'V  T1m\ N lCSSI<:i^. 


331 


CLA554-VALLEY  OREa. 


3b. 


Schisf.  SurfaceTill.  Ore  Con+acl  aulphides 
CLASS  6 -eOSSAri  ORES 


332 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


it  occurs  high  up  ou  the  mountains.  In  the  early  days  of  the  iron  industry 
in  this  region,  it  sup])lied  a large  ])art  of  the  ore  reduced. 

4.  Jvesidual  dei^osits  of  liinonite,  or  related  hydrated  oxides  of  iron, 
found  in  the  clays  resulting  from  the  solution  of  the  limestone  or  dolo- 
mite. Such  de|)osits  occur  overlying  the  Shady  limestone  and  the  Knox 
dolomite.  The  ore  is  usually  found  disseminated  in  the  clays  and  sands 
as  nodules,  ranging  in  size  from  masses  weighing  several  tons  to  grains 
as  line  as  a mustard  seed.  This  class  of  deposits  has  proved  the  most 
important.  They  are  confined  to  “pockets,”  which  vary  extremely  in  size 
and  shape,  as  well  as  in  the  amount  or  proportion  of  iron.  In  mining  it, 
it  is  necessary  to  separate  the  adhering  clay  and  other  barren  material 
from  the  ore  hy  washing  and  hand  picking  or  jigging.  In  some  cases  it 
has  been  noted  that  the  ore  deposits  are  more  or  less  continuous  and  form 
a solid  bed  overlying  the  limestone  (Shady),  but  not  resting  directly  upon 
it,  as  is  true  with  the  Bumpus  Cove  deposits. 

5.  Bedded  deposits  in  the  Rockwood  formation.  These  outcrop  on 
the  northwest  side  of  Chilhowee  Mountain.  They  have  not  received 
much  attention,  nor  have  they  been  developed  to  any  extent  within  the 
area  under  consideration,  although  of  great  importance  in  the  region  lying 
immediately  west  and  north,  in  Campbell,  Anderson,  Roane  and  ]\Ieigs 
counties. 

6.  Gossan  deposits  of  limonite  are  found  overlying  the  primary  sul- 
phides of  iron  and  copper  in  the  Ducktown  district.  These  ores  have  been 
derived  entirely  from  pyrite  and  pyrrhotite,  the  commonly  occurring  sul- 
phides of  iron,  through  the  slow,  natural  process  of  oxidation  by  atmos- 
pheric agencies.  They  show  great  irregularity  as  regards  both  depth  and 
thickness.  They  are  low  in  phosphorous,  but  may  contain  considerable 
sulphur  and  copper.  ' The  ores  have  been  mined  in  open  cuts,  from  which 
the  shipping  ore  was  selected  more  or  less  by  hand. 

Origin  of  the  ores. — In  the  genesis  of  so  many  classes  of  deposits,  it  is 
evident  that  no  one  theory  can  account  for  all.  Much  has  been  said  con- 
cerning the  second  and  fifth  classes,  those  bedded  deposits  which  are  con- 
formable with  the  inclosing  rocks.  Their  development  within  this  region 
has  been  insufficient  to  determine  whether  there  is  a progressive  dimuni- 
tion in  the  iron  percentage  as  depth  is  attained.  This  has  usually  been 
found  to  be  the  case  elsewhere,  and  when  the  permanent  water  level  is 
reached,  or  the  bed  is  protected  by  a heavy  overburden,  the  ores  are  gen- 
erally of  lower  grade. 

The  genesis  of  the  first  class,  the  magnetites,  is  undoubtedly  closely 
related  to  the  history  and  formation  of  the  gabbro  dikes,  the  related  ig- 
neous rocks,  and  the  inclosing  granites.  The  magnetites  occur  in  lenses 
conformable  with  the  planes  of  schistosity,  which  resemble  bedding  i)lanes. 


IKON  ORlvS  ()!'  I^:AS1^  1'P:N N IvSS iua 


333 


'I'hosc  lenses  vary  in  thiekness  from  less  than  a foot  to  30  feet  (n*  more, 
and  are  from  live  to  ten  times  as  lon<;-  as  tliiek.  d'he  mineral,  magnetite, 
is  distributed  irregnlarl}'  through  the  mass  making  ii])  the  lens,  and  the 
ore  in  general  ean  not  he  elassed  as  high  grade  in  the  crude.  To  render 
it  of  economic  value  it  must  he  concentrated.  At  Cranberry,  North  Caro- 
lina, this  is  effected  on  magnetic  se])arators.  The  minerals  associated 
with  magnetite  are  hornblende,  pyroxene  and  epidote,  and  in  miner 
amounts,  feldspar  and  ([uartz.  Owing  to  the  large  amount  of  hornblende, 
pyroxene  and  e])idote,  which  are  tough  and  hard  minerals,  the  ores  are 
hard  to  crush  ])reparatory  to  dressing  or  magnetic  concentration.  It  has 
been  held  by  Keith  (Cranberry  Folio,  No.  90)  that  the  ore  body  “is  not 
due  to  original  segregation  from  an  igneous  granite,  but  is  entirely  of  a 
secondary  nature”.  It  may  have  replaced  a preexisting  mass  of  rock  by 
solution  and  substitution,  or  it  may  have  been  deposited  from  solution  in 
o]:)en  spaces  in  the  inclosing  rock”.  He  considers  the  latter  very  un- 
likely. Since  the  magnetite  lense  takes  the  shape  of  the  mass  of  intruded 
basis  igneous  rock,  which  occurs  in  the  immediate  locality,  as  noted  in  the 
openings  made  on  the  Campbell  property,  it  is  therefore  altogether  likely 
that  the  magnetite  lenses  merely  represent  a segregation  from  an  ultra- 
basic  ingneous  rock,  intruded  into  the  granites.  In  some  cases,  secondary 
reactions  may  have  taken  place  due  to  pressure,  heat  and  circulating 
waters.  Thus  while  the  origin  of  the  magnetite  is  not  due  to  an  original 
segregation  from  the  inclosing  granite,  nevertheless  the  ore  as  found,  is 
due  to  the  segregation  from  an  extremely  basic  eruptive  rock. 

The  geneses  of  the  third  and  fourth  classes  doubtless  have  much  in 
common.  It  has  been  held  by  some  writers  (II.  i\I.  Chance,  Trans.  Aiiicr- 
icaii  Institute  Mining  Engineers,  \o\.  39,  p.  522),  that  these  surface  de- 
posits of  limonite  represent  the  oxidized  portions  of  great  masses  of  iron 
sulphides,  and  that  these  sulphide  deposits  will  be  found  beneath.  While 
the  writer  can  not  speak  for  regions  outside  of  Tennessee,  nothing  that 
he  has  thus  far  examined  within  the  State  would  wxirrant  such  conclu- 
sions. It  is  quite  possilde  that  the  mineral  now  in  the  form  of  limonite 
was  originally  derived  from  adjacent  rocks,  shales  and  quartzites,  which 
arc  known  frequently  to  carry  disseminated  iron  ])yrite ; but  the  iron  oiigi- 
nally  in  the  form  of  pyrite  has  been  oxidized,  leached  out  and  deposited 
where  now  found,  in  the  fault  zones  above  mentioned.  The  ore  now 
found  disseminated  in  the  clays  overlying  the  Shady  and  other  limestones, 
has  doubtless  been  derived  chiefly  from  the  small  amount  of  iron  in  the 
overlying  limestone. 

To  illustrate  how  rapidly  small  amounts  of  iron  in  a stratum  of  rock 
will  develo])  into  large  tonnages  of  ore,  let  it  be  assumed  (1),  that  the 
Shady  limestone  will  average  1 ])er  cent  of  iron  (many  samples  will  yield 


334 


RESOURCES  OE  TExNNESSEE. 


this  amount  ) ; (2),  that  all  the  iron  contained  in  the  limestone  g'o^s  into 
the  (le])osit,  from  solution  and  reconcentration;  (3),  that  the  resulting 
tonnage  is  based  u|)(ui  a washed  ore  containing  50%  of  iron;  (4),  lhat 
the  specific  gravity  of  the  limestone  is  2.70,  and  therefore  one  cubic  foot 
weighs  168  ])oimds.  Api)roximately,  one  cubic  foot  of  unaltered  lime- 
stone will  contain  1.68  pounds  of  metallic  iron,  or  3.36  pounds  of  50  per 
cent  iron  ore.  An  acre  of  such  limestone  one  foot  thick  will  contain 
43,560  times  this  much  (43,560  square  feet  in  an  acre),  or  73,180  pounds 
of  metallic  iron,  which  equals  146,360  pounds  (almost  75  short  tons)  of 
50%  iron  ore.  If  100  feet  of  such  a limestone  is  dissolved  away  over  an 
acre,  it  will  yield  no  less  than  14,636,000  pounds,  or  7,318  short  tons,  of 
50%  iron  ore.  Since  in  many  cases  at  least  no  less  than  500  to  700  feet 
'of  limestone  has  been  removed  by  solution,  the  amount  of  iron  ore  yielded 
under  assumed  conditions  is  really  astonishing. 

Of  course  in  nature  the  above  assumed  conditions  are  never  fulfilled, 
chiefly  because  much  of  the  iron  is  carried  away  either  in  solution,  or 
combined  with  other  minerals  and  removed  by  erosion.  This  simple  case 
will  suffice  to  show  that  any  rock  carrying  even  very  small  quantities  of 
a given  mineral  is  quite  sufficient  to  account  for  very  much  more  ore  than 
we  find.  The  difficulty  is  not  to  find  a source,  but  to  determine  the  laws 
that  govern  the  solution,  migration  and  precipitation  of  the  minerals 
themselves.  Terms  and  names  have  been  coined  to  express  these  facts, 
but  the  exact  and  definite  effects  of  such  forces  as  osmosis,  mass  action, 
surface  tension  and  adhesion  between  minute  particles,  together  with 
varying  effects  of  temperature,  pressure,  and  an  unlimited  amount  of 
time  for  these  forces  to  act,  renders  the  problem  a most  difficult  one. 
However,  our  knowledge  of  the  genesis  of  ore  deposits  must,  in  the  fu- 
ture, be  sought  chiefly  in  a study  of  the  laws  of  physical  chemistry. 

HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF  IROX  PRODUCTION. 

The  beginning  of  the  iron  industry  in  Tennessee  was  practically  coinci- 
dent with  the  early  settlement  of  the  State.  A number  of  factors  cor-- 
tributed  to  this  result,  among  which  may  be  noted  : The  long  distance 
of  the  settlement  from  commercial  centers,  and  particularly  the  seaboard 
towns,  and  the  consequent  high  price  of  iron  in  any  commercial  form ; 
the  wide  distribution,  and  ease  with  which  the  iron  ore  deposits  of  the 
State  could  he  worked  ; the  cheap  and  abundant  supply  of  water  power, 
charcoal,  and  cheap  labor.  The  result  was,  that  every  county  of  East 
Tennessee,  and  almost  every  cove  and  valley  had  its  forge,  bloomery  or 
blast  furnace.  In  the  early  days,  bar  iron  was  one  of  the  recognized  me- 
diums of  exchange.  J-  ^f-  Safford  (Geology  of  Tennessee,  1869,  p.  464). 
gives  a list  of  the  various  blast  furnaces  and  forges,  with  the  pr-uluction 


IRON  Okies  Oh'  leAsi'  'new less leK. 


335 


lor  the  year  1S54,  scvcmi  }'cars  before  the  he^innini^'  of  the  Civai  War. 
Nine  blast  furnaees  are  listed,  of  whieh  five  were  then  in  hla-il.  \ ieidin:L; 
about  1,800  tons  of  pij.;'  iron.  I'or  the  same  ])eriod,  20  establishments, 
haviiii;'  51  fori^es,  prodneini;-  about  500  tons  of  bar  iron  and  700  tons  of 
blooms,  are  listed.  Wdiile  bi^ures  of  ])rodnetion  for  years  ])recedin^  this 
are  not  at  band,  it  is  safe  to  say  that  these  bi^nres  were  not  exeeeded,  if 
in  faet  they  were  elosely  ajiproaehed.  Followiip^'  the  war,  the  industry 
was  eompletely  ])aralyzed,  and  in  the  eounties  of  Greene,  Sevier  and 
Rloimt  it  has  never  been  revived.  In  recent  years,  in  the  region  nnder 
eonsideration,  the  comities  of  Polk,  P'nicoi,  Johnson,  Washington,  dvi on- 
roe,  Carter  and  Cocke,  in  the  order  named,  have  been  the  chief  ])rodiicers. 
The  following  table,  condensed  from  the  annual  reports  of  iIk:  Chief 
l\line  Insjiector  of  Tennessee,  gives  the  value  and  production  in  long  tons 
for  the  years  from  1903  to  1910  inclusive.  Practically  all  the  ore  is  limo- 
nite,  or  brown  hematite.  This  table  includes  all  the  producing  counties 
in  this  section  : 


Table  Showhig  Production  of  Iron  Ores  in  Tennessee^  igoj-igii 


336 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


rt  2 

CO 

lO 

U >1 

’1 

CO 

O H 

g 

O o 

e*  > 

CO 

eAf 

co" 

(fl 

0 

0 

05 

-f 

o o 

50 

lOl" 

LO 

CO 

"■  * 

CO 

« > 

W H 
e 

O OJ 
h > 

<50 

60- 

PS 

o 

u O 

c c 

c— 

10 

LO 

o o 

CM 

<50 

GO 

LO 

LO 

<50 

rH 

t'- 

0^ 

CM 

co 

w >< 

cm" 

<50 

t-" 

0 H 

H > 

t-H 

10 

619- 

z 5 

bl  a> 

LO 

i-H 

00 

0 

I-*  o 

05 

1-H 

1— i 

LO 

T-^ 

CM_^ 

CM^ 

00" 

<50 

Lo" 

CO 

-n 

t'- 

GO 

-f 

LO 

l'- 

0 

CM 

<05 

B 3 

'-h' 

CM 

''2 

<05 

05 

GO 

go" 

cm" 

co" 

b H 
^ z 

H > 

0 

GO 

<:0' 

rH 

Z D 

K O 

Oj 

LO 

<05 

CM 

L- 

05 

GO 

CO 

<50 

<50 

tH 

0^ 

50 

CO__ 

<05" 

<05 

<0 

5o" 

iJ  ■“ 

CO 

LO 

LO 

rH 

o 

(M 

lO 

0 

; 

05 

05 

0 

CM 

£ 3 

CO^ 

0^ 

T— 1 

tH 

o| 

05" 

0 

go" 

00" 

00 

> 

h > 

CO 

CO 

t- 

CO 

U.  H 

T— 1 

tH 

iJ  Z 

e/> 

CL,  o 

a-i 

CO 

T-> 

o 

05 

cc 

CO 

T— 1 

5 c 

GO 

1^- 

<50^ 

O o 

Lf^ 

■rH 

cm" 

<00 

H' 

<50 

ij 

1—1 

05 

L- 

1-- 

CO 

0 

1— 

T— 1 

1— H 

L'- 

CO 

0 

0 

<05 

iM 

0 

rH 

z 

o 

£ 3 

LfO 

co" 

CM 

cm" 

0^ 

0" 

0^ 

lo" 

05^ 

co" 

H >- 

r ^ 

0 

CO 

rH 

0 H 

z z 

e/> 

55  ® 

CM 

L— 

LO 

CM 

< o 

bt  'Ji 

0 

0 

rH 

1 

0 

CO 

c c 

CO 

Oi 

L- 

0^ 

o_ 

50 

o o 

cm" 

0" 

~r 

Lo" 

cm" 

'Tf 

CM 

~ 

0 

00 

0 

O' 

0 

0 

0 

LO 

£ 3 

10 

CO 

05 

'O' 

. . z 

2"^ 
h > 

ol 

6^ 

° § 

0 

0 

0/1  c/5 
a r* 

0 

GO 

0 

10 

O o 

0 

LO 

CM 

0: 

1 

1 

PS 

1 

w 

> 

4£* 

H 'C 

5 <50  L- 

CO 

CTi 

0 

1—1 

1 

5 <0 

> C 

) CO 

0 

0 

T— 1 

05  05  0 

5 <0 

5 05 

<05 

a: 

Oi 

Oi 

1—1  1— 

H 1— 

H tH 

rH 

1—1 

1—1 

Compiled  from  Reports  of  the  Chief  Mine  Inspector  of  Tennessee. 


IRON  OR 

IfS  Ol^'  IfAST  d'lfNNITSSFdf. 

337 

The  following  table,  condensed  from 

the  re])orts  of  the  Chief  Mine  In- 

spector  of  Tennessee,  and  the  Mineral 

Resources  of  the  IJ. 

S.  (Geological 

Survey,  show.^ 

the  total  pr 

xluction  of 

Tennessee  iron  ores 

since  1889,  in 

long  tons : 

Tons  of 

Tons  of 

Total,  ac- 

Total,  ac- 

Year 

red 

brown 

Carbonate  cording  to  the  cording  to  the 

hematite 

hematite 

U.  S.  G.  S. 

State  reports 

1889  

473,294 

1890  

465,695 

1891 

543,923 

1892  

406,578 

406,478 

1893  

372,996 

372,996 

1894  

292,831 

292,831 

1895  

257,502 

255,583 

6,711  519,796 

519,796 

1896  

207,502 

326,932 

800  535,484 

535,484 

1897  

260,550 

343,947 

604,497 

604,497 

1898  

284,616 

308,611 

593,227 

617,579 

1899  

298,704 

333,342 

632,346 

667,149 

1900  

283,784 

310,387 

594,171 

699,724 

1901 

314,949 

474,545 

789,494 

620,458 

1902  

370,643 

503,899 

874,542 

628,870 

1903  

371,189 

481,515 

852,704 

724,264 

1904  

309,419 

191,563 

500,982 

539,820 

1905  

272,996 

461,774 

774,770 

730,981 

1906  

279,971 

590,763 

870,734 

879,059 

1907  

269,182 

544,508 

813,690 

817,767 

1908  

226,038 

409,305 

635,343 

588,988 

1909  

298,818 

358,977 

657,795 

648,825 

1910 

301,838 

430,409 

732,247 

674,693 

This  table  shows  that  in  a period  of  nearly  25  years  the  total  iron  ore 
production  has  varied  from  somethin^  over  a quarter  of  a million  tons  to 
slightly  over  three-quarters  of  a million  tons  per  annum.  The  periods  of 
greatest  production  naturally  closely  coincide  with  the  ])rosperons  years, 
and  the  periods  of  depression  follow  closely  upon  intervals  of  commercial 
stagnation  or  suspense.  These  figures  of  production,  as  compared  with 
1910,  in  such  states  as  Minnesota  with  its  nearly  thirty-two  millions  of  tons 
or  Alichigan  with  over  thirteen  millions  of  tons  are  quite  small.  For  the  last 
ten  years  Tennessee’s  rank  as  a producer  of  iron  ores  among  the  states 
has  ranged  from  the  sixth  to  the  ninth,  and  the  percentage  of  total  pro- 
duction from  1.2  to  2 ])er  cent. 


TRANSPORTATION  FACILITIES  AND  MARKETS. 

In  the  earl}/  re])orts  of  Safford  and  Killebrew  great  stress  was  laid 
upon  the  difficnlty  of  transportation,  and  the  distance  of  the  ore  deposits 
from  the  railways  and  other  centers.  Since  these  reports  were  written 
the  number  of  miles  of  railway  in  the  region  in  cpiestion  has  increased 


338 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


many  fold,  so  that  at  ])rcscnt,  even  in  S])ite  of  the  difficulties  and  cost  of 
railway  building-  and  a rough  and  mountainous  district,  the  whole  region 
is  readily  accessible.  The  lack  of  transportation  facilities  can  no  longer 
be  advanced  as  an  excuse  for  the  slow  development  of  the  East  Tennes- 
see iron  dc])osits.  Cheap  and  abundant  su])plies  of  excellent  fuel,  to- 
gether with  excellent  limestone  for  fluxing  purposes,  are  close  at  hand. 
The  climate  is  healthful,  the  soil  generally  fertile  and  labor  abundant  at 
reasonable  ])rices.  The  deposits  are  near  the  largest  markets  of  the  coun- 
try, and  in  the  midst  of  a rapidly  growing  manufacturing  region.  These 
things  ought  to  be  sufficient  to  stimulate  the  growth  of  the  iron  industry 
in  this  region.  All  other  questions  aside,  it  seems  to  the  writer  that  the 
one  factor  as  yet  undetermined  in  the  production  of  iron  in  East  Ten- 
nessee is  that  of  iron  ore  in  sufficient  quantities  and  grade  to  make  it 
possible  to  compete  with  other  states. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  SOAIE  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  LOCALI- 
TIES BY  COUNTIES. 

While  the  following  report  is  confessedly  not  a complete  one  owing  to 
lack  of  time  to  cover  all  the  territory,  and  other  causes,  it  is  submitted 
in  the  hope  that  it  may  be  of  some  service  to  those  who  are  at  present  in- 
terested in  the  development  of  the  iron  deposits  of  this  district,  and  to 
prospective  investors.  The  writer  has  made  an  effort  to  visit  in  person 
all  mines,  openings  and  banks,  the  description  of  which  is  given.  The 
description  of  the  Tellico  region,  Monroe  County,  is  by  Dr.  C.  H.  Gordon. 
Much  of  that  region  has  been  covered  by  the  writer  in  the  interests  of 
private  parties,  and  analyses  have  been  made  of  several  samples  selected 
by  Dr.  Gordon.  It  is  safe  to  say  that  these  deposits  all  fall  within  the 
classes  made  in  the  foregoing  pages,  chiefly  classes  3 and  4. 

BLOUNT  COUNTY. 

The  iron  deposits  lying  within  Blount  County  may  be  included  under 
classes  3,  4 and  5.  In  the  early  days  production  was  mainly  from  the 
residual  deposits  in  the  Knox  dolomite.  IMore  recently  some  promising 
prospects  have  been  opened  up  on  the  northwest  side  of  Chilhowee  [Moun- 
tain which  the  writer  considers  as  the  Rockwood  formation.  This  belt 
can  be  traced  from  Walland,  southward  beyond  Montvale  Springs.  Sev- 
eral openings  have  been  made  on  the  property  of  the  Chilhowee  [Moun- 
tain Mining  Company,  about  two  miles  south  and  west  of  Walland.  Mr. 
J.  F.  Brittain,  of  Maryville,  who  is  general  manager,  states  that  a few 
cars  of  ore  were  shipped  in  1907.  One  of  the  cuts  shows  two  l)cds,  the 
lowest  having  a thickness  of  26  inches,  with  a sandy  parting  46  inches 


IkON  ORliS  Ol^'  ICAS'I'  M'lCNNICSSICI^:. 


33.9 


thick  above  it,  and  on  lop  of  tliis  a 40-inch  seam.  44ie  beds  di])  3.S  de- 
crees nearly  southeast  and  strike  N.  50  dej^rees  hk,  ])arallel  with  Clnl- 
howee  iMonntain.  The  ore  is  hematite,  in  ])art  altered  to  limo'iil'.  near 
the  surface.  Its  ])hysical  and  chemical  characters  are  almost  i('eiitT'al 
with  the  so-called  “soft  ores"  of  the  Rockwood  district.  An  analysis  of 
a ])iece  of  the  ore  taken  oFf  one  of  the  dumps  g'ave,  in  an  air  dried  sample 
iron,  40%;  silica,  21.0%;  lime,  trace.  Northeast  of  Walland  a similar 
det)osit  was  opened  a nnmher  of  years  ago,  and  it  is  ])rol)ahle  that  this 
same  horizon  is  more  or  less  continuous  along  Chilhowee  ^Mountain  in 
the  direction  of  Sevierville  for  a distance  of  10  to  12  miles.  The  ])rescnt 
exposures  are  in  the  vicinity  of  extensive  faults,  and  what  the  effect  of 
these  will  be  upon  further  development  of  the  veins  can  not  be  definitely 
stated. 

In  the  coves  lying  between  the  outlying  mass  of  Chilhowee  ^Mountain 
and  the  Lower  Cambrian  quartzites  to  the  south  and  east,  pockets  of 
limonite  have  been  found  over  the  limestones.  In  the  early  days  a forge 
was  operated  near  the  head  of  Aliller’s  Cove,  about  four  miles  southwest 
of  Walland,  Other  pocket  deposits  of  limonite  are  known  to  exist  in 
Cades  Cove,  10  miles  south  of  Walland. 

Near  Amarine  Gap,  four  miles  southwest  of  Walland,  small  pockets  of 
manganese  have  been  found  in  the  Murray  shale.  The  ore  occurs  inter- 
bedded  with  the  shales  and  in  thin  veins  from  two  to  six  inches  thick. 
An  analysis  of  a sample  taken  from  a small  pile  of  ore  sorted  out  on  the 
dump  of  one  of  the  openings  gave  52.4%  of  manganese.  These  deposits 
appear  to  be  too  small  and  erratic  to  be  considered  of  much  economic 
importance. 

On  the  property  of  John  White  and  1).  C.  Williamson,  two  miles  east 
of  Walland,  near  the  foot  of  Alt.  Nebo  (Chilhowee  Alountain ) small 
amounts  of  limonite  are  found  here  and  there,  scattered  through  the  soil, 
which  has  probably  been  derived  from  the  weathering  of  the  Sevier  shales. 
They  are  not  of  sufiicient  extent  or  depth  to  be  of  importance. 

Five  miles  south  of  Maryville  a pocket  of  browu  ore  in  the  residual 
clays  from  the  Knox  dolomite  was  oj^erated  in  a small  way  a number  of 
years  ago,  and  five  miles  to  the  northeast  of  the  same  town  is  another 
similar  deposit. 

CARTER  COUNTV. 

The  geology  and  character  of  the  iron  ore  deposits  of  Carter  County 
show  greater  variety  than  that  of  any  other  county  in  East  Tennessee. 
The  northwestern  part  of  the  county  shows  the  same  stratigraphy  as 
Johnson  County  on  the  northeast  and  Washington  and  Greene  counties  on 
the  southwest.  A geologic  section  of  the  mountains  and  ridges  bordering 
the  valley  on  the  northwest  shows  a great  series  of  bedded  sandstones, 


340 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


([uartzites,  and  slialcs,  with  the  Shady  and  llonakcr  limestones  of  Cam- 
hrian  ai^e  formini^-  the  lloors  of  the  valleys  and  coves.  Thus,  Stony 
Creek  valley  in  the  northeastern  ])art  of  the  county,  and  Shady  valley  in 
the  adjoining-  county  of  Johnson,  occupy  troughs  in  the  Shady  limestone, 
while  Ihimpus  Cove,  which  lies  in  the  contiguous  counties  of  Washington 
and  Unicoi  to  the  southwest,  has  been  eroded  in  the  same  limestone.  As- 
sociated with  these  rocks  are  found  iron  deposits  of  the  2d,  3d  and  4th 
classes. 

In  the  extreme  southeastern  part  of  the  county  igneous  rocks,  granites, 
and  gneiss  abound,  and  associated  with  these  rocks  are  the  magnetites, 
the  type  described  unvler  class  1. 

In  recent  years  the  production  of  the  county  has  been  practically  noth- 
ing, but  in  the  early  history  of  the  State  the  deposits  in  Stony  Creek 
valley,  as  well  as  the  magnetites  on  Doe  River  at  Hampton  Forge,  were 
important.  As  late  as  the  70’s,  the  deposits  on  Stony  Creek  were  operated, 
and  the  ore  smelted  in  blast  furnaces  at  Carter.  The  two  principal  dis- 
tricts in  this  county  therefore  are  the  Stony  Creek  valley  region,  in  the 
northeastern  ])art,  and  the  Doe  River  and  Hampton  Forge  region  in  the 
southeastern  part  of  the  county. 

Stony  Creek. — As  noted  above,  this  valley  occupies  a trough  in  the 
Shady  limestone,  hemmed  in  on  three  sides  by  rough  ridges,  made  up  of 
the  underlying  quartzites  and  shales.  The  ores  have  come  from  deposits 
of  the  3d  and  4th  classes.  The  early  forges  and  blast  furnaces  derived 
most  of  their  supply  from  the  “mountain  ores,”  principally  from  de- 
])osits  on  Holston  Mountain.  The  Knoxville  Car  Wheel  Company  op- 
erated a small  charcoal  furnace  near  Carter,  and  their  ores  were  derived 
chiedy  from  “banks”  along  Hodge  branch,  on  the  south  side  of  the  valley. 
These  were  residual  ores  from  the  Shady  limestone,  and  belong  to  class 
3.  The  pig  iron  made  from  this  ore  was  considered  very  desirable,  but 
owing  to  the  distance  from  railways  at  the  time  this  furnace  was  oper- 
ated, and  cheaper  sources  elsewhere,  the  furnaces  were  finally  closed,  and 
are  now  completely  dismantled. 

The  latest  attempt  to  develop  the  iron  deposits  of  Stony  Creek,  was 
made  by  the  \drginia  Iron,  Coal  & Coke  Company  in  1906-07  at  the 
Hodge  ore  banks.  This  company  owns  large  areas  of  ore  land  in  this 
locality,  and  a considerable  sum  was  expended  at  this  bank  to  open  and 
equip  it.  A washery,  side  tracks  and  steam  tram-lines  were  constructed, 
and  preparations  made  for  a heavy  production,  but  the  records  show  that 
only  some  1,600  tons  were  produced.  The  washery  is  now  completely 
dismantled,  and  the  tracks  torn  up.  An  inspection  of  the  ground  over 
which  they  worked  gave  little  evidence  of  any  considerable  amount  of 


IRON  ()Rb:S  Ol'  ICAST  N lASSI'J'.. 


341 


1)1*0.  Sonic  pits  have  boon  sunk  aloni;'  sonic  of  the  cdi’cs  of  the  lianks, 
blit  show  little  ore. 

Consiilerahle  jiit  prospeetini;-  has  also  been  done  in  the  vicinity  of  Win- 
ner, on  both  1 lolston  and  Iron  inonntains.  In  both  cases  the  search  ap- 
pears to  have  been  carried  on  in  areas  off  the  limestones,  either  in  the 
underlyiiii^-  shales  (INliirray  slate)  or  cpiartzite  (llessej,  with  discourag- 
ing* results.  Some  ore  was  found,  hut  no  large  bodies.  This  ore  has  evi- 
dently lieen  derived  from  the  limestone,  hut  the  limestone  has  been  com- 
pletely removed,  leaving  the  iron  scattered  through  the  wash  from  the  ad- 
jacent shales  and  quartzites. 

iMoij^uctitcs  oil  tributaries  of  Doc  River. — In  the  extreme  southeastern 
part  of  Carter  County,  on  Shell,  Heaton,  Roaring  and  Tiger  creeks,  tribu- 
taries of  Doe  River,  are  to  be  found  a number  of  occurrences  of  magnet- 
ite. The  part  lying  within  the  boundaries  of  Carter  County  is  within  the 
belt  of  magnetites  which  extends,  more  or  less  continuously,  a distance 
of  about  15  miles  westerly  from  Cranberry  to  Magnetic  City,  North  Caro- 
lina, of  which  the  middle  10  miles  lies  within  the  boundaries  of  Tennessee. 

The  lands  supposed  to  cover  the  outcrop  of  this  ore  are  owned  by  a 
number  of  interests.  Among  the  largest  may  be  noted  the  Tennessee 
Coal,  Iron  & Railroad  Company,  the  Crab  Orchard  Iron  Company,  J.  C. 
Campbell,  of  Johnson  City,  and  others.  The  most  extensive  ojienings 
made  on  the  de])osit  within  Carter  County  are  located  at  the  old  Hampton 
Forge,  two  miles  south  of  Roane  Mountain  station  on  the  East  Tennessee 
and  Western  North  Carolina  Railway.  The  land  which  is  said  to  belong 
to  the  Crab  Orchard  Iron  Company  was  under  lease,  in  1899,  to  Mr. 
George  L.  Carter,  who  is  shipping  considerable  ore  at  this  time.  The 
vein  has  been  developed  by  o])en  cuts,  the  most  extensive  of  which  is  on 
the  east  side,  and  about  100  feet  higher  than  the  bed  of  the  river.  At 
this  point  it  has  a strike  nearly  east-west,  and  di])s  at  a high  angle  to  the 
south.  The  ore  deposit  appears  to  he  made  u])  of  two  portions,  a lower 
seam  or  lens,  12  to  15  feet  thick,  above  this  a lean  [larting  of  8 to  12  feet 
thick,  and  on  top  a rich  seam  six  to  eight  feet  thick ; but  these  vlimensions 
seem  to  vary  witliin  short  distanees.  Much  of  the  ore  appears  to  lie  rather 
lean.  The  deepest  point  examined  was  about  25  feet  below  the  surface. 
The  character  of  ore  appears  to  he  identical  with  that  of  the  Cranberry 
mines.  On  the  west  side  of  Doe  River,  about  600  feet  west  of  tins  open- 
ing, another  cut  has  l)een  made  on  this  vein.  Here  the  total  width  of  the 
vein  is  20  feet,  but  with  the  exception  of  a streak  about  two  feet  thick, 
the  deposit  is  low  grade.  Some  ore  is  said  to  have  l)een  ship])ed  from  this 
opening  in  1899.  At  the  time  this  deposit  was  worked,  a branch  line 
connected  the  station  and  Roane  Mountain,  but  the  heavy  Hoods  of  1902 
washed  it  out  completely,  and  it  has  never  been  rebuilt.  Ores  from  this. 


342 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


deposit  were  drawn  on  to  su])ply  the  for^'es  located  at  a point  about  where 
Doe  River  cuts  across  the  vein.  The  iron  made  from  these  ores  was 
noted  for  its  streiii^th  and  superior  ({ualities. 

The  land  of  Air.  J.  C.  Campbell,  located  near  the  head  of  Roaring  and 
George  creeks,  about  three  miles  south  of  Crabtree  station  and  on  the 
East  Tennessee  and  Western  North  Carolina  Railway,  has  recently  been 
prospected  by  o])en  cuts.  The  vein,  where  exposed  in  the  largest  cut,  has 
a strike  nearly  east-west,  and  dips  45  degrees  south.  A section  of  the 
vein,  as  shown  in  this  cut,  was  as  follows ; On  the  bottom  there  was  4.5 
feet  of  fair  grade  ore,  above  this  12  to  14  feet  of  granite  gneiss,  and  on 
top  of  the  gneiss  2.5  feet  of  ore  similar  to  that  at  the  bottom.  Both  ore 
and  gneiss  were  much  decomposed.  Prosj^ecting  at  this  point  has  been 
sufficient  to  show  that  even  in  such  short  distances  as  20  to  30  feet  the 
thickness  and  continuity  of  the  veins,  or  lenses  varies  much.  About  400 
feet  east  of  the  main  cut,  a tunnel  had  been  driven  in  to  catch  what  was 
supposed  to  be  the  continuation  of  the  vein.  The  tunnel  was  said  to  be 
90  feet  long.  Judging  from  material  on  the  dump,  the  vein  was  not  en- 
countered. Again,  to  the  west  of  the  main  cut,  some  700  feet,  another 
cut  had  been  driven,  on  a line  with  the  strike  of  the  vein.  No  ore  was 
found,  but  it  served  to  uncover  a mass  of  dark,  basic  eruptive  rock,  prob- 
ably a gabbro.  Still  another  cut  had  been  made  to  find  the  vein  about 
3,000  feet  east  of  the  main  cut.  Here  a good  deal  of  work  had  been  done, 
but  resulted  in  nothing  more  than  exposing  a large  mass  (probably  a 
dike ) of  igneous  rock,  composed  chiefiy  of  augite,  and  related  to  the  gab- 
bros.  Numerous  other  openings  have  been  made  along  the  course  of  the 
vein,  but  owing  to  lack  of  time  they  could  not  be  examined. 

The  genesis  of  these  magnetite  deposits  is  undoubtedly  closely  bound 
up  with  the  basic  igneous  rocks  of  the  district.  The  generally  dissemi- 
nated character  of  the  ores,  the  variation  of  the  pay  streak  in  thickness 
and  length,  and  their  close  association  with  dikes  of  extremely  basic  erup- 
tive rock,  show  conclusively  that  the  ores  themselves  are  nothing  more 
than  segregations  from  an  ultra-basic  magma. 

Adiile  development  upon  the  magnetite  area  in  Tennessee  has  not  been 
extensive,  enough  has  been  done  to  show  their  close  relationship  with  the 
Cranberry  deposits.  The  Cranberry  ores  are  not  particularly  high  in  iron, 
but  owing  to  the  very  small  amounts  of  sulphur,  phosphorous,  copper  and 
titanium,  ]ng  iron  made  from  these  ores  commands  a premium,  ^fag- 
netic  concentration  will  have  to  be  applied  to  similar  ores  mined  in  Ten- 
nessee. Owing  to  the  rapid  variation  in  thickness,  both  along  the  strike 
and  di]),  the  ciuantities  are  always  uncertain  ; and  while  the  belt  within 
which  magnetic  ores  occur  is  fairly  well  defined,  it  does  not  follow  that 
the  dei)Osit  is  a continuous  one,  or  that  where  present  prospecting  has  un- 


343 


IKON  OkivS  Ol'  \\A^'V  I'luMNl'.SSI'J'.. 

ccn’orod  an  oiilcro])  of  ore,  such  o])cnini4S  always  indicate  coniincrcial  de- 
posits. 

C'OCKr:  COUNTY. 

The  ])rinci])al  iron  ore  areas  of  this  county  are  centered  around  the  two 
little  stations  of  Del  Rio  and  Wolf  Creek,  respectively  12  and  17  miles 
east  of  Newt)ort,  the  county  seat.  They  are  situated  on  the  hrench  Rroad 
River  and  the  Nashville  division  of  the  Southern  Railway.  Nearly  40,000 
acres  of  mineral  land  are  owned  by  the  Tennessee  Coal,  Iron  and  Railroad 
Compan}'  in  this  and  adjacent  counties. 

Ihivv  mine. — This  mine  has  produced  most  of  the  ore  from  Cocke 
County  in  recent  years.  It  is  located  three  miles  northwest  of  Del  Rio, 
near  the  northeast  extremity  of  Stone  ^Mountain.  W ork  is  said  to  have 
been  carried  on  here  intermittingdy  from  1890  to  1906.  The  deposits, 
which  occur  in  the  Watauga  shale,  have  been  opened  in  a number  of 
places  and  follow'  a vein  w'hich  has  a strike  X.  50  degrees  E.  Ihe  deep- 
est w'orking  is  said  to  be  in  a field  shaft,  wdiich  stopped  in  the  ore  at  a depth 
of  -10  feet.  No  w'ell  defined  outcrop  w'as  visible  at  the  surface.  ]\Iuch 
of  the  ore  appears  to  have  been  taken  from  the  residual  sandy  clays,  and 
a i)roduct  averaging  45%  iron,  and  0.1  per  cent  phosphorous  w'as  ol)tained 
by  hand  sorting*.  The  selected  ore  w'as  hauled  by  tramw'ay  aud  w'agon 
to  the  railway  switch. 

On  a tract  of  land  adjoining  the  Hurr  property  on  the  northeast,  some' 
excellent  manganese  ore  has  been  found.  The  manganese  deposits  occur 
in  the  Watauga  shale  as  pockets  or  lenses  roughly  j^arallel  wdth  the  bed- 
ding ])lanes  of  the  shale.  The  largest  and  only  important  ])Ocket  found 
W'as  70  feet  long,  30  feet  deep,  and  20  feet  w'ide.  This  was  completely 
W'orked  out,  and  considerable  effort  expended  to  find  other  deposits,  but 
wdthout  success. 

Two  miles  south  of  Del  Rio  on  the  pro])erty  of  'Sir.  R.  M.  James,  a 
little  prospecting  has  recently  been  done.  These  deposits  likewdse  occur 
in  the  Watauga  shales.  One  small  vein  of  limonite  interhedded  with  the 
shales  w'as  traceable  for  several  hundred  feet  on  the  surface.  On  the  sur- 
face the  vein  averaged  from  tw'O  to  four  feet  w’i;le,  varying  nuich  in  the 
quality  of  the  ore,  w'hile  in  the  cut  at  a depth  of  about  16  feet  the  vein 
W'as  18  inches  thick,  and  lean.  An  examination  in  the  vicinity  of 
this  cut,  where  the  surface  had  been  removed,  show'ed  a number  of  small 
veins  of  limonite  interbedded  w'ith  the  shales,  all  less  than  eight  inches 
thick. 

In  the  residual  de])osits  derived  from  these  shales,  considerable  ^Vash 
ore”  occurs,  but  no  efforts  have  been  made  to  develo])  it.  Owing  to  the 
thin  covering  of  such  wxish,  and  the  very  irregular  distribution  of  the  ore, 
together  w ith  the  presence  of  a large  amount  of  loose,  shaly  sandstone, 


344 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


all  hii^li  above  the  streams,  not  much  importance  is  to  he  attached  to  it. 
Some  mani^anese  occurs  associated  with  the  small  limonite  veins,  as  a 
part  of  the  vein  hUin^',  forming-  a distinct  hand  from  one  to  five  inches 
thick. 

There  are  a number  of  outcro])s  and  openings  on  the  property  of  Joseph 
Huff  and  others  located  on  the  north  of  French  Broad  River  following 
the  axis  of  the  Meadow  Mountains.  The  major  valleys  between  the 
ridges  are  lloored  with  the  Shady  limestone,  ])ut  usually  at  a slight  ele- 
vation above  the  creek  ])eds,  the  shales  and  shaly  sandstones  begin.  These, 
together  with  the  more  massive  quartzites  and  conglomerates,  constitute 
most  of  the  mountain  masses.  The  limestone  usually  occupies  a nearly 
horizontal  ])osition,  but  close  to  the  contact  with  the  shales  is  tilted  and 
broken,  showing  that  the  positions  now  occiqfied  are  the  result  of  an 
overthrust  fault.  This  has  1)rought  the  underlying  shales  above  the  lime- 
stone. Associated  with  the  shales,  and  along  these  faults  are  a number 
of  outcrops  of  limonite.  These  deposits  occur,  apparently,  as  bedded 
members  with  the  shales  and  shaly  sandstones.  At  one  place  on  Long 
Creek  cuts  had  been  made  across  the  vein  for  50  feet,  and  a cut  eight 
feet  high  showed  some  very  good  ore.  But  an  examination  for  several 
hundred  feet  along  what  should  be  the  strike  of  the  deposit  did  not  show 
the  ore.  All  these  de])osits  fall  into  class  3.  It  is  said  that  four  carloads 
of  ore,  averaging  -18%  iron,  were  shipped  from  this  location  to  Embree- 
ville  in  1909.  When  the  furnace  was  operated,  at  Haysville,  Greene 
County,  this  ore  was  hauled  there  by  wagon.  Scattered  over  the  surface 
for  a distance  of  about  1,000  feet  are  masses  of  limonite.  Aluch  of  this 
class  of  ore  was  probably  gathered  in  the  early  days  and  hauled  away. 

Adjoining  this  tract  on  the  east  and  northeast  the  Tennessee  Coal,  Iron 
and  Railroad  Com])any  have  large  holdings.  They  were  not  examined, 
but  as  they  occur  in  the  same  belt  they  naturally  fall  into  the  same  class 
as  the  above. 

Wolf  Creek. — Practically  the  entire  area  between  Del  Rio  and  Wolf 
Creek,  five  miles  east,  and  beyond  to  the  North  Carolina  line,  is  held  by 
the  Tennessee  Coal,  Iron  and  Railroad  Company.  In  the  early  80’s  it  is 
said  this  com])any  surveyed  a line  from  the  present  station  of  Wolf  Creek, 
on  the  French  Broad  River,  up  AMlf  Creek  a distance  of  three  miles  to 
what  was  considered  a promising  locality.  At  that  time  some  prospecting 
was  done,  but  tlie  railroad  was  never  constructed,  and  no  further  work 
was  done  until  1909.  when  Mr.  H.  AI.  LaFollette,  who  had  secured  a lease 
on  both  the  Tennessee  Coal,  Iron  and  Railroad  Co.’s  land  and  the  land 
adjacent,  belonging  to  other  parties,  commenced  prospecting.  This  work 
was  carried  on  in  the  vicinity  of  the  old  bank,  which  ap])ears  to  l)e  one  nf 
those  deposits  of  limonite  in  the  shales,  class  3.  The  vein  ranges  fre-m 


IRON  ORluS  OV  EAST  TJ^:NNJvSSER. 


345 


four  to  cij^hl  feet  in  width,  an<l  is  lraceal)lc  700  feet,  in  a eourse  S.  75 
degrees  with  a steep  south  dip.  The  ore  was  silicious  and  lean. 
There  were  a uuinl)er  of  i)rospeet  pits  sunk  over  an  area  of  a1)ont  20 
acres.  A few  of  the  dumps  showed  some  ore,  but  many  of  them  were 
blanks.  To  the  southwest  of  this  area  from  1,000  to  2,000  feet,  another 
area  underlaid  hy  the  quartzite  was  prospected  by  pits,  but  with  negative 
results.  This  same  belt  of  iron  ore  continues  on  to  Paint  Rock,  North 
Carolina.  North  of  the  French  Broad  River  the  same  belt  which  was 
traced  along  the  Meadow  Mountains  is  contiguous  with  that  lying  in 
Greene  County. 

GREENE  COUNTY. 

The  general  features  of  the  iron  deposits  of  Greene  County  are  analo- 
gous to  those  of  Cocke  County.  The  belt  is  traceable  along  the  entire 
eastern  end  of  the  county,  where  it  skirts  the  high  ridges ; and  along  the 
margins  of  the  small  interior  coves  or  valleys,  lying  between  the  outstand- 
ing ridges  on  the  northwest  and  the  main  mountain  mass  on  the  southeast. 
That  portion  lying  within  the  southwestern  part  of  the  county  is  a part 
of  the  same  field  that  was  traced  in  Cocke  County. 

Within  the  territory  drained  by  Cove  Creek  are  a number  of  prospects 
and  surface  showings.  These  occur  on  the  outlying  ridge  known  as 
Meadow  ^vlountain,  on  the  main  ridge  forming  the  watershed  between 
Cove  Creek  and  its  tributaries,  and  on  the  French  P)road  River  on  the 
south.  Large  acreages  are  held  by  the  Tennessee  Coal,  Iron  and  Railroad 
Comj^any,  and  James  S.  Park,  Esq.,  ct  al.,  of  Greeneville.  A number  of 
these  outcro|)s  were  visited,  and  all  those  deposits  may  he  referred  to 
class  3,  ami  residual  de])Osits  in  the  clays,  embraced  under  class  4. 

bank. — This  is  located  near  the  head  of  Cove  Creek  on  the  south 
side,  150-250  feet  above  the  bed  of  the  creek.  Deposits  of  limonite  in 
shale,  and  sandy  shale  have  been  oi'tened  in  several  i)laces,  of  which  one 
shows  a deposit  12  to  14  feet  wide  and  dipping  steeply  to  the  south.  A 
samide  taken  across  the  vein  gave  the  following  from  the  air-drievl  sam- 
ple: Iron,  42.5%;  silica,  24.8%;  lime,  trace.  This  vein  can  be  traced 
along  its  strike  about  400  feet,  hut  pinches  down  to  only  a foot  or  two, 
and  the  ores  becomes  leaner.  On  the  o|)posite  side  of  the  cove,  on  the 
south  slope  of  Meadow  Mountain,  a small  opening  has  been  made  and  a 
small  vein  of  liiuonite  from  one  to  twenty  feet  wide  bas  been  uncovered. 
This  was  interbedded  with  shales  and  clay.  A sample  of  this  ore  gave 
the  following  analysis;  Iron,  51.8%  ; silica,  8.5%  ; liiue,  trace. 

Lamb  bank. — This  is  located  on  the  south  side  of  Cove  Creek,  about  500 
feet  above  the  valley,  where  a shallow  cut  00  feet  long  has  been  made 
on  an  outcropping  of  limonite,  interbedded  with  sandy  shales.  The  cut 
was  badly  caved,  work  having  been  done  about  40  years  ago.  The  ex- 


346 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


])osc(l  edc^es  showed  mainly  iron  stained  sandstone,  with  an  irregular 
vein  havino-  a inaximnm  width  of  12  feet.  A sample  across  this  vein 
gave  the  following  analysis:  Iron,  44.2%  ; silica,  17.3%  ; lime,  trace.  The 
enriched  vein  \vas  not  traceable  for  any  length.  The  de])osit,  which 
ap])ears  to  he  a surface  concentration,  with  its  greatest  width  at  the  sur- 
face, is  of  only  limited  length  and  dc])th.  In  the  vicinity  of  the  Lamb 
hank  other  small  veins  have  been  oi)ened  in  the  shale,  but  they  are  too 
small  and  irregular  to  be  of  economic  importance.  A sample  of  such  ore 
gave  the  following  analysis:  Iron,  35.0%  ; silica,  34.6%. 

Vanicr  baiik. — This  is  one  of  the  old-time  openings  close  to  the  wagon 
road,  where  it  crosses  the  divide  from  Cove  Creek  to  Paint  Rock.  Some 
development  has  been  done  by  shaft,  which  is  now  caved  in.  The  surface 
is  covered  rather  deeply  with  wash,  and  there  are  very  slight  indications 
of  iron. 

De])osits  similar  in  most  respects  to  those  descril^ed  above  are  found  on 
the  northwest  side  of  Meadow  ^Mountain.  The  property  is  controlled  by 
^Ir.  James  H.  Park,  Greeneville,  Tenn.,  and  the  outcrop  visited  consists 
of  a la-rge  pocket  of  limonite,  wdiich  occurs  near  the  bottom  of  a hollow 
interbedded  with  quartzites.  In  this  locality  a zone  between  20  and  30 
feet  has  been  mineralized.  The  vein  dips  steeply  to  the  south.  The  min- 
eralization across  the  vein  is  not  uniform,  and  the  widest  and  best  por- 
tions appeared  to  be  near  the  bottom  of  the  hollow.  The  vein  was  trace- 
able several  hundred  feet  along  the  strike,  the  iron  gradually  disappear- 
ing, and  the  dei)osit  passing  into  a barren  mass  of  fractured  quartzite. 
Analyses  of  the  richer  parts  gave  the  following:  Iron,  42.0%;  silica, 
26.4%  : lime,  trace.  Other  deposits  of  this  kind  are  found  scattered  over 
this  mountain,  both  on  the  north  and  south  slopes.  Such  deposits  can  all 
be  referred  to  class  3. 

Haysvillc  mine. — The  East  Tennessee  and  Greene  County  Iron  Com- 
pany had  two  blast  furnaces  in  operation  in  the  vicinity  of  what  was  Hays- 
ville  in  the  early  70’s.  They  were  known  as  the  ‘hipper’’  and  'dower” 
furnaces  respectively.  The  lower  furnace  received  its  ore  supply  mainly 
from  the  banks  just  described,  while  the  upper  furnace  drew  most  of  its 
supplv  from  a bank  in  the  immediate  vicinity.  The  upper  furnace  is  al)out 
two  miles  northeast  of  the  lower  one,  which  was  the  oldest  and  smallest. 

The  openings  in  the  vicinity  of  the  upper  furnace  are  the  largest  ever 
worked  in  the  county.  These  deposits  occur  in  some  faults  close  to  the 
contact  zone  between  the  Shady  limestone  and  adjacent  shales.  In  some 
of  the  cuts,  remnants  of  what  were  probably  the  veins  mined  for  the  ore, 
were  visil)le.  The  largest  one  was  three  to  four  feet  thick.  Other  smaller 
and  irregular  seams  were  scattered  here  and  there  through  a decomi)osed 
yellow  shale.  It  is  said  a shaft  was  sunk  on  one  of  the  largest  veins,  hut 


IkON  OkIvS  Ob'  b'.AST  Tl^'.NN IASSb:i^:. 


347 


iH)  evidence  of  it  remains.  'This  deposit  l)eloni4S  to  class  3.  d'he  char- 
coal iron  made  here  was  considered  of  line  ([iiality.  It  was  hanled  12 
miles  hy  wai^'on  to  Oreeneville,  then,  and  still,  the  nearest  railway  statical. 
The  furnaces  were  closed  during'  the  jianic  of  1(S73,  and  have  never  re- 
sumed operations. 

Crccii  Kicii^c  deposits.  — These  deposits,  located  near  the  corner  of 
Greene,  \\dishini>-ton  and  Linicoi  comities,  were  the  scene  of  early  opera- 
tions, the  ores  haviiii^-  supplied  several  forges  in  the  vicinity.  The  o])en 
cuts  examined  were  badly  caved,  and  no  solid  outcrops  were  visible.  The 
dejiosits  belong  to  class  3.  Fragments  of  limonite  can  be  found  widely 
scattered  over  the  surface  here  and  there,  and  on  the  strength  of  this  a lit- 
tle recent  prosjiecting  has  been  done  in  several  places,  without  success. 

JOHNSON  COUNTY. 

Johnson  County  occupies  the  extreme  northeast  corner  of  the  State. 
The  geology  of  this  county  is  similar  to  that  of  Carter  County,  as  it  re- 
lates to  the  sedimentary  rocks  in  which  the  iron  ores  occur.  ]\Iiiiing  op- 
erations have  been  confined  chiefly  to  two  localities,  one  along  Roane 
Creek  and  its  tributaries  on  Dry  Run  ^Mountain,  Doe  Mountain  and  Forge 
Mountain,  and  the  other  in  Shady  \'alley,  in  the  northwestern  jiart  of  the 
county.  The  deposits  occurring  in  this  county  fall  into  classes  3 and  4. 

History. — Before  the  war  Johnson  County  was  noted  for  its  iron  pro- 
duction. In  1854  there  were  15  forges  with  26  fires  in  operation.  For 
many  years  after  the  war  jiroduction  was  at  a standstill.  In  1906  the 
Virginia  Iron,  Coal  and  Coke  Company  began  operating  on  Roane  Creek, 
and  continued  oi)eration  till  1910.  lu  the  early  80\s  a small  charcoal  fur- 
nace known  as  Butler  furnace,  was  o])erated  for  a short  time  on  Furnace 
Creek,  three  miles  north  of  Mountain  City.  Owing  to  the  distance  from 
the  markets  at  that  time,  the  furnace  was  closed,  and  since  has  been  com- 
pletely dismantled.  The  Virginia  Iron,  Coal  and  Coke  Company  have 
been  the  principal  o])erators  in  this  county  in  recent  years,  and  at  present 
own  large  areas  of  mineral  land.  Other  operators  and  owners  in  the  dis- 
trict, all  of  Tennessee,  are  Mr.  A.  D.  Reynolds,  Bristol;  Knight  & IMax- 
well,  Butler;  Em])ire  Lumiier  and  Alining  Company,  Shady  Wiley;  Forge 
Mountain  Alining  Company,  Alountain  City;  J.  S.  Jenkins,  Afountain 
City;  Iron  Alountain  Alining  Company,  the  mineral  rights  of  which  are 
said  to  have  reverted  to  the  original  owner;  and  Air.  \\J  II.  AA’ilson, 
Neva,  Tennessee. 

Doc  Mountain  mines. — The  Doe  Alountain  mines  of  the  Adrginia  Iron, 
Coal  and  Coke  Comjiany,  located  near  Alaymead,  on  the  southeastern 
slopes  of  Doe  Alountain,  consist  of  a number  of  ojien  cuts  iii  jiockets  of 
limonite,  distributed  through  residual  clays  and  washed  from  the  adja- 


348 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


cent  shales  and  limestones.  Steam-shovel  methods  of  mining-  are  not 
well  adapted  to  these  deposits,  and  the  cost  of  getting  the  dirt  to  the 
washery  down  in  the  valley  is  considerable.  All  the  material  mined  has 
to  he  either  hauled  in  tram  cars,  a distance  of  three  to  four  miles,  or  hy- 
dranliced  and  sluiced  about  half  a mile  to  the  washery. 

The  ores  have  been  derived  from  the  erosion  of  pocket  deposits  made 
in  the  quartzites,  and  similar  deposits  in  the  adjacent  shales.  In  several 
instances  work  has  been  done  upon  the  solid  ore  in  place.  While  these 
niass  deposits  are  often  of  considerable  width,  in  one  instance  nearly  40 
feet,  the  values  are  irregular,  and  the  ore  shades  off  quickly  into  ferru- 
genons  sandstone  and  shale,  so  that  where  this  class  of  ore  is  mined  most 
of  it  must  be  hand  picked  in  order  to  bring  it  up  to  the  shipping  grade. 
The  bank  located  near  the  top  of  what  is  locally  known  as  Flint  Knob 
was  a hydraulic  proposition,  and  one  of  the  richest  opened.  This  deposit 
is  underlaid  by  the  Shady  limestone.  The  ores  on  Flint  Knob  were  mined 
by  hydraulic  giants,  and  carried  in  sluices  to  the  washery  below.  Water 
for  hydraulicing  was  supplied  by  pumps  located  in  the  valley,  pumping 
against  a head  of  about  400  feet. 

The  washery  located  at  Maymead  is  equipped  with  four  pairs  of  logs. 
The  scheme  of  treatment  is  that  usually  followed.  The  ore  from  the  tram 
cars  is  dumped  at  the  lower  end  of  a pair  of  logs,  if  delivered  in  cars, 
or  sluiced  directly  into  the  log-troughs  if  delivered  from  hydraulic  op- 
erations. The  overflow  and  the  water  from  the  logs  go  to  waste,  the 
heads  to  a de-watering  screen,  and  the  over  size  to  picking  and  covering 
belts.  From  these  the  coarse  waste  is  picked  out  and  delivered  to  waste- 
bins,  and  the  clean  ore  is  discharged  from  the  picking  belts  to  ore  bins. 
The  same  company  have  another  washery  at  Shouns,  two  miles  south  of 
Mountain  City,  where  a bank  of  “wash  ore”  similar  to  that  on  Flint  Knob 
has  been  successfully  worked.  This  is  known  as  the  Donnelly  bank. 

Two  miles  south  of  Neva,  near  Baker’s  Gap,  considerable  prospecting 
has  been  done  by  pits,  shafts  and  tunnels.  The  deposits  of  limonite  oc- 
cur in  shale,  close  to  the  Shady  limestone,  and  belong  to  class  3.  The 
tunnels  and  shafts  were  inaccessible,  but  the  search  for  ore  in  consider- 
able quantities  appears  to  have  been  unsuccessful.  It  is  said  that  the 
company  that  did  this  work  is  no  longer  in  existence. 

Forge  Mountain  mines. — The  mines  of  the  Forge  Mountain  Mining 
Company  are  located  on  the  western  side  of  Forge  ^Mountain,  near  Moun- 
tain City.  The  mine  is  knowui  locally  as  the  Rist  bank.  This  is  situated 
near  the  crest  of  Forge  ^Mountain,  1)etw'een  400  and  500  feet  alcove  the 
valley.  Since  this  is  one  of  the  best  examples  of  the  third  class  of  limc')- 
nite  de])osits,  and  has  been  abundantly  ])roved,  a somewdiat  detailcvl  de- 
scri])tion  of  it  wull  l)e  given.  There  are  two  ])rincii)al  openings  on  the 


IKON  ()Ki<:s  oi^'  io\si^  'ncNNi'.ssio^:. 


349 


notih  and  south  slopes  ot*  a small  i;ap.  d'he  norlheni  opcniiif^  shows  a 
mass  of  limoiiite  rilling-  a fault  zone  hetwecu  (juartzitc  and  shale.  The 
(juartzite  forms  the  hauL;iu<4-wall,  and  the  shale  the  foot-wall.  The  out- 
erop  is  traeeahle  for  about  200  feet,  when  it  passes  into  a broken  mass 
of  (piartzite.  ddie  iron  fades  out  on  the  north  end,  and  the  south  end  is 
buried  beneath  wash.  Since  this  work  was  done,  the  cuts  and  shafts  have 
become  filled,  and  it  is  uncertain  how  deep  exploration  was  carried,  but 
I)robably  not  more  than  40  feet  below  the  surface.  But  before  even  this 
de])th  was  reached  it  appears  that  the  ore  had  practically  disappeared,  and 
its  place  taken  by  ferruginous  shales  and  sandstone.  The  opening  on 
the  south  side  of  the  gap  appeared  to  have  been  made  entirely  in  the 
quartzite,  and  somewhat  higher  than  the  north  cut.  The  deposit  proved 
to  be  nothing  more  than  a thin  coating  of  ore  lying  over  the  quartzite, 
with  stringers  and  fingers  penetrating  the  quartzite  to  a depth  of  six  to 
eight  feet.  The  pocket  had  been  stripped  for  a width  of  75  feet,  and  for 
a slightly  greater  length.  Some  prospect  pits  put  down  several  hundred 
feet  south  of  this  cut  along  its  strike  showed  no  ore. 

A large  sum  of  money  w'as  expended  on  this  property  to  make  a pro- 
ducing mine  of  it.  Ore  bins  were  erected  on  a spur  of  the  \4rginia  and 
Southwestern  Railway,  near  Mountain  City,  to  receive  the  ore.  A narrow 
gauge  railway  between  three  and  four  miles  in  length  was  built  to  con- 
nect the  mine  wdth  railway.  Inclined  ]fianes  and  short  tramways  were 
constructed  to  connect  the  mines  with  the  narrow  gauge  line,  and  other 
things  were  done,  only  to  find  that  the  ore  was  not  there.  The  following- 
sketch  illustrates  the  relations  at  this  mine,  and  serves  also  to  show  a 
representative  type  of  this  very  common  class  of  limonite  deposit  found 
throughout  the  region,  i.  e.,  class  3: 


CLA553*MOUriTAin  ORE5. 


350 


RESOURCES  OE  TENNESSEE. 


Butler  bank.  — The  JUitler  bank,  located  al)out  three  miles  north  of 
Alonntain  City,  on  Eurnace  Creek,  sn])])iied  a small  charcoal  furnace 
nearby,  which  was  operated  for  a short  time  in  the  early  80’s.  The  hanks, 
are  located  in  shales,  and  near  (juartzites.  The  outcro])s  show  ])Ockets  of 
limonite  30  feet  wide  in  ])laces,  with  values  irregularly  distributed  through, 
the  mass.  The  ores  are  similar  to  those  noted  at  the  Rist  bank.  May- 
mead,  and  elsewhere,  and  Ijelongs  to  class  3. 

Jenkins  property. — On  the  J.  S.  Jenkins  property,  one  mile  northwest 
of  ^Mountain  City,  a little  work  has  been  done  on  two  small  pockets  of 
limonite  interbedded  with  Watauga  shale.  Numerous  outcrops  similar 
to  this  can  be  found  along  the  valley  of  the  Little  Doe. 

Shady  Valley. — An  effort  was  made  in  1905  by  the  Empire  Luml)er 
and  Alining  Company  to  develop  a tract  of  ore  near  the  ujrper,  or  south- 
ern end,  of  the  valley.  An  examination  of  the  bank  from  which  the  ore 
was  mined  showed  a mass  of  stiff'  yellow  clay,  overlaid  by  10  to  15  feet 
of  sandy  clay,  mixed  with  boulders.  Scattered  through  the  stiff  clay, 
which  is  probably  derived  from  the  Shady  limestone,  were  little  veinleti 
of  limonite,  none  more  than  two  inches  thick.  A thoroughly  modern 
washery,  equipped  with  logs  and  jigs,  was  erected  to  handle  the  dirt. 
Work  was  carried  on  here  for  about  two  years,  as  a result  of  which  about 
six  carloads  of  ore  were  shipped.  The  washery  has  been  completely  dis- 
mantled. Other  openings  showing  limonite  have  been  made  in  Shady 
\ Alley,  but  they  were  not  visited. 

MOXROE  COUNTY. 

The  iron  ores  of  this  county  occur  in  the  vicinity  of  Tellico  Plains,  a 
pear-shaped  basin  or  cove  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Alonroe  County, 
with  its  longest  axis  extending  from  northeast  to  southwest.  It  is  about 
ten  miles  long  and  from  three  to  three  and  one-half  miles  wide.  The 
southwestern  end  of  the  valley  is  drained  toward  the  southwest  by  Con- 
asauga  Creek,  while  the  remaining  and  larger  part  of  the  valley  is  drained 
northward  by  the  Tellico  River.  This  stream  breaks  through  the  hills 
on  the  southeast  into  the  valley  near  the  middle,  and  Hows  northward, 
cutting  through  the  red  hills  of  the  Tellico  formation,  which  bounds  the 
plains  on  the  west  and  north. 

The  town  of  Tellico  Plains  is  situated  at  the  east  side  of  the  valley 
near  where  the  Tellico  River  breaks  through  the  ridge  of  crystalline  con- 
glomerates and  slates  into  the  limestone-Hoored  valley.  It  is  the  termi- 
nus of  the  Tellico  Plains  branch  of  the  Louisville  and  Nashville  Railror.d, 
which  connects  with  the  main  line  at  Englewood  Station. 

The  valley  of  Tellico  Plains  is  bounded  on  the  southeast  by  a scries  of 
ridges  which  connect  toward  the  northeast  and  south  with  the  L'nakii 


IRON  OKI^S  Oh'  I^AST  I'h'.NN lASSI'JC. 


351 


vaiii^'o,  a few  miles  distant,  d'he  iirsl  of  the  ridj^es  is  called  the  Mockinj:^ 
Crow  Mountain,  succeeded  on  the  southeast  hy  the  Tcllico  M(nintain  and 
others.  Where  these  have  not  been  denuded  of  their  timber,  they  arc 
clothed  with  a hue  i^rowth  of  chestnut  oak,  black  oak  and  hickory. 

Ccoloo;y. — d'he  plains  are  underlaid  hy  the  Knox  dolomite,  the  strata 
of  which  have  been  folded  into  a broad  low  arch  with  the  axis  coincident 
with  that  of  the  major  axis  of  the  valley.  A fault  follows  the  eastern 
boundary  of  the  valley,  whereby  the  crystalline  conglomerates,  quartzite 
and  slates  of  Safford’s  Ocoee  have  been  brought  up  against  the  Knox 
dolomite.  This  fault,  which  hades  toward  the  southeast,  crosses  the  Tel- 
lico  River  just  below  the  bridge.  The  crystalline  rocks  form  an  interest- 
ing belt  extending  from  the  northeast  to  the  southwest,  their  harder  for- 
mations standing  out  in  series  of  ridges  parallel  with  the  general  strike 
of  the  rocks.  They  dip  at  a high  angle  toward  the  southeast. 

Iron  ore  deposits. — The  principal  deposits  of  iron  ore,  which  is  all  of 
the  brown  or  limonitic  type,  occur  in  pockets  along  the  slopes  of  blocking 
Crow  ^Mountain  south  westward  from  where  the  Tellico  River  crosses  the 
ridge.  On  the  east  slope  of  the  ridge  are  a number  of  pockets  in  the 
sands  derived  from  the  decomposition  of  the  quartzites  and  other  crystal- 
line rocks. 

One-fourth  mile  south  of  the  river  on  the  west  side  of  Laurel  Creek 
is  the  Latrohe  bank.  A small  opening  has  been  made  here  showing  con- 
cretionary ore  in  a highly  ferruginous  sand.  The  hank  lies  on  the  east 
slope  of  the  ridge  about  60  feet  above  the  valley  bottom.  The  deposit  is 
apj^arently  the  result  of  the  disintegration  of  the  cpiartzite  formation 
which  constitutes  this  portion  of  the  ridge.  In  places  only  is  the  ore  suf- 
ficiently concentrated  apparently  to  constitute  a workable  ore.  The  extent 
of  the  deposit  could  not  be  determined. 

About  a mile  southwest  of  the  Latrol)e  1)ank  is  the  Queen  Ixink.  Jdere 
an  open  cut  ten  feet  deep  extends  150  feet  along  the  valley  side.  The  ore 
occurs  in  concretionary  masses  in  residual  sands.  The  degree  of  concen- 
tration varies,  in  places  consisting  only  of  outcroi)])ing  ledges  of  ferru- 
ginous sandstone.  Some  ore  was  taken  from  this  bank  and  used  in  the 
furnace  once  oi)erated  at  the  mouth  of  Laurel  Creek.  Opposite  the  bank, 
across  the  valley  toward  the  east,  a small  creek — Fall  Rranch — drops  210 
feet  into  the  valley,  offering  favorable  conditions  for  hydraulic  metho{N 
of  mining. 

Southwest  of  Queen  bank  a short  distance  is  Red  ITill  bank.  Here  ore 
is  exposed  in  places  along  the  slope,  l)ut  no  work  has  been  done,  and  noth- 
is  known  of  the  extent  of  the  deposit.  The  relations  of  the  deposit  he;'c 
are  mucli  the  same  as  in  the  Imnks  described. 


352 


RKSOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


( )n  the  south  side  of  the  Madisonville  pike,  about  (jne-half  or  three- 
fourths  mile  south  of  Red  Ilill  liaiik,  is  Round  Knob.  The  ore  ero])S  out 
ill  the  road  and  extends  uj)  the  slope  of  the  knob.  Tlie  ore  seen  is  low 
grade  and  occurs  in  clays  in  the  form  of  irregular  masses  and  concretions. 

Hale  or  Bill  Coppino;cr  bank. — This  liank  is  located  on  the  west  side 
of  the  ridge  aliont  a mile  south  of  town.  It  is  the  only  place  in  the 
district  where  mining  of  any  importance  has  been  done.  A large  amount 
of  ore  was  taken  out  of  this  bank  to  sigiply  the  furnace  and  bloomeries  in 
operation  lie  fore  the  war.  An  otiening  several  hundred  feet  long  and  150 
feet  wide  has  been  made.  The  ore  occurs  in  nodules  and  irregular  masses 
and  as  shot  ore  in  a matrix  of  white  and  buff  clays  derived  from  the 
Knox  dolomite.  The  deposit  lies  close  to  the  fault,  which  brings  the  dolo- 
mite against  the  quartzite  on  the  southeast.  Test  pits  sunk  along  the 
strike  of  the  ore  northeast  show  no  deposit  beyond  the  former  workings. 
\ er}'  little  ore  is  in  sight  due  in  jiart  probably  to  falling  in  of  the  walls 
of  the  pit. 

Southwest  from  the  Coppinger  bank  fragments  of  ore  occur  at  inter- 
vals along  the  side  of  the  mountain,  and  in  ])laces  small  pits  have  been 
sunk,  but  no  well  defined  body  of  ore  has  been  exposed  between  the  Cop- 
pinger and  Donnelly  bank,  at  the  southwest  end  of  Peaky  Top.  A hun- 
dred yards  southwest  of  the  Coppinger  bank  some  ore  has  been  taken  out 
of  a t)it  located  along  side  an  outcrop  of  the  quartzite. 

Donnelly  bank.  — As  noted  above,  this  bank  is  situated  on  the 
southwest  slope  of  a peak  of  blocking  Crow  Alountain,  called  Peaky  Top. 
It  is  about  a mile  southwest  of  the  Coppinger  bank,  and  about  200  feet 
below  the  top  of  the  mountain.  The  mountain  is  capped  by  quartzite 
winch  crops  out  a short  distance  above  the  ore  bank.  The  ore  is  in  clays, 
evidently  derived  from  the  dolomite,  as  at  the  Coppinger  bank.  Two 
masses  of  ore  appear  at  the  surface  separated  by  150  feet  of  clay.  \"ery 
little  prospecting  has  been  done,  but  surface  indications  point  to  a con- 
siderable amount  of  ore.  The  large  outcropping  masses  are  of  low  grade. 

Ground  Hog  Mountain  bank. — Two  miles  northwest  of  Peaky  Top,  and 
three  miles  in  a straight  line  southwest  of  Tellico  Plains,  is  a local  eleva- 
tion  400  feet  high  called  Ground  Hog  iMountain.  Ore  is  exposed  in  a 
number  of  shallow  pits  along  the  crest  of  this  mountain  for  a distance 
of  one-fourth  of  a mile.  The  mountain  is  composed  of  a capping  of 
quartzite  resting  upon  Knox  dolomite.  The  forested  slopes  of  the  moun- 
tain are  covered  by  a thick  mantle  of  residual  material  derived  in  large 
part  from  the  dolomite. 

The  ore  occurs  in  the  quartzite,  which  has  a dip  of  about  25  degrees 
toward  the  southeast.  In  one  place  near  the  south  end  of  the  mountain 
a small  lens  of  ore  occurs  within  the  quartzite.  One  hundred  yards  north- 


]1>:()N  ()l<h:s  Ol^'  EA^T  1'ICNNI<:SSI'J'.. 


353 


cast  of  this  a small  pit  shows  a layer  of  ore  H to  lO  inches  thick  just  un- 
der the  ([iiartzite  and  underlaid  hy  clay.  Northeast  of  this,  at  intervals, 
other  similar  exposures  occur,  hut  sufficient  work  has  not  been  done  on 
any  of  these  to  deline  the  extent  of  the  ore.  The  relatif)ns  of  the  ore 
here  are  evidently  the  same  as  at  the  Coppinoer,  the  dei)osits  heini^  asso- 
ciated with  the  fault,  which  has  thrust  the  (juartzite  over  the  dolomite. 


Southward  along  the  west  slope  of  Mocking  Crow  Mountain,  and 
along  the  east  slope  of  Starr  ^Mountain,  ore  occurs  in  scattered  fragments 
in  the  clays  derived  from  the  dolomite.  On  Starr  ^Mountain  these  out- 
crops occur  just  below  the  Nebo  sandstone,  which  constitutes  the  main 
mass  of  the  mountain.  This  sandstone  ap>i)ears  here  as  overthrust  upon 
the  dolomite  the  same  as  the  ([uartzite  on  the  east  side  of  the  valley,  sug- 
gesting the  correlation  of  the  (juartzite  with  the  Neho  sandstone.  In  a 
few  cases  small  amounts  of  ore  occur  at  lower  levels  away  from  the  vi- 
cinity of  the  fault,  as  at  Kelby’s  place,  six  miles  south  of  Jalapa,  where  it 
a])i)ears  unmistakably  as  a replacement  of  the  dolomite.  A ledge  that 
appears  as  iron  ore  outcropping  in  the  road  was  seen  to  grade  (juickly 
into  unaltered  dolomite.  In  many  cases  the  texture  of  the  ore  suggests 
its  derivation  by  replacement  of  tbe  dolomite,  though  generally  this  is 
the  result  of  concentration  of  the  iron  in  the  undisturbed  clays  derived 
from  the  vlolomite. 

Analyses  of  ores  from  Tellieo  PlainsA 


Iron 

Silica 

Lime  (CaO) 

Locality 

per  cent 

per  cent 

per  cent 

Ground  Hog  Mt.  ore 

:17.9 

28.27 

Trace 

Donnelly  bank  ore 

4d.2 

27.5 

0 

Latrobe  bank  ore 

43.1 

23.2 

Trace 

^Samples  collected  by  Dr.  C.  H.  Gordon. 


354 


RESOURCES  OE  TENNESSEE. 


POLK  COUNTY. 

The  iron  ores  from  this  county  have  come  entirely  from  the  oxidized 
g'ossan  dc])Osits  of  co])])er  ore  in  the  Dnektown  district.  The  principal 
producing-  mines  have  been  the  Ihirra  JUirra,  Eureka  and  Isabella,  and  all 
belong-  to  class  6.  The  gossan  iron  deposits  of  Polk  County  were  large 
arid  steady  ])rodncers  nj)  to  1908.  The  Dnektown  copper  de])Osits  occur 
in  veins,  have  approximately  the  same  dip  and  strike  as  the  inclosing 
rock,  which  is  a mica  schist.  The  veins  have  a strike  of  N.  20  to  25  de- 
grees E.,  and  dip  usually  to  the  southeast.  The  widths  and  depths  to 
which  the  ])rimary  iron  sulphides  have  been  changed  to  oxides  varies  be- 
tween wide  limits.  On  the  Burra  Burra  mine,  oxide  iron  ores  have  been 
mined  to  a depth  of  60  to  90  feet.  In  most  places,  however,  it  is  less  than 
this,  and  does  not  appear  uniform. 

SEVIER  COUNTY. 

Sevier  County,  which  lies  between  Blount  County  on  the  southwest  and 
Cocke  County  on  the  northeast,  partakes  of  the  geologic,  topographic  and 
economic  features  of  the  other  border  counties. 

Pigeon  Forge. — In  the  early  history  of  the  iron  industry  in  the  State 
Sevier  County  had  two  small  centers  of  production — one  in  the  vicinity 
of  Pigeon  Forge,  six  miles  south  of  Sevierville,  and  the  other  near  the 
head  of  Dunn’s  Creek,  15  miles  east  of  this  town.  The  ore  supply  for 
the  forges  at  Pigeon  Forge  was  obtained  chielly  from  small  banks  located 
along  what  is  now  known  as  the  Ridge  road,  between  the  Forge  and  Se- 
vierville. These  deposits  belong  to  class  4.  The  old  pits  were  badly  caved, 
and  the  dumps  overgrown  with  forest,  but  judging  from  their  present 
size,  the  quantity  of  ore  moved  was  very  small.  In  1910  a party  of  Knox- 
ville capitalists  undertook  to  prospect  this  area,  and  a number  of  prospect 
pits  were  sunk  over  an  area  of  perhaps  15  to  20  acres.  Some  of  the  pits 
indicated  ore,  but  the  quantities  were  generally  small  and  irregular.  Some 
of  the  ore  treated  at  Pigeon  Forge  was  supplied  from  Ware  Cove.  Around 
the  borders  of  this  cove,  close  to  the  limestone  and  shale  contacts,  are 
small  pockets  of  limonite  in  residual  clays,  belonging  to  class  4.  Higher 
up  on  the  sides  of  the  mountains  forming  the  southern  boundary  of  the 
cove,  several  small  pockets  in  the  quartzites,  belonging  to  class  3,  have 
been  found. 

Dunn's  Creek. — On  Dunn’s  Creek  a small  charcoal  blast  furnace  was 
in  operation  some  75  years  ago,  and  it  is  said  that  it  was  finally  closed 
down  because  the  manganese  in  the  ore  became  so  high  that  they  had  not 
only  difficulty  in  smelting  it,  but  the  resulting  pig  could  not  be  used. 


IRON  ()Rh:S  ()!'  ICAST  1'l^NNP:SSI^:iC. 


355 


An  oxaininalitMi  of  llic  old  dii; minims  from  which  the  ore  was  obtained 
showed  that  the  deposit  occupied  a fanlt  zone  1)etween  the  limestone  cjn 
the  haiiLfino-wall,  and  shale  on  the  foot-wall,  and  consisted  of  limonite, 
with  which  was  associated  more  or  less  oxide  of  manj^anese.  On  the 
surface  the  deposit  has  a width  of  10  to  12  feet,  and  little  manganese; 
blit  at  depths  of  15  or  20  feet,  the  width  narrows  down  to  four  or  five 
feet,  and  the  mani^anese  content  increases.  A sample  of  picked  manga- 
nese ore  i;ave  4v3.7  ])er  cent  manganese.  Doubtless,  much  of  the  ore 
smelted  in  the  furnace  was  gathered  from  off  the  top  of  the  ground. 

In  1909  a party  of  Knoxville  capitalists  did  some  prospecting  upon  this 
property,  and  in  addition  to  sinking  a small  shaft  on  the  site  of  the  old 
cut,  opened  it  in  several  other  places  some  600  feet  southwest  along  the 
vein.  Two  openings  had  been  made  on  either  side  of  a deep  hollow  about 
150  feet  apart.  One  was  badly  caved  and  only  the  material  on  the  dump 
could  be  examined.  This  proved  to  be  a lean  sulphide  of  iron,  with  some 
manganese.  The  other  opening  was  a short  tunnel  25  feet  long.  The 
breast  of  the  tunnel  shows  very  little  ore  of  any  kind.  Evidently,  the 
iron  and  manganese  ores  near  the  surface  are  the  result  of  a secondary 
enrichment.  Relow  tins  zone,  which  is  a shallow  one,  the  sulphide,  the 
primary  source  of  the  iron,  occurs  sparingly  with  manganese  oxide.  The 
property  is  known  as  the  Annie  Owen’s  tract. 

The  continuation  of  the  Chilhowee  Mountain  area  from  Blount  County 
into  Sevier  County  has  already  been  mentioned.  There  are  several  pock- 
ets of  limonite  scattered  through  residual  clays  from  the  Knox  dolomite. 

WASHINGTON  AND  UNICOI  COUNTIES. 

These  two  counties  will  be  considered  as  a unit,  since  the  chief  pro- 
ducing area  lies  within  the  two  counties  and  is  a geological  unit. 

Bum  pass  Cove. — The  entire  ])roduction  from  these  two  counties  has 
come  from  Bumpass  Cove,  about  two  miles  southwest  of  Embreeville. 
This  is  one  of  the  oldest  and  best  known  iron  mining  districts  in  East 
Tennessee.  The  town  of  Embreeville  is  situated  about  11  miles  south- 
west of  Johnson  City,  and  is  reached  by  the  Embreeville  branch  of  the 
Southern  Railway.  In  the  early  90's  a modern  blast  furnace  was  ]nit  in 
here  near  the  site  of  an  older  blast  furnace  and  rolling  mill  which  was 
built  nearly  80  years  ago.  The  pro[jerty,  now  held  by  tbe  Iffnbree  Iron 
Com])any,  has  passed  through  a numher  of  hands.  The  present  furnace 
was  constructed  by  an  English  company — The  Embreeville  b'reehold. 
Land,  Iron  and  Railway  Comjiany,  Ltd.,  in  1892.  It  ran  about  a year„ 
making  a low  grade  iron,  and  was  closed  in  1893,  and  remained  closed 
until  1895.  The  property  then  passed  into  the  hands  of  a Mr.  Parker, 
of  London,  England,  who  repaired  it,  and  it  was  again  started,  with  bet- 


356 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


ter  success.  Finally  it  ])asse(l  out  of  the  hands  of  the  Enj^lishmen  to  the 
control  of  the  ])resent  owners.  The  furnace  has  not  been  active  since 
early  in  1910,  and  the  company  has  for  some  time  been  in  the  hands  of  a 
receiver.  The  ])i<^  iron  has  always  been  unusually  low  in  phos])horous 
for  ores  of  this  class,  very  low  in  sulphur,  and  with  0.4  to  0.6%  manga- 
nese. The  tensile  strength  is  very  high,  tests  showing  it  to  be  24,000 
pounds  per  square  inch.  The  iron  de])osits  in  Bumpass  Cove  are  embraced 
under  classes  2 and  4. 

The  area  and  depth  of  the  different  hanks  varies  considerably.  The 
largest  would  not  exceed  four  or  five  acres.  The  depth  of  material  re- 
moved ranged  from  only  a few  feet  to  as  much  as  50  feet.  Owing  to 
the  method  of  mining,  which  with  but  two  exceptions,  is  by  hydraulic- 
ing,  and  the  irregular  nature  of  the  ])Ockets,  it  has  not  been  the  practice 
to  remove  the  barren  overburden,  which  varies  much  in  thickness.  With 
the  leaner  ores,  and  those  mixed  with  considerable  surface  dirt,  the  pro- 
portion of  ore  to  dirt,  by  volume,  may  be  as  low  as  1 to  12  or  lower, 
while  with  the  richer  portions  one-half  the  volume  may  be  ore. 

Associated  with  the  ores  is  a small,  but  usually  persistent  quantity  of 
zinc,  and  in  places  considerable  lead.  In  smelting  the  ores  a certain 
amount  of  zinc  dust,  consisting  principally  of  the  oxide  of  zinc,  is  always 
recovered  in  the  down-comers  and  flues,  and  shipped  to  the  zinc  smelters. 

The  large  amount  of  water  under  high  pressures,  which  is  necessary  to 
hydraulic  the  dirt,  is  supplied  from  a large  central  pumping  plant  situated 
on  the  Nolichucky  River.  This  pump  furnished  the  supply  to  secondary 
pumping  plants  situated  at  the  several  washeries,  which  pump  the  water 
through  separate  pipe  lines  to  the  different  banks.  Figures  are  not  avail- 
able showing  the  cost  of  this  kind  of  mining,  but  doubtless  iu  the  case  in 
question,  with  so  many  separate  pumping  plants,  it  has  been  a large  item. 

There  are  five  washeries  in  the  cove  to  clean  the  wash  ore  from  each 
of  the  princi]xd  banks.  With  the  exception  of  the  bedded  ores — class  2 — 
and  the  ore  from  the  Red  Cut  bank,  all  the  ore  is  first  sent  to  log  washers. 
The  scheme  of  treatment  is  ]:)ractically  the  same  in  all,  and  the  flow  sheet 
for  any  one  wa^hery  is  as  follows  : 

1.  The  wash  dirt  is  carried  from  the  bank  in  cast  iron  sluices  from  dis- 
tances of  1,000  feet  or  more,  and  delivered  to 

2.  Grizzly  over  the  lower  end  of  the  log  trough,  with  bars  set  three 
inches  apart.  The  coarse  waste  is  ])icked  out,  and  the  undersize  is  sent  to 
the  log  washer,  which  yield  two  ]:>roducts,  viz.,  overflow  to  waste,  and 
heads  sent  to 

3.  Dewatering  trommel,  with  about  a 20-mesh  screen  su]:)ported  on  a 
cast  iron  grating,  forming  the  side  of  trommel.  The  undersize  goes  to 
waste,  and  the  oversize  to  the  picking  and  conveying  belt,  where  the  waste 


IRON  ORIvS  ()!'  I'.AS'r  1MuN N IASS I'JC . 


357 


is  picked  (nit  and  delivered  to  liins.  ddie  jiicked  ore  is  carried  on  tlie  belt 
and  discharged  into  ore  bins.  Wkisbed  ores  carry  from  40  to  45%  iron. 
Owino-  t()  the  lars^e  amount  of  very  tine  particles  of  ore  in  the  dirt,  the 
richness  is  not  always  ajiparent. 

ddie  log's  used  in  ah  the  washeries  are  oak. 

The  Emhree  Iron  Company,  in  addition  to  its  large  holdings  in  Bum- 
pass  Cove,  also  owns  large  areas  of  mineral  land  along  Cassi  Creek,  in 
the  vicinity  of  Green  Ridge,  near  the  intersection  of  Greene,  Washington 
and  Unicoi  counties.  Some  prospecting  has  been  done  recently,  and  with 
fair  results ; but  this  tract  was  not  examined.  At  present  it  is  rather  re- 
mote from  transportation. 

The  bedded  deposits — class  2 — occur  in  Cochran  conglomerate,  which 
outcrops  on  the  south  side  of  the  cove.  The  ore  occurs  as  an  interstrati- 
fied  deposit,  with  sandy  shales  above  and  massive  dark  red  sandstones 
beneath.  The  bed,  which  has  been  opened  in  a number  of  places,  shows 
a well  defined  upper  and  lower  vein,  of  about  the  equal  thickness.  These 
vary  from  10  to  18  inches,  and  are  separated  by  a sandstone  parting  from 
16  to  24  inches  thick.  The  ore  breaks  into  blocks  and  is  generally  low 
grade,  as  the  following  analyses  show : 

Tabic  of  analyses  of  iron  from  Bumpass  Cove. 


Iron  Silica  Lime  (CaO) 

Sample  per  cent  per  cent 

Select  ore  40.1  3G.8  1.0 

General  average  30.8  48. G 1.4 


A sample  from  the  underlying  red  sandstone  beds  gave: 

15.8  73. G 0.8 

In  the  early  days  of  the  English  occiqiancy  it  is  said  these  bedded  ores 
were  utilized  in  the  furnace,  Init  in  recent  years  nothing  has  heen  done 
whii  them. 

The  second  and  liy  far  the  most  important  deiiosits  are  the  ])Ocket  de- 
po'^its  in  the  residual  clays  overlying  the  Shady  limestone.  These  de- 
posits occur  on  both  the  northwest  and  southeast  side  of  the  cove.  The 
principal  l)anks  on  the  northwest  side  of  the  cove  are  as  follows : 

Polly  HoUoiv  and  other  banks. — Polly  Hollow  is  one  of  the  largest 
banks,  and  is  situated  about  250  feet  above  the  floor  of  the  cove.  Parts 
of  this  bank  are  covered  with  a heavy  l)urden  of  wash  and  loose  rock. 
The  ore  occurs  distributed  irregularly  through  yellow  clay,  sandy  in  parts, 
and  has  associated  with  it  small  veinlets  of  manganese  oxide.  The  de- 
posits rest  upon  the  rough,  pinnacled  limestone. 


358 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


Tlie  West  l)ank,  situated  al)out  a mile  southwest  of  Hollow,  is 

similar  iu  all  respects  to  it.  The  territory  lyiui^  between  these  two  hanks 
has  been  pros]3ected  more  or  less,  and  the  continuity  of  the  two  is  fairly 
certain.  It  is  hardly  likely,  however,  that  all  the  ground  between  kce  two 
hanks  will  ever  pay  to  work. 

Towards  Ifmhreeville,  and  near  the  bottom  of  the  cove,  is  another  old 
bank  which  has  been  exhausted. 

J'owler  hank,  on  the  southwest  side  of  the  cove,  has  been  extensively 
worked.  The  ores  are  distributed  through  a deep  red  clay,  and  above 
the  pinnacled  limestone.  If  is  said  that  small  amounts  of  lead  sulphite 
were  found  in  places  scattered  through  this  limestone. 

Red  Cut  bank. — Tliis  hank  has  been  o]3erated  as  a solid  ore  bank, 

i.  e.,  one  in  which  it  is  not  necessary  to  wash  the  ore.  The  ore,  a limonite, 
which  changes  in  ])laces  to  a true  hematite,  occurs  as  a more  or  less  regu- 
lar bed  overlying  the  limestone,  and  following  roughly  the  contour  of  the 
surface.  Here  is  a case  where  doubtless  the  mineral  bearing  solutions 
have  been  richer  in  iron  than  the  average. 

Another  bank  lies  directly  northwest  of  the  preceding,  and  yields  both 
wash  and  solid  ore.  It  is  therefore  quite  certain  that  it  is  but  a continua^ 
tion  of  the  Red  Cut  bank. 

Klondyke  bank. — This  is  similar  in  all  respects  to  the  Fowler  bank. 

There  are  other  banks  or  pockets  that  have  been  operated  more  or  less 
extensively.  The  banks  on  the  southeast  side  of  the  cove  are  not  so  high 
above  the  valley  as  those  on  the  northwest  side. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  EAST  TENNESSEE  IRON  ORES. 

The  following  titles  and  references  are  given  from  among  a number  of 
articles  that  have  appeared  from  time  to  time. 

1.  The  Geology  of  Tennessee,  James  i\I.  Safford,  1869. — Discusses 
in  a masterly  way  the  principal  features  of  the  State.  For  many  years 
this  report  has  been,  and  is  still,  one  of  the  best  authorities  on  the  subject. 

2.  The  Resonrees  of  Tennessee , by  J.  B.  Killebrew,  1875. — This  work 
touches  in  a general  way  on  the  geology  of  the  State,  but  it  is  concerned 
chiefly  with  a description  of  the  various  natural  resources. 

3.  Atlases,  published  by  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  The  entire  area 
under  consideration  is  covered  by  toi)Ogra])hic  sheets,  and  with  the  ex- 
ce]3tion  of  three  quadrangles,  the  entire  area  is  now  covered  by  tiie  geo^ 
logic  folios.  The  separate  counties  herein  mentioned  are  covei'cd  by  ib.c 
following  geologic  folios,  or  topographic  sheets: 


IRON  ()rp:s  oi^'  i<:ast  'ri^:NNi^ssici<:. 


359 


J able  of  Folios  and  'rofoi^rafliic  Sheets. 


County  Folio  No. 

Blount IG 

“ 25 

“ 143 


Carter 152 

“ 90 

Cocke 118 

“ 27 

“ IIG 


Greene 118 

“ 27 

Johnson 90 

“ 152 


Polk 


Sevier 16 

“ 75 


Washington 116 

and  Unicoi 118 

“ 152 

“ 124 

Monroe 25 


Name  of 

Knoxville 

J^oudon 

Nantahala 

hkhio 

Murphy 

Roane  Mountain 

Cranberry 

Greeneville 

Morristown 

Asheville 

Topographic 

Mt.  Guyot 
Greeneville 

Morristown 

Cranberry 

Roane  Mountain 

Topographic 

Abingdon 

Topographic 

Elijay 

Topographic 

Murphy 

Ducktown  Special 

Knoxville 

Maynardville 

Topographic 

Mt.  Guyot 
Asheville 

Greeneville 

Roane  Mountain 

Mt.  Mitchell 

Loudon 

Topographic 

Murphy 

Topographic 

Sheet 


Sheet 


Sheet 

Sheet 

Sheet 


Sheet 


Sheet 


As  is  generally  known,  these  folios  may  be  had  for  the  sum  of  25  cents 
each,  by  sending  to  the  Director  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.  Each  folio  gives  a topographic  map  of  the  quadrangle, 
usually  to  a scale  of  about  one-half  mile  to  the  inch,  with  a contour  in- 
terval of  100  feet.  Also  geologic  maps  giving  the  areal  and  economic 
geology  and  cross  sections,  together  with  a concise  discussion  of  the  geo- 
graphic, geologic  and  economic  features  of  the  area  covered. 


4.  Trans.  Anier.  Ins.  of  Alin.  Engrs.,  \ ol  XV,  ]).  170.  The  Iron-Ores 
and  Coals  of  Alabama,  Georgia  and  Tennessee  (1886  ).  Discusses  the 
geology  of  the  region,  gives  classification  of  ores,  coals,  etc.,  together  with 
many  analyses. 

Trans.  Anier.  Inst.  Alin.  Engrs.,  Vol.  XXX",  p.  551  (1895).  Southern 
Magnetites  and  Alagnetic  Separation.  Discusses  the  Cranberry  Magne- 
tite belt,  and  gives  a number  of  analyses  of  the  magnetite  ores  from  both 
North  Carolina,  and  Carter  County,  Tenn. 

Trans.  Anier.  Inst.  Alin.  Engrs.,  Yo\.  XX\  I,  p.  138  (1896).  The  Em- 
breeville  Estate,  Tennessee.  Paper  discusses  the  nature  of  the  ore  de- 
posits in  Pumpuss  Cove,  their  reduction,  character,  etc. 


360 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


Trans.  Anicr.  Inst.  Min.  lingrs.,  Vol.  XXIX,  ]).  (1908  ).  A New  Theory 
of  the  Genesis  of  llrown  lleniatite  Ores,  and  a New  Source  of  Sulphur 
Supply.  Discusses  in  g'eneral  the  brown  ores  that  are  found  scattered 
along-  the  Appalachians  from  New  York  to  Alabama. 

5.  Eng.  and  Min.  Joiir.,  Vol.  LXXVllI,  ]).  590.  Descrii)tion  of  the 
Shady  Valley  de])osits,  Vol.  LXXVJll,  p.  742.  Cursory  description  of 
East  Tennessee  ore  dci)osits. 

A C K N O W LEDG  M E N T S. 

The  writer  wishes  to  acknowledge  the  many  courtesies  that  have  been 
extended  to  him.  Among  those  who  have  given  time  and  advice  may  be 
mentioned:  Mr.  John  N.  Adams,  Del  Rio,  Tenn. ; Air.  J.  C.  Campbell, 
and  Air.  H.  H.  Hurley,  of  Johnson  City  ; Air.  J.  S.  Park,  Esq.,  Greene- 
viile,  Tenn.,  and  Air.  R.  L.  Seaver,  Alton,  Tenn.;  Air.  C.  A.  Alorris,  Store 
Alanager,  Embree  Iron  Company,  Embreeville,  Tenn.;  and  Air.  D.  C.  Wil- 
liamson, Wlland,  Tenn. 


LIST  OL  PUIU.ICATIONS. 


361 


Publications  of  Geological  Survey  of  Tennessee  Issued. 


The  following'  publications  have  been  issued  by  the  present  Survey, 
and  will  be  sent  on  request  when  accompanied  by  the  necessary  postage. 
To  make  it  possible  for  libraries  to  complete  their  sets,  and  for  persons 
having  real  need  for  any  of  the  volumes  to  obtain  the  earlier  ones  at 
small  cost,  500  copies  of  each  report  are  reserved  for  sale,  at  the  cost  of 
printing;  the  receipts  from  the  sales  being  turned  into  the  State  Treasury. 

Gaps  in  the  series  of  numbers  are  of  reports  still  in  preparation : 


Bulletin  No.  1 — Geological  Work  in  Tennessee. 

A.  The  establishment,  purpose,  object  and  methods  of  the 
State  Geological  Survey;  by  George  H.  Ashley,  33  pages, 
issued  July,  1910,  postage,  2 cents. 

B.  Bibliography  of  Tennessee  Geology  and  Related  Subjects; 
by  Elizabeth  Cockrill,  119  pages;  postage,  3 cents. 

Bulletin  No.  2 — Preliminary  Papers  on  the  Mineral  Resources  of  Tennessee, 
by  George  H.  Ashley  and  others. 

A.  Outline  Introduction  to  the  Mineral  Resources  of  Tennes- 
see, by  George  H.  Ashley,  issued  September  10,  1910;  G5 
pages;  postage,  2 cents. 

D.  The  Marbles  of  East  Tennessee,  by  C.  H.  Gordon;  issued 
May,  1911;  33  pages;  postage,  2 cents. 

E.  Oil  Development  in  Tennessee,  by  M.  J.  Munn;  issued  Jan- 

uary, 1911;  46  pages;  postage,  2 cents. 

G.  The  Zinc  Deposits  of  Tennessee,  by  S.  W.  Osgood;  issued 
October,  1910;  16  pages;  postage,  1 cent. 


Bulletin  No.  3 — Drainage  Reclamation  in  Tennessee;  74  pages;  issued  July, 
1910;  postage,  3 cents. 

A.  Drainage  Problems  in  Tennessee,  by  George  H.  Ashley; 
pages  1-15;  postage,  1 cent. 

B.  Drainage  of  Rivers  in  Gibson  County,  Tennessee,  by  A.  E. 
Morgan  and  S.  H.  McCrory;  pages  17-43;  postage,  1 cent. 

C.  The  Drainage  Law  of  Tennessee;  pages  45-74;  postage,  1 
cent. 


Bulletin  No.  4 — Administrative  Report  of  the  State  Geologist,  1910;  issued 
March,  1911;  postage,  2 cents. 

Bulletin  No.  5 — Clays  of  West  Tennessee,  by  Wilbur  A.  Nelson;  issued  April, 
1911;  postage,  4 cents. 

Bulletin  No.  9 — Economic  Geology  of  the  Dayton-Pikeville  Region,  by  W.  C. 
Phalen,  for  sale  only,  price  15  cents. 


362 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


Bulletin  No.  10 — Studies  of  the  Forests  of  Tennessee. 

A.  An  Investigation  of  the  Forest  Conditions  in  Tennessee,  by 
R.  Clifford  Hall;  issued  April,  1911;  5G  pages;  postage  3 
cents. 

B.  Chestnut  in  Tennessee,  by  W.  W.  Ashe,  issued  December, 
1911;  postage,  2 cents. 

Bulletin  No.  13 — A Brief  Summary  of  the  Resources  of  Tennessee,  by  Geo. 

H.  Ashley;  issued  May,  1911;  40  pages;  postage,  2 cents. 

“The  Resources  of  Tennessee — A monthly  magazine,  devoted  to  the  descrip- 
tion, conservation  and  development  of  the  State’s  resources.  Postage, 
2 cents  a number. 

PRINCIPAL  PAPERS. 

Vol.  I.  No.  1 — The  utilization  of  the  small  water  powers  in  Tennessee, 
by  J.  A.  Switzer  and  Geo.  H.  Ashley. 

No.  2 — The  Camden  chert — an  ideal  road  material,  by  George 
H.  Ashley. 

The  Fernvale  iron  ore  deposit  of  Davidson  County,  by 
Wilbur  A.  Nelson. 

Cement  materials  in  Tennessee,  by  C.  H.  Gordon. 

No.  3 — The  gold  field  of  Coker  Creek,  by  Geo.  H.  Ashley. 

No.  4 — Coal  resources  of  Dayton-Pikeville  area,  by  W.  C. 
Phalen. 

No.  5 — Economic  aspects  of  the  smoke  nuisance,  by  J.  A. 
Switzer. 

Watauga  Power  Company’s  hydro-electric  development, 
by  Francis  R.  Weller. 

The  coal  fields  of  Tennessee,  by  Geo.  H.  Ashley. 

No.  6 — Bauxite  Mining  in  Tennessee,  by  Geo.  H.  Ashley. 

A New  Manganese  Deposit  in  Tennessee,  by  Wilbur  A. 
Nelson. 

Road  Improvement  in  Tennessee,  by  Geo.  H.  Ashley. 

Vol.  II.  No.  1 — The  Utilization  of  the  Navigable  Rivers  of  Tennessee, 
by  Geo.  H.  Ashley. 

Dust  Explosions  in  Mines,  by  Geo.  H.  Ashley. 

The  Rejuvenation  of  Wornout  Soil  Without  Artificial 
Fertilizers,  by  Geo.  H.  Ashley. 

Tennessee  to  Have  Another  Great  Water  Power,  by 
George  Byrne. 

Manufacture  of  Sulphuric  Acid  in  Tennessee  in  1911, 
by  W.  A.  Nelson. 

No.  2 — The  Ocoee  River  Power  Development,  by  J.  A.  Switzer. 
Exporation  for  Natural  Gas  and  Oil  at  Memphis,  Tenn., 
by  M.  J.  Munn. 


No.  3 — The  Power  Development  at  Hale’s  Bar,  by  J.  A.  Switzer, 
Notes  on  Lead  in  Tennessee,  by  Wilbur  A.  Nelson. 


LIST  OF  1>UP>LICATI()NS 


3f)3 


No.  4 — The  Tennessee  Academy  of  Science, 

The  Preliminary  Consideration  of  Water  Power  Pro- 
jects, by  J.  A.  Switzer. 

Lignite  and  Lignitic  Clay  in  West  Tennessee,  by  Wilbur 
A.  Nelson. 

No.  5 — The  Growth  of  Our  Knowledge  of  Tennessee  Geology, 
L.  C.  Glenn. 

No.  G — On  the  Impounding  of  Waters  to  Prevent  Floods,  by 
A.  H.  Purdue. 

Drainage  Problems  of  Wolf,  Hatchie,  and  South  Fork  of 
Forked  Deer  Rivers,  in  West  Tennessee,  by  L.  L.  Hid- 
inger  and  Arthur  E .Morgan. 

The  Waste  From  Hillside  Wash,  by  A.  H.  Purdue. 

No.  7 — Where  May  Oil  and  Gas  Be  Found  in  Tennessee?  By 
Geo.  H.  Ashley. 

Spring  Creek  Oil  Field.  By  M.  J.  Munn. 

No,  8 — The  Monteagle  Wonder  Cave.  By  Wilbur  A,  Nelson. 

Cave  Marble  (Cave  Onyx)  in  Tennessee.  By  C.  H. 
Gordon. 


364 


RESOURCES  OE  TENNESSEE. 


NEW  PUBLICATIONS 


TO  PUBLISHERS  OF  NEWSPAPERS,  MAGAZINES  AND 
TECHNICAL  JOURNALS: 

There  are  over  2,000,000  people  in  Tennessee,  and  some  out- 
side. As  only  3,000  copies  of  the  Survey’s  publications  are 
printed,  it  is  realized  that  if  the  people  of  the  state,  and  outside 
of  the  state,  are  to  be  benefited  in  any  large  measure  from  the 
work  of  the  Survey,  it  must  be  through  the  co-operation  of  the 
newspapers,  magazines,  and  technical  journals.  Therefore  the 
statements  of  the  results  of  the  Survey’s  work  and  reviews  of  its 
new  publications  are  cast  in  form  suitable  for  use  by  publishers 
in  the  hope  that  they  will  co-operate  in  extending  the  benefits  of 
the  Survey’s  studies  by  making  liberal  use  of  any  or  all  of  the 
matter  in  this  journal. 


THE  ZINC  DEPOSITS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  TENNESSEE. 


By  a.  if  Purdue. 


The  State  Geological  Survey  has  just  published  a detailed  report  on 
the  zinc  deposits  of  northeastern  Tennessee.  This  report,  which  covers 
about  70  pages,  is  profusely  illustrated  by  diagrams,  showing  the  origin 
and  occurrence  of  the  ores,  and  by  half-tones,  showing  the  deposits  and 
the  mining  that  is  already  beingulone. 

The  ores  occur  in  several  groups  along  Holston  and  lOwell  rivers. 
Straight  Creek,  and  Fall  Branch,  and  around  Jearoldstown.  A most  in- 
teresting chapter  is  on  prospecting  and  how  it  should  be  carried  on.  In 
connection  with  this  a few  words  are  said  about  faults,  or  breaks  in  the 
rocks,  for  it  is  along  these  breaks  that  most  of  the  zinc  ores  are  found. 
The  following  extract  is  taken  from  the  last  pages  of  the  bulletin ; 

“From  the  best  that  one  can  judge  under  the  present  conditions  of  de- 
velopment, the  possibilities  of  the  zinc  industry  in  northeastern  Tennessee 
are  large,  ])rovided  those  engaging  in  the  industry  use  the  greatest  pos- 
sible economy  and  employ  tlie  best  engineering  talent.  The  company  that 
fails  to  observe  either  of  these  rcxiuirements  is  doomed  to  failure.  Min- 
ing  for  carbonate  ore  may  be  done  on  a small  scale,  hut  as  a rule,  mining 
for  blende  must  be  on  a large  one.” 


365 


Lirr  'ncNNiAssh'JC  i)i^:\''i^L()i‘  iip:k  iron  oio^'.s. 

'The  ])C(>|)lc  of  Ifasl  3\'niK'sscc  loni;-  a^o  rccoi^nizcd  that  llie  dcvolo])- 
inonl  of  their  rei^ion  depended  lar_^-ely  on  transportation  faeilities,  and  as 
they  thoip^iit  they  possessed  rieli  mineral  resources,  they  proceeded  to 
i;et  the  railroads. 

ddiere  are  i)laces  in  East  Tennessee  that  are  as  well  situated  for  the 
erection  of  furnaces  as  the  well  known  lUrming-ham  region.  Iron  occurs 
in  ahnndance  on  the  sides  of  the  hills  and  the  mountains,  while  not  a 
stone's  throw  away  are  found  unlimited  supplies  of  fluxing  material. 
*\.gain,  their  next  door  neighbor  is  the  Cumberland  Mountains,  filled  to 
overtlowing  with  coal  beds,  which  are  at  present  mined  and  coked  for  use 
in  the  few  furnaces  of  this  region. 

Tennessee  has  twenty-four  iron  furnaces  in  its  borders,  and  most  of 
these  are  located  in  the  eastern  section,  where  the  conditions  are  ideal. 

The  brown  ores  of  East  Tennessee  are  found  in  a belt  which  comprises 
the  eastern  border  counties  of  Tennessee,  from  Johnson  in  the  extreme 
north  to  Polk  in  the  southeast. 

Eeeling  the  need  of  a preliminary  report  on  these  ores,  the  State  Ceo- 
logical  Survey  has  just  published  an  article  on  “77m  Valley  and  Moiui- 
faiii  Ores  of  East  Tennessee V 1)y  Hr.  Royal  \\  Jarvis,  which  appeared  in 
the  September  number  of  the  Resources  of  Tennessee,  and  can  be  ])ro- 
cured  by  writing  to  the  Geological  Survey  at  Nashville. 

The  six  different  classes  of  ore  found  in  this  region  are  taken  U])  and 
described,  as  well  as  the  formations  in  which  theyTxT'ur.  A table  of  the 
different  formations  is  given,  showing  in  chronological  order  their  thick- 
nesses and  characteristics. 

Of  the  ores,  the  limonite,  or  brown  hematite,  as  it  is  called,  is  the  most 
abundant,  and  it  occurs  as  pockets  and  blanket  de]}()sits  over  large  areas. 
Much  mining  has  b.een  done  in  the  ])ast  on  these  ores.  They  are  probably 
some  of  the  first  ores  used  in  the  United  States  for  the  manufacture  of 
iron,  for  in  the  days  before  the  Civil  War  this  region  was  dotted  with 
small  charcoal  iron  furnaces  or  “liloomeries”  as  they  were  then  called. 
The  fallen-in  ruins  of  some  of  these  first  furnaces,  which  were  built  of 
limestone  blocks,  still  remain,  and  are  peculiar  sights  when  compared 
to  our  most  up-to-date  blast  furnaces.  Tennessee  was  noted  for  its 
charcoal  iron,  and  the  high  place  tliat  it  held  is  testified  to  in  that  it  was 
generally  the  iron  specified  in  the  government  contracts  of  that  day. 

The  bedded  hematite  also  occurs,  but  not  as  abundantly  as  in  the  region 
just  west  of  this  one. 


366 


RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE. 


One  of  the  most  remarkable  deposits  found  is  that  of  the  magnetic  iron, 
or  magnetite  which  occurs  in  Carter  and  Unicoi  counties,  and  extends 
over  the  border  into  North  Carolina.  It  is  being  utilized  in  the  furnaces 
of  Johnson  City. 

Another  type  of  ore  is  the  gossan  de])osit,  which  occurs  at  Ducktown, 
which  ill  the  past  has  been  a source  of  much  ore,  and  still  is  mined  to  some 
extent. 

The  report  on  the  ores  deal  with  them  by  counties,  and  should  lie  of 
much  help  to  those  interested  in  the  minerals  of  this  region.  The  differ- 
ent dejiosits  are  taken  up  and  their  extent  and  value  discussed.  The  iron 
situation  in  East  Tennessee  reminds  one  of  the  fable  of  the  race  between 
the  tortoise  and  the  hare.  Like  the  hare  Tennessee  many  years  ago  got 
a good  start,  but  on  outdistancing  her  rivals  she  went  to  sleep  and  let 
the  others  overtake  and  far  succeed  her.  Let  Tennessee  wake  up  and 
start  as  of  old  and  show  the  other  states  what  unlimited  resources  she 
has  that  have  been  lying  idle. 


NICWS  NO'I'ICS. 


367 


News  Notes 


Dr.  A.  II.  Purdue  has  just  returned  from  a tri])  to  Wayne  County, 
wliere  he  examined  the  geology  and  iron  ores  of  that  region.  A topo- 
grajduc  map,  hy  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  was  made  of  this  region 
in  1902-v3,  hut  the  geology  has  never  been  worked  out.  Recent  observa- 
ttons  by  Dr.  Purdue  shows  that  the  map  is  very  accurate  and  that  it  would 
he  very  feasible  to  do  up-to-date  geologic  mapping  on  this  old  base  map. 

Mr.  Adlbur  A.  Nelson,  Assistant  Geologist,  spent  the  first  part  of  the 
month  of  August  on  the  Agricultural  Special  train,  representing  the  Geo- 
logical Survey.  Wdiile  with  the  train  he  made  several  short  talks  on  the 
work  of  the  Survey  and  of  the  great  help  this  department  is  to  the  farmer, 
especially  in  the  soil  maps  that  the  Survey  is  having  made  of  the  different 
counties  of  the  State  in  cooperation  with  the  United  States  Bureau  of 
Soils.  Minerals  were  examined  at  every  stop,  and  information  given  the 
crowds  111  regard  to  the  minerals  which  occurred  in  the  respective  local- 
ities where  stops  were  made. 

It  would  be  hard  to  estimate  the  great  amount  of  good  that  this  train 
has  done  to  the  farmers  of  the  State  in  the  two  months’  trip  that  has  just 
been  brought  to  a successful  finish.  Every  town  of  importance  in  the 
State  was  visited,  and  the  enthusiasm  that  was  manifested  by  the  farm- 
ers show  how  great  is  their  appreciation.  The  enthusiasm  of  the  members 
of  the  train  was  as  great  the  last  week  of  the  trip  as  on  the  first  day  and 
great  credit  should  be  given  them  and  Gaptain  Peck,  Gommissioner  of 
Agriculture,  who,  in  spite  of  the  predictions  of  many  that  the  entire 
schedule  would  never  be  completed,  carried  it  out  in  full  and  with  great 
success. 

Mr.  W.  E.  Wrather,  geologist  from  Houston,  Texas,  who  is  employed 
by  some  capitalists,  spent  part  of  the  last  month  in  East  Tennessee  look- 
ing into  the  practicability  of  establishing  a large  marble  mill  and  cpiarry 
in  that  section  of  the  State. 

Mr.  Wilbur  A.  Nelson  has  in  the  past  month  made  trips  to  Monterey, 
Sew^anee  and  Hollow  Rock  in  course  of  preparing  an  article  on  ‘'Some  of 
the  Building  Sands  of  Tennessee,”  which  will  appear  shortly  in  this  maga- 


zine. 


368 


RESOUliCliS  OF  TIONNFSSEE. 


Dayton  Coal  and  Iron  Company’s  furnace,  Dayton,  Tenn. 


Chattanooga  Iron  Company’s  furnace,  Chattanooga,  Tenn. 


TWO  OF  THE  IRON  FURNACES  IN  EAST  TENNESSEE. 


BULLETIN  2-D 


PLATE  I.  Quarry  of  the  Evans  Marble  Company,  near  Friendsvii.le.  Tennessee. 

Shows  channelers  at  work. 


STATE  OF  TENNESSEE— STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 

GHO,  H.  ASHLEY,  STATE  GEOLOGIST 


THE  MARBLES  OF  TENNESSEE 

BY  CHAS.  H.  GORDON 


EXTRACT  (D)  FROM  BULLETIN  No.  2.  “PRELIMINARY  PAPERS  ON 
THE  MINERAL  RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE.” 


NASHVILLE 
119  1 1 


CONTENTS 


Introdiitcion  5 

Distribution  of  marbles  in  Tennessee  6 

Geology  of  the*Holston  marble  deposits: 

Stratigraphy  of  the  region  9 

Geologic  structure  of  the  region  11 

Areal  distribution  of  the  Hoston  marbles : 

Occurrence  in  belts  13 

The  Luttrcll  Belt  14 

The  Black  Oak  Belt  14 

The  Galbraith  Belt  15 

I'lic  Concord  Belt  : 16 

riie  Knoxville  Belt  16 

The  French  Broad  Belt  17 

The  Bays  IMountain  Belt  18 

Character  of  the  Holston  marble  18 

Operations  in  the  East  Tennessee  Valley; 

’ Historical  . 22 

Operators  23 

Quarries  23 

The  Appalachian  Marble  Company  23 

The  John  J.  Craig  Company  24 

Evans  Marble  Company  24 

T.  S.  Godfrey  Marble  Company  24 

Gray  Eagle  Marble  Company  24 

Graystone  Marble  Company  24 

Imperial  Marble  Company  24 

Knox  Marble  Company  24 

Knox  Marble  and  Railway  Company  25 

Meadow  Marble  Company  25 

Quaker  Marble  Company  25 

The  Ross  and  Republic  Marble  Company  25 

John  M.  Ross  26 

Royal  Marble  Company  -26 

H.  B.  Stamps  26 

Tennessee  Producers  Marble  Company  26 

The  Victoria  Marble  Company  27 


CONTENTS 


3 


Marble  Mills : 

The  Appalachian  Marble  Company  28 

The  Cumberland  Marble  Company  28 

Empire  Marble  Company  28 

Evans  Marble  Company  29 

Knoxville  Marble  Company  29 

The  Ross  and  Republic  Marble  Company  29 

H.  B.  Stamps  29 

Tennessee  Producers  Marble  Company  29 

United  States  Marble  Company  30 

The  marble  companies  and  their  ofificers  31 

The  production  of  marble  in  Tennessee: 

Value  of  marble  production  in  Tennessee  in  1909  by  uses  32 

Value  of  marble  product  1898  to  1909.  inclusive  33 

Value  of  marble  product  in  the  United  States  in  1908  and  uses  33 


LIST  OF  PLATES 


Plate  1.  Quarry  of  the  Ev^ans  Marble  Company,  near  Friends- 

ville,  Tennessee;  shows  channelers  at  work  Frontispiece 

Plate  IT.  Sketch  map  of  a portion  of  Tennessee  Valley,  show- 
ing outcrops  of  Holston  marble  Between  8-9 

Platee  ITT.  A and  B.  vStatues  carved  from  Tennessee  Marble 
at  the  quarry  of  the  Ross  and  Republic  Marble 
Compaii}',  by  TVter  Rossak ; J.  IMessey  Rhinet, 

sculptor  Between  18-19 

Plate  TV.  A.  Tennessee  marble  in  interior  of  Cumberland  Club 

building,  Knoxville  

B.  Blocks  of  Tennessee  marble  too  large  for  freight 

cars  Between  20-21 

Plate  V.  Marble  quarry  near  Knoxville  Between  23-24 

Plate  VI.  A.  The  Sullivan  Duplex  channeler  in  the  quarry  of 
the  Evans  Marble  Company,  near  Friendsville, 

Tennessee  

B.  Duplex  channeler,  same  quarry,  raised  from  rails 

to  permit  of  track  lifting  Between  24-25 

Plate  VII.  Mill  of  the  Evans  Marble  Company,  Knoxville, 

Tennessee.  One  of  the  largest  mills  in  the 

United  States  Between  28-29 


I N'I'RODUC'I’ION'. 


0 


The  Marbles  of  Tennessee 

By  C.  H.  Gordon. 


INTRODUCTION. 


In  the  trade  the  term  marble  is  applied  to  any  calcareous  rock  cap- 
able of  taking  a good  polish,  and  which  is  suitable  for  ornamental  work, 
or  high-grade  construction.  For  commercial  use  the  rock  must  be  of 
desirable  color,  must  quarry  m blocks  of  large  size  free  from  cracks 
or  impure  layers,  and  be  of  fine  close  texture.  These  conditions  are 
met  with  most  largely  in  crystalline  limestones  or  dolomites,  though 
locally  other  deposits,  such  as  breccias,  conglomerates,  and  even  ser- 
pentines, may  furnish  material  suitable  for  ornamental  construction, 
but  strictly  speaking,  not  all  of  these  can  be  considered  marbles.  A 
true  marble  is  a granular  aggregate  of  crystals  of  calcite  or  dolomite, 
chiefly  the  former.  Usually  the  crystals  are  of  uniform  size  in  the 
same  marble,  but  may  vary  widely  in  marbles  from  different  localities 
or  from  different  beds.  Certain  marbles  characterized  as  variegated 
owe  their  special  properties  to  variation  in  color  and  size  of  crystals 
in  different  areas.  The  fine  white  varieties,  which  appear  like  loaf 
sugar,  are  called  saceharoidal. 

Most  limestones  were  formed  by  the  depositiongof  sediment  on  the 
bed  of  the  sea,  and  the  characters  which  render  them  suitable  for  use 
as  marbles,  are  the  result  of  physical  and  chemical  changes  undergone 
subsequent  to  their  deposition.  The  variations  in  character  of  marbles 
are  due  both  to  differences  in  the  sediment  at  the  time  of  its  de])osi- 
tion,  and  also  to  the  differences  in  the  changes  which  the  rock  has  sub- 
sequently sustained. 


6 


The  Marbles  of  Tennessee. 


J)lSTRIBUTJON  OF  MaRBLES  IN  TENNESSEE. 

East  Tennessee — The  marbles  of  Eastern  Tennessee  occur  at  differ- 
ent horizons  of  the  paleozoic  series  of  rocks,  but  the  chief  deposits  of 
this  section  and  of  the  State,  constitute  what  is  known  as  the  Holston 
member  of  the  Chickamauga,  a widely  extended  limestone  formation, 
the  major  part  of  which  is  unsuited  for  use  as  marble.  The  Holston 
beds  are  confined  to  the  Tennessee  Valley  and  outcrop  in  several  more 
or  less  jiarallel  belts  as  shown  on  the  accompanying  map.  The  marble 
area  as  a whole  averages  about  twenty  miles  in  width,  and  extends 
from  near  the  Virginia  line  southwest  ward  to  McMinn  County,  a dis- 
tance of  over  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  miles.  Originally  the  de- 
posit was  co-extensive  with  the  area  thus  outlined,  but  much  of  it  has 
been  removed  by  erosion.  The  area  is  traversed  throughout  its  long- 
itudinal extent  by  the  Southern  Railway,  and  transversely  by  the  Louis- 
ville and  Nashville  Railroad.  Commercial  material  is  not  available 
throughout  its  outcropping  area,  but  conditions  favorable  for  commer- 
cial development  exist  in  many  places,  and  the  amount  of  marble  avail- 
able is  practically  inexhaustible. 

Beds  of  marble  similar  to  the  Holston  marble  occur  in  the  Sevier 
shales  of  Knox  and  Sevier  counties,  and  have  been  worked  to  some 
extent.  A black  marble  is  found  in  a number  of  counties  in  eastern 
Tennessee.  It  is  quite  compact,  sometimes  beautifully  streaked  with 
white  calcite,  and  takes  a fine  polish.  This  marble  was  used  to  form 
the  bases  of  the  columns  in  the  senate  chamber  of  the  State  Capitol  at 
Nashville.  A green  serpentinous  marble  has  been  reported  from  Union 
County,  but  the  relations  of  the  deposit  and  its  extent  are  not  known, 
only  small  specimens  of  the  stone  having  been  seen  by  the  writer.  A 
magnesian  marble  of  impure  quality  occurs  in  the  Knox  dolomite  in 
l)laces,  and  in  Blouiit,  Monroe  and  McMinn  counties  are  conglomerates 
and  breccias  which,  when  polished,  resemble  mosaic  work.  Beds  of 
breccia  on  the  Little  Tennessee,  south  of  Chilhowee  Mountain,  some- 
times supply  a beautiful  stone,  the  angular  fragments  of  different  col- 
ors, when  polished,  presenting  a pleasing  effect.  Similar  beds  occur 
in  Greene,  Cocke  and  Sevier  counties,  but  they  are  not  much  worked 
owing  to  the  hardness  of  some  of  the  angular  fragments.  The  rock 
is  not  strictly  a marble,  as  it  is  not  wholly  crystalline,  and,  moreover, 
it  is  limited  in  quantity. 

Middle  and  West  Tennessee — Red  variegated  marbles  are  found  in 
a number  of  the  counties  west  of  the  Cumberland  Table-land,  notably 
on  Elk  River  in  Eranklin  County,  and  at  the  Oil  Springs  on  Leiper’s 
Creek  in  Maury  County.  Variegated  marbles  occur  also  in  western 


1 )lSTR115UTR)N  OF  MaRHLFS  IN  TfNNICSSFF. 


/ 


'rciincssce  in  the  counties  of  llenry,  Ijenton,  Perry,  Decatur,  Wayne 
and  1 lardin.  Though  somewhat  inferior  to  those  of  the  Ifast  Tennes- 
see \hdley  they,  nevertheless,  are  valuable  stones.  A fawn-colored  or 
brownish  red  marhle  is  found  on  Shoal  Creek  in  l^awrence  County.  A 
specimen  of  a similar  stone  from  the  same  or  a neighboring  locality, 
now  in  the  collections  of  the  University  of  Tennessee,  has  been  mis- 
taken for  a noted  Frencli  marble.  The  Shoal  Creek  beds  are  about 
40  feci  in  thickness,  and  outcrop  on  both  sides  of  the  creek  for  a dis- 
tance of  15  miles.  Merrill  states  (a)  that  the  stone  is  often  variegated 

a.  Ck'orge  iMcrrill,  Stones  for  Building  and  Decoration,  p.  230. 
by  lleecy  clouds  of  green,  or  red,  green  and  white  colors.  Uove-colored 
marbles,  some  of  fine  quality,  are  met  with  in  Wilson,  Davidson  and 
Coft'ee  counties,  and  in  Rutherford  County  is  a pale  yellow  marble 
with  serpentine  veins  of  red  and  black  dots.  An  olive-green  marble  is 
said  to  occur  in  Davidson  County,  though  the  extent  of  the  deposit  is 
not  known. 

Onyx  Marbles — Under  the  term  onyx  or  onyx  marble  two  quite  dis- 
tinct types  of  rock  are  included,  both  in  their  chemical  composition 
consisting  essentially  of  carbonate  of  lime  and  mineralogically  of  cal- 
cite.  (b)  Both  differ  from  marbles  of  the  common  type,  however,  being 

b-  Ibid,  p.  242. 

purely  chemical  deposits  rather  than  products  of  metamorphism  of 
pre-existing  calcareous  sediments.  The  distinction  between  the  two 
types  of  onyx  marbles  is  that  one  is  a product  of  deep-seated  hot- 
spring  water — that  is  a travertine — while  the  other  is  a deposit  by  cold 
water  upon  the  floor,  roof  and  walls  of  limestone  caverns,  or  in  rifts 
and  cracks  in  the  limestone  itself.  In  other  words,  it  is  a stalagmitic 
or  stalactitic  deposit.  Strictly  speaking,  the  term  onyx  belongs  to  a 
purely  siliceous  rock,  a banded  variety  of  chalcedony.  Its  application 
to  the  calcareous  rock  is  due  to  the  resemblance  of  the  latter  in  band- 
ing and  translucency  to  the  true  onyx. 

Of  the  two  kinds  of  onyx  marbles,  only  the  cave  marbles  are  found 
in  Tennessee.  Water  percolating  downward  through  the  soil  becomes 
charged  with  carbonic  acid,  which  increases  its  capacity  to  dissolve 
limestone.  Filtering  downward  through  the  cracks  and  fissures  of  the 
limestone  it  enlarges  the  openings,  forming  caves  and  caverns.  After 
a time,  however,  a new  process  sets  in  whereby  there  is  deposited  upon 
the  floor,  walls  and  roof  the  material  gathered  by  the  water  in  its  pas- 
sage through  the  rock.  This  is  mostly  pure  calcium  carbonate,  with 
small  amounts  of  iron  oxide  or  other  coloring  matter,  to  produce  the 
banding  usually  seen.  A characteristic  of  cave  marbles  is  the  presence 
of  mechanical  impurities  in  the  form  of  ochreous  residual  clays,  and 


8 


TjJK  MAUHLIiS  OF  TeNNFSSFE. 


the  absence  of  apprecia])le  quantities  of  metallic  oxides  a feature  in 
which  they  are  distinguished  from  deposits  of  spring  origin. 

Cave  marbles  vary  greatly  b(Jth  in  extent  and  quality.  They  may 
occur  only  as  a mere  veneering  over  the  surface  of  the  rock  or  as  a 
local  accumulation  of  small  extent.  The  appearances  of  such  surface 
deposits  are  often  deceptive,  suggesting  an  abundance,  whereas  the 
amount  of  available  stone  is  extremely  small.  Deposits  of  these  mar- 
bles are  rarely  uniform  over  any  great  distance,  and,  moreover,  owing 
to  their  coarse  crystallization,  they  are  likely  to  contain  numerous  cav- 
ities and  pores  known  as  “thumb-holes”  and  “pin-holes,”  which  ma- 
terially injure  the  quality  of  the  stone.  The  colors  are  usually  light 
and  dull,  and  the  rock  as  a rule  is  less  translucent  than  true  onyx 
marbles.  White,  yellowish  amber  and  reddish  colors,  with  resinous 
lustre,  are  common,  and  sometimes  very  beautiful  material  is  found. 

There  are  numerous  caves  in  the  limestone  regions,  of  eastern  Ten- 
nessee, the  walls  of  which  are  encrusted  with  deposits  of  cave  onyx. 
Many  of  these  are  laid  open  by  denudation,  and  their  former  existence 
recognized  only  by  the  veneering  of  cave  marble  on  the  exposed  rock 
surface.  In  the  main  these  accumulations  are  small  and  of  no  com- 
mercial value,  but  not  infrequently  they  may  yield  blocks  of  beautiful 
material.  Instances  are  cited  where  appearances  indicate  a solid  mass 
of  merchantable  stone  lOO'  feet  long  by  20  or  30  feet  in  height,  but 
which  on  inspection  is  found  to  be  only  a thin  coating  of  stalactitic 
matter  over  the  sloping  wall  of  an  old  cavern  with  not  a cubic  yard  of 
merchantable  stone  in  the  entire  outcrop,  (a) 

Some  deposits  of  cave  marbles  properly  managed  may  be  worked 
up  to  good  advantage,  but  too  much  must  not  be  expected  of  them. 
Merrill  states  that  disregard  of  this  fact  has  led  to  disastrous  failures 
following  every  attempt  thus  far  made  to  work  the  cave  marbles  of 
America.  He  says:  “If  the  material  as  taken  from  the  ledge  could  be 
assorted  by  some  competent  person  and  worked  up,  each  block  for  a 
purpose  of  ornamentation  to  which  it  seemed  best  adapted,  then  we 
might  hope  for  some  interesting  results.  But  at  best  the  cave  marbles 
of  America  must  rank  as  “uniques”  rather  than  objects  of  commer- 
cial value.  They  will  never  become  sources  of  regular  supply.  There 
is  too  much  waste  and  too  much  uncertainty  regarding  amount  and 
quality.” 

Some  broken  down  caves  in  Anderson,  Union,  Hawkins  and  other 
counties  in  Eastern  Tennessee  have  yielded  interesting  specimens  of 
cave  marble,  and  the  attempt  is  now  being  made  to  quarry  a deposit  in 
the  first  named  county  from  which  some  very  beautiful  material  has 

a.  George  P.  Merrill,  Stone  for  Building  and  Decorating,  p.  248. 


Geology  of  the  IIolston  1)i-:i‘osits. 


been  obtained.  The  material  is  best  adapted  for  small  ornaments, 
vases,  columns  and  certain  forms  of  base  relief,  and  it  is  of  little  use 
to  seek  a market  for  it  in  other  lines  of  work. 


Geology  of  the  Holston  Deposits. 

The  rocks  appearing*  at  the  surface  of  the  Tennessee  Valley  are  for 
the  most  part  of  sedimentary  origin — that  is,  they  were  deposited  by 
water. 

They  consist  of  sandstones,  shales  and  limestones,  all  presenting 
great  variety  in  composition  and  appearance.  The  materials  of  which 
they  are  composed  were  originally  gravel,  sand  and  mud,  derived  from 
the  waste  of  older  rocks  and  the  remains  of  animals  and  plants  which 
lived  while  these  strata  were  being  laid  down.  These  rocks  afford  a 
record  from  early  Cambrian  very  nearly  through  Carboniferous  time. 
Hence  they  represent  practically  the  whole  of  the  Paleozoic. 


Table  of  Paleozoic  Formations  in  East  Tennessee. 
Table  of  Paleozoic  Fokmattons  in  East  Tennessee. 

Pennsylvanian 

Anderson  Sandstone  

Scott  Shale  

Wartburg  Sandstone  

Briceville  Shale  

Lee  Formation  

Mississippian 

Pennington  Shale  Mp 

Newman  Limestone  Mn 

Devonian 

Grainger  Shale  Dg 

Chattanooga  Shale  Dc 

Silurian 

Rock  wood  Formation  

Clinch  Sandstone  

Bays  Sandstone  

Ordovician 


Sevier  Shales  Os 

Tellico  Formation  Ot 

Tellico  Sandstone — Moccasin  Limestone. . .Ott-Otm 

Athens  Shale  Ota 

Chickamanga  Formation  Oc 

Lenoir  Limestone — Holston  Marble  Ocl-Och 

Knox  Dolomite  (in  part)  Ok 


Sr 

,Sc 

Sb 


Symbol 

..Pa 

. .Ps 
, .Pw 
. .Pb 

, . .PI 


10 


The  Marbles  of  Tennessee. 


Cambrian 

Knox  Dolomite  (in  part)  

Conasanga  Formation  Cc 

Nolachucky  Shale  Ccn 

Honaker  Formation  Cch 

Maryville  Limestone  Cchm 

Rogersville  Shale  Cchr 

Rutledge  Limestone  ...Cchrt 

Watauga  Formation  Cw 

Watauga  Shale — Rome  Sandstone  Cww-Cwr 

Shady  Limestone  Cs 

Erwin  Quartzite  Ce 

Hampton  Formation  Ch 

Murray  Slate  Chm 

Nebo  Quartzite  Chn 

Nichols  Slate  Chni 

L'^nicoi  Formation  Cu 

Cochran  Conglomerate  Cue 

Hiwassee  .Slate  Cuh 

Snowbird  Formation  Cus 

Pre-Cambrian 

Reech  Granite — Cranberry  Granite  PCb 

d'alc  and  serpentine  rocks  PCt 

Roan  Gneiss — Carolina  Gneiss  ' PCr-PCCc 


The  rocks  underlying  most  of  the  Great  Valley  belong  to  the  Paleo- 
zoic series  and  chiefly  to  the  three  lower  divisions,  viz. : Cambrian, 
Grdovician  and  Silurian.  The  marbles  occur  in  the  Chickamauga 
limestone  formation,  which  is  near  the  middle  of  the  Ordovician.  The 
Chickamauga  lies  over  the  Knox  dolomite,  and  is  itself  overlain  by  the 
Athens  shale,  the  Tellico  sandstone  and  the  Sevier  shale,  named  in  as- 
cending order,  representing  the,  Trenton  and  Nashville  series  of  Saf- 
ford.  It  has  received  its  name  from  Chickamauga  Creek  in  Hamilton 
County,  Tennessee.  The  marble  beds  which  constitute  portions  only 
of  the  Chickamauga  formation  are  for  the  most  part  coarsely  crystal- 
line, but  they  include  also  layers  of  shaly  marble  and  shale. 

The  marble  beds  occur  in  lentils  in  the  Chickamauga  formation,  in 
some  cases  at  or  near  the  base,  in  others  within  or  near  the  top  of  the 
formation.  Underlying  the  marble  is  the  Lenoir  limestone  which  con- 
stitutes the  basal  member  of  the  Chickamauga  formation.  This  mem- 
ber consists  at  the  base  of  massively  bedded,  compact,  bluish  gray 
limestone  usually  speckled  with  small  white  patches  of  calcite.  Over- 
lying  these  beds  are  others  of  gray  argillaceous  limestone,  whose  weath- 
ered surfaces  present  a characteristically  lumpy  or  knotty  appearance  by 
which  the  beds  are  easily  recognized. 


Geology  of  tiif  IIolston  Deposits.  11 

'J'hcsc  beds  are  highly  fossiliferous,  especially  the  argillaceous  por- 
tions, as  well  as  the  inarhles  themselves,  though  the  fossils  are  usually 
not  easily  separated  from  the  rock.  In  the  marble  the  form  of  the  fos- 
sils is  readily  seen  though  they  have  been  wladly  rccrystallized. 

Toward  the  southeast  the  marble  beds  lie  at  or  near  the  top  of  the 
Ghickamauga  formation,  the  Lenoir  beds  in  this  region  having  a 
thickness  of  500  to  700  feet.  Northwest  of  Clinch  Mountain,  how- 
ever, the  marbles  occur  near  the  base,  the  Lenoir  beds  being  reduced 
to  a few  feet  in  thickness,  and  in  places  are  absent  altogether  appar- 
ently. Between  the  marble  belt  and  the  Cumberland  Plateau,  lime- 
stones of  the  Lenoir  type  represent  the  whole  of  the  Chickamauga,  and 
with  some  of  the  overlying  formations  present  a thickness  of  nearly 
2,000  feet.  The  exact  relations  of  these  to  the  formations  of  the  east 
side  of  the  Great  Valley  has  not  been  determined,  but  it  is  evident  the 
differences  thus  shown  are  due  to  the  deepening  of  the  waters  in  which 
the  sediments  were  deposited  toward  the  northwest.  It  is  inferred  the 
shore  from  which  materials  were  derived  lay  toward  the  east  or  south- 
east, and  hence  the  formations  on  that  side  of  the  valley  would  receive 
more  of  the  shore  material.  At  the  time  the  marbles  were  laid  down 
the  area  in  which  they  occur  appears  to  have  been  an  area  of  clear 
waters  filled  with  an  abundance  of  marine  life  such  as  corals,  criuoids, 
brachiopods,  gasteropods  and  cephalopods,  whose  recrystallized  re- 
mains make  up  the  bulk  of  the  rock. 

On  account  of  their  characteristic  appearance  and  economic  impor- 
tance these  closely  crystallized  stratas  have  been  given  the  distinctive 
name  of  “Holston  Marble,”  from  the  main  fork  of  the  Tennessee 
River  which  traverses  a considerable  part  of  the  region  in  which  they 
occur.  The  beds  have  a thickness  of  from  250  to  400  feet,  thickening 
from  northeast  to  southwest.  Portions  only  of  the  full  thickening  in 
any  locality  are  available  for  quarrying,  workable  beds  being  rarely 
over  50  feet  thick,  though  other  beds  adapted  for  working  may  come 
in  at  higher  or  lower  levels.  Quarries  far  .separated  from  each  other 
have  quite  distinct  series  of  beds,  and  each  quarry  has  its  special  va- 
riety of  marble. 

Geologic  Structure  of  the  Region — The  rocks  of  the  Tennessee  Val- 
ley region  have  been  disturbed  from  the  horizontal  position  in  which 
they  were  originally  deposited  and  tilted,  bent  and  broken  to  a high 
degree.  The  folds  and  faults  trend  with  the  course  of  the  Valley, 
which  is  approximately  parallel  with  the  shore  line  of  the  ancient  con- 
tinent from  which  the  sediments  were  derived.  In  places  the  effects 
of  metamorphism  are  seen  in  the  alteration  of  certain  beds  to  slates. 
The  folds  are  long  and  straight  and  usually  closely  compressed  and 


12 


The  Marbles  of  Tennessee. 


squeezed  up  so  far  that  they  either  broke  along  the  northwest  side  of 
the  anticline  or  were  overturned  in  that  direction.  Hence  the  faults 
appear  along  the  northwest  sides  of  the  anticlines,  with  the  fault 
planes  dipping  from  20  to  60  degrees  (most  of  them  about  45  degrees) 
toward  the  southeast.  The  dip  of  the  beds  varies  from  flat  to  vertical 
or  50  degrees  overturned,  but  for  the  most  part  the  dip  is  from  30  to 
40  degrees  toward  the  southeast.  Where  the  dip  is  toward  the  north- 
west it  reaches  80  to  90  degrees. 

The  faults  are  numerous,  and  in  some  cases  extend  for  great  dis- 
tances in  comparatively  straight  lines.  Of  these,  two  are  especially 
noteworthy,  as  they  extend  entirely  across  the  State  of  Tennessee,  fol- 
lowing the  Great  Valley,  and  into  adjoining  States.  These  are  the 
Clinch  JMountain  fault  and  the  Hunter  Valley  fault,  which  have  been 
traced  continuously  for  over  350  miles.  The  Clinch  iMountain  fault 
follows  the  east  side  of  Clinch  Mountain,  passes  just  north  of  Knox- 
ville, near  Smithwood,  and  crosses  the  Tennessee  River  about  2^ 
miles  northwest  of  Loudon. 

In  most  of  the  faults  the  displacement  is  from  one  to  three  miles. 
There  are  numerous  small  faults,  having  a displacement  of  a few  feet, 
while  in  some  faults  the  displacement  may  be  as  great  as  five  miles. 

Much  variation  is  shown  in  the  manner  in  which  the  rocks  yielded 
to  the  pressure,  which  caused  the  folding  and  faulting.  Massive  rocks 
like  the  Knox  dolomite  and  the  sandstones  of  Chilhowee  Mountain  bent 
in  great  curves  or  were  broken  and  pushed  over  by  the  lateral  thrust. 
In  some  cases,  however,  even  such  massive  beds  as  the  Knox  dolomite 
yielded  in  a close  fold  without  breaking,  as  shown  on  the  Nolachucky 
River  northeast  of  Embreeville.  Thin-bedded  shales  and  sandstones, 
like,  the  Athens  and  Tellico  formations,  and  Sevier  shales,  were  puck- 
ered and  contorted  owing  to  their  readiness  to  yield  to  the  pressure 
and  to  slip  along  their  bedding  planes. 

Various  exposures  in  the  vicinity  of  Knoxville  show  this  ten- 
dency of  the  Tellico  formation  to  adjust  itself  to  compression  by  close 
folding  and  contortion  of  the  thin  beds. 

The  condition  in  which  the  rocks  of  the  region  are  found  and  the 
structures  here  described  indicate  that  the  province  has  been  affected 
by  two  classes  of  forces,  one  acting  horizontally  and  the  other  vertical- 
ly. The  folding  and  faulting  was  evidently  the  result  chiefly  of  com- 
pression, which  was  exerted  in  a direction  from  northwest  to  south- 
east, that  is  at  right  angles  to  the  trend  of  the  folds  and  of  the  cleavage 
planes. 

This  compression  is  considered  to  have  become  effective  early  in 
the  Paleozoic  era,  but  it  reached  its  culmination  soon  after  the  close  of 


'riiK  Mariu.ic  Ari-:as. 


13 


tlic  Carboniferous  period,  d'be  forces  which  ap])ear  to  have  been  ex- 
erted vertically  had  the  elYect  of  a g-eneral  raising  or  lowering  of  the 
surface.  While  the  compressive  forces  were  limited  in  effect  to  a 
narrow  zone,  the  others  were  exerted  over  a l)roader  area  and  were 
less  intense  in  their  effects. 

The  Marble  Areas. 

Occurrence  in  Belts — As  shown  in  the  accompanying  map,  the 
marbles  outcrop  in  a series  of  belts  trending  with  the  general  tlirec- 
tion  of  the  folds  and  faults  of  the  valley.  In  length  the  exposures 
vary  from  a fraction  of  a mile  to  upwards  of  seventy-five  miles  in 
continuous  outcrop.  In  general,  the  width  of  each  belt  does  not  ex- 
ceed one- fourth  of  a mile,  but  in  places  a belt  may  have  a width  of  a 
mile  or  more  as  a result  of  the  flattening  of  the  beds  or  an  increase  in 
their  thickness.  The  belts  are  widest  in  the  vicinity  of  Knoxville,  a 
condition  favorable  to  the  development  of  the  marble  industry  in  this 
locality. 

The  number  of  distinct  belts  of  marble  that  may  be  recognized  in 
the  province  is  seven,  in  addition  to  which  there  are  several  limited 
exposures  determined  by  the  combined  effect  of  faulting  and  erosion. 
Six  of  these  appear  in  the  vicinity  of  Knoxville.  Named  in  order 
from  northwest  to  southeast  the  belts  are  as  follows:  Luttrell  Belt, 
Black  Oak  Belt,  Concord  Belt,  Knoxville  Belt,  French  Broad  Belt, 
and  Bays  Mountain  Belt.  Galbraith  Belt  in  Hawkins  County  may  per- 
haps be  considered  as  a continuation  of  the  Black  Oak  Belt.  Other  ex- 
posures of  limited  extent  occur  for  the  most  part  along  lines  of  fault- 
ing. These  are  usually  more  or  less  closely  related  to  the  main  belts,  and 
may  therefore  be  included  with  them.  Such  are  the  areas  noted  at  the 
Meadow  Quarries  in  Blount  County,  a small  area  two  and  a half  miles 
northwest  of  Knoxville,  the  Craighead  outcrop  four  miles  southeast  of 
Sweetwater,  and  the  one  on  the  north  side  of  Beaver  Ridge,  two  and  a 
half  miles  north  of  Fountain  City.  Of  greater  areal  extent  is  that 
which  crosses  the  Tennessee  River  at  the  mouth  of  Stockton  Creek  on 
the  boundary  line  between  Roane  and  Loudon  Counties.  This  de- 
posit is  about  six  miles  long  by  one  half  mile  in  width,  outcropping 
around  the  borders  of  a lenticular  area  of  Chickamauga  limestone. 
The  marble  occupies  the  axis  of  a shallow  syncline,  which  accounts  for 
its  preservation  from  erosion.  The  annular  outcrop  in  the  vicinity  of 
Straw  Plains  has  a like  explanation.  This  area  is  not  known  to  have 
commercial  value.  As  it  lies  in  the  line  of  extension  of  the  Luttrell  Belt, 
it  may  be  considered  as  an  inlier  belonging  to  that  belt,  tbe  interven- 
ing  portions  having  been  removed  by  erosion. 


14 


The  Marbles  of  Tennessee. 


JJranching  of  the  belts  is  not  uncommon  as  a result  of  the  planing 
oti'  by  erosion  of  the  folded  and  faulted  beds.  This  feature  is  espe- 
cially noticeable  in  the  JUack  Oak  and  Bays  Mountain  Belts.  Horse- 
shoe-shat)ed  areas,  like  that  seen  in  the  French  Broad  Belt,  are  due  to 
the  erosion  of  the  crest  of  dome-shaped  folds. 

The  Luitrcll  Belt. — The  Luttrell  is  the  first  belt  of  marble  met  with 
in  crossing  the  Great  X^alley  from  northwest  to  southeast.  It  lies  near 
the  outer  margin  of  the  marble  deposits,  no  deposits  being  found 
north  and  west  of  this  belt,  except  a few  unimportant  beds  of  gray 
marble  which  appear  in  the  next  basin  north  of  the  Clinch  syncline, 
northeast  of  Maynardville.  Moreover,  this  belt  is  the  most  persistent 
of  the  series.  Beginning  at  a point  on  Beaver  Creek,  four  miles  north- 
west of  Fountain  City,  it  extends  in  a nearly  straight  line  along  the 
south  fiank  of  Copper  Ridge,  northeastward  into  Ffawkins  County,  a 
distance  of  over  seventy-five  miles.  As  a consequence  of  its  position 
near  the  outer  boundary  of  the  area  in  which  the  materials  of  the 
marble  were  deposited,  the  formation  is  subject  to  considerable  varia- 
tion and  includes  a larger  proportion  of  earthy,  or  shaley  matter,  than 
is  found  near  the  middle  of  the  marble  basin.  In  this  belt  the  princi- 
pal quarry  beds  lie  near  the  base  of  the  Chickamauga,  being  separated 
from  the  Knox  dolomite  by  about  thirty  to  forty  feet  of  the  Lenoir 
beds,  the  upper  half  of  which  consists  of  gray  granular  limestones  ap- 
proaching a marble  in  textural  appearance.  Moreover,  the  marble 
l:)eds  are  overlain  by  a series  of  impure  marbles  and  limestones  with 
more  or  less  shale,  and  near  the  top  of  the  formation  beds  of  bluish 
gray  limestone  resembling  the  basal  Lenoir  beds.  Southwest  of  Lut- 
trell and  northeast  in  Hawkins  County,  the  massive  marble  beds  dimin- 
ish in  thickness  and  beds  of  shale  increase.  Good  marble  abounds  in 
this  belt,  however,  especially  that  portion  lying  in  Union  and  Grainger 
counties.  Owing  to  the  generally  narrow  outcrops  and  conditions 
requiring  considerable  stripping  much  of  the  marble  of  this  belt  will 
not  become  available  until  more  favorable  localities  are  exhausted. 
Northeast  of  Thornhill,  in  Grainger  County,  the  red  marbles  disap- 
pear and  blue  and  gray  marbles  only  are  found.  These  are  of  good 
1)ody,  however,  but  lack  the  most  prized  color. 

The  only  important  quarries  located  on  this  belt  are  those  at  Lut- 
trell and  five  miles  northeast  at  Powder  Spring.  The  latter  are  not 
now  being  operated. 

The  Black  Oak  Belt. — Next  in  the  series  is  the  Black  Oak  Belt, 
which  makes  its  appearance  at  Corryton  and  extends  southwest  along 
the  south  side  of  Black  Oak  Ridge,  passing  through  Fountain  City. 
Five  miles  northwest  of  Knoxville  the  belt  is  cut  off  by  a fault,  but 


'Pill':  MarimJ':  Akicas. 


15 


reappears  six  miles  farther  on,  and  continues  thence  into  M(air(;c 
County.  Tlie  Clinch  Mountain  fault  lies  close  to  the  belt  on  the 
southeast,  between  Corryton  and  Maloney ville  the  outcrop  is  from  a 
half  to  three-quarters  of  a mile  in  width,  hut  throughout  the  remain- 
der of  its  course  it  rarely  exceeds  one-fourth  of  a mile.  Associated 
with  the  marble,  some  beds  of  which  are  of  good  quality,  are  beds  of 
impure  limestone  and  shale,  which  make  up  a considerable  part  of  the 
formation  in  this  belt.  Openings  have  been  made  on  the  belt  four 
miles  northwest  of  Knoxville  and  near  Ebenezer,  but  no  quarries  arc 
being  operated  at  the  present  time. 

TJic  Galbraith  Belt. — The  Galbraith  Belt  begins  at  Mooresburg  in 
Hawkins  County  and  extends  northeast  into  Virginia.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  southeast  by  the  Clinch  Mountain  fault,  to  which  it  bears  the 
same  relation  that  the  Black  Oat  Belt  does  farther  southwest.  As  it 
lies  in  the  trend  of  the  same  fold  to  which  that  belt  owes  its  existence, 
the  two  belts  might  with  some  propriety  be  regarded  as  constituting 
one  belt. 

In  this  belt  the  marbles  occupy  an  intermediate  position  in  the  for- 
mation, being  underlaid  by  the  characteristic  Lenoir  limestones,  while 
similar  limestones  and  shales  intervene  between  the  marbles  and  the 
next  formation  above,  which,  in  this  region,  is  called  the  Moccasin 
formation.  The  marble  occurs  in  massive  layers  and  is  mostly  dark 
red  or  chocolate  in  color.  In  places  the  rock  becomes  splashed  with 
white,  these  areas  representing  the  crystalized  remains  of  the  shells 
or  other  hard  parts  of  animals.  The  faces  of  the  slabs  thus  often  pre- 
sent attractive  and  sometimes  fantastic  patterns,  due  to  the  manner  in 
which  these  masses  have  been  cut  by  the  saw.  A special  variety  of 
this  kind  is  called  the  “Dolly  Varden”  marble.  Both  pink  and  gray 
marbles  occur,  but  they  have  not  been  worked,  owing  to  the  greater 
accessibility  and  demand  for  the  red  varieties. 

The  disturbance  in  the  beds  has  been  great,  resulting  in  the  com- 
plete overturning  of  the  strata  toward  the  northwest.  As  a result  of 
this  the  beds  have  an  overturn  di])  of  nearly  6o  degrees  toward  the 
southeast,  bringing  the  Knox  dolomite  above  the  marble.  The  Clinch 
Mountain  fault  passes  close  to  the  south  side  of  the  belt,  bringing  the 
Rome  formation  upon  the  Knox  dolomite,  representing  a horizontal 
displacement  of  not  less  than  three  miles. 

A large  number  of  quarries  have  been  opened  in  this  area,  some  of 
the  oldest  quarries  in  the  State  being  located  on  this  belt.  ( )ne  of  the 
first  to  be  worked  was  the  Galbraith  (or  National)  quarry,  near  Moc- 
casin Bend,  from  which  was  obtained  the  marble  used  in  the  construc- 
tion of  the  United  States  Capitol  Building  at  Washington,  D.  C.  The 


16 


The  Marbles  of  Tennessee. 


history  of  the  beginning  of  the  marble  industry  is  given  in  Salford’s 
Geology  of  Tennessee,  pp.  508,  509.  At  the  present  time,  the  Stamps 
Quarry,  near  Galbraith  Springs,  is  the  only  one  in  operation. 

The  Concord  Belt. — This,  the  third  belt  of  the  series,  makes  its 
appearance  near  Sweetwater  and  extends  northeast  past  Loudon,  Len- 
oir City,  Concord,  and  through  the  northern  part  of  Knoxville,  ending 
near  Straw  Plains  in  a closed  loop  approximately  four  miles  in  diame- 
ter. Just  west  of  Knoxville  marble  is  missing  in  this  belt,  due  evi- 
dently to  non-deposition.  In  general,  the  proportion  of  impure  earthy 
beds  is  less  in  this  belt  than  in  the  Luttrell  and  Black  Oak  Belts,  while 
the  thickness  of  the  marble  becomes  proportionately  greater,  a feature 
apparently  due  to  its  position  nearer  the  middle  of  the  marble  basin. 
Moreover,  the  marble  beds  occur  higher  in  the  formation,  for  the 
most  part  at  the  top.  The  Lenoir  beds  at  the  base  have  a greater 
thickness  than  farther  westward,  while  those  overlying  the  marbles 
are  much  diminished  in  thickness,  or  absent  altogether.  As  in  the 
case  of  the  Luttrell  Belt,  the  proportion  of  shale  increases  northeast- 
ward, being  especially  noticeable  between  McMillan  and  Straw  Plains. 

Quarries  have  been  opened  on  this  belt  at  many  points  from  Loudon 
northeast  to  McMillan,  but  most  of  the  output  has  come  from  the 
vicinity  of  Concord  and  Knoxville.  The  belt  is  closely  paralleled 
throughout  its  course  by  the  Southern  Railway  and  by  the  Tennessee 
River,  which  intersects  it  at  a number  of  places,  being  thus  especially 
favored  as  to  transportation  facilities. 

Sloan’s  quarry,  from  which  most  of  the  marble  used  in  the  State 
Capitol  at  Nashville  was  taken,  is  located  o nthis  belt  two  miles  north 
of  Knoxville,  and  near  the  Southern  Railway.  This  marble  is  highly 
variegated  and  resembles  more  nearly  that  from  the  Hawkins  County 
quarries,  from  which  it  differs  in  being  a deeper  red  and  less  delicately 
shaded.  It  was  used  in  the  State  Capitol  of  Ohio  for  ornamental 
work.  The  quarry  was  opened  in  1852,  and  its  product,  with  that 
from  Hawkins  County,  was  for  many  years,  and  to  many  people  still 
is,  the  only  “Tennessee  marble.”  Of  late  the  demand  is  for  a uni- 
formly warm,  bright-tinted  stone,  such  as  the  granular  gray,  and 
pink  beds,  which  underlie  the  variegated  fossiliferous  variety,  and 
found  in  better  development  in  the  adjoining  belt.  This  once  famous 
quarry  has  been  idle  many  years. 

The  Knoxville  Belt — The  Knoxville  Belt,  which  is  at  present  eco- 
nomically one  of  the  most  important  of  the  marble  areas,  makes  its  ap- 
pearance several  miles  southeast  of  Sweetwater  in  Monroe  County, 
and  extends  northeast  to  the  vicinity  of  Ruggles  Ferry,  on  the  Holston 
River.  A small  detached  outcrop  of  this  belt  appears  at  the  northern 


TiiK  Marulk  Arras. 


17 


l)asc  of  the  Red  Knobs,  five  miles  southeast  of  Sweetwater.  A begin- 
ning was  made  at  one  time  to  quarry  these  beds  at  what  was  called 
the  Craighead  Cave  Quarry,  but  differences  in  the  management  led  to 
the  abandonment  of  the  project. 

At  the  northeastern  and  southwestern  extremeties  of  the  belt  the 
rocks  dip  toward  the  southeast  at  an  angle  of  about  30  degrees  with 
the  horizontal  surface.  In  the  vicinity  of  Louisville  the  dip  is  dimin- 
ished. Owing  to  this  change  of  dip  the  width  of  outcrop  varies  con- 
siderably, the  notable  expansion  in  the  vicinity  of  Louisville  being 
directly  due  to  the  flattening  of  the  beds  in  this  locality. 

In  this  and  the  French  Broad  Belts  the  marble  formation  is  on  the 
whole  more  uniform  in  bedding,  due  apparently  to  location  near  the 
middle  of  the  marble  basin,  and  hence  freedom  from  the  incursion  of 
argillaceous  sediments.  The  operations  on  this  belt,  which  at  the 
present  time  exceed  those  of  any  other  area,  extend  from  Meadow 
Station,  on  the  south,  to  Boyd’s  bridge,  on  the  north.  In  this  portion 
of  the.  belt  there  are  twelve  quarries  in  active  operation,  while  there 
are  a number  of  others  which  have  been  temporarily  or  permanently 
discontinued. 

The  leading  variety  of  marble  found  in  this  belt  is  the  pink,  one  of 
the  most  beautiful  and  popular  shades  produced  in  this  country. 

In  addition  to  the  pink,  which  is  found  in  most  of  the  quarries  of 
this  belt,  some  quarries  are  noted  for  their  chocolate  colors,  while 
others  make  a specialty  of  gray  colors.  Owing  to  differences  in  the 
conditions  of  sedimentation,  the  character  of  the  beds  vary  from 
place  to  place,  and  hence  each  quarry  has  some  distinguishing  feature 
in  the  variety  of  its  product.  There  has  been  much  progress  made  in 
the  development  of  this  area  during  recent  years,  a growth  that  is 
destined  to  continue,  as  the  deposits  are  of  good  quality  and  of  vast 
extent. 

The  French  Broad  Belt. — This  belt,  the  next  in  order  toward  the 
southeast,  is  U-shaped,  with  open  end  toward  the  northeast,  and  the 
western  limb  crossing  the  river  at  the  junction  of  the  French  Broad 
and  Holston.  Its  shape  is  due  to  the  planing  off  by  erosion  of  a fold, 
whose  axis  pitches  toward  the  southwest.  Between  this  and  the  Knox- 
ville belt  is  a synclinal  trough,  which  is  occupied  by  rocks  of  the  Tel- 
lico  and  Sevier  formations.  Hence  the  rocks  of  the  northwestern 
limb  dip  toward  the  northwest,  while  those  on  the  southeastern  side  of 
the  fold  resume  their  usual  southeastern  dip.  The  marble  pinches  out 
in  the  vicinity  of  Riverdale  on  the  French  Btoad,  which  marks  ap- 
proximately the  limit  in  this  direction  of  the  basin  in  which  the  ma- 
terials of  the  marble  were  deposited.  Originally  the  marbles  were 


18 


The  Marbles  of  Tennessee. 


connected  over  the  dome  of  the  fold,  their  absence  in  this  area  now 
l)eing-  dne  to  erosion. 

( )wing  both  to  favora1)le  conditions  for  cjuarrying  and  transporra- 
tion  facilities,  oi)erations  on  this  belt  have  been  most  active  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  forks  of  the  river.  The  new  K.  S.  & E.  Railroad 
crosses  portions  of  the  belt  toward  the  southwest,  and  will  doubtless 
promote  operations  in  that  portion  of  the  field.' 

The  Bays  Mountain  Belt. — This,  the  most  southeasterly  of  the  mar- 
ble areas,  lies  along  the  north  side  of  Bays  Mountain  in  the  south  ])art 
of  Knox  County  and  extends  southwest  for  a short  distance  into 
Blount  County.  The  belt  has  its  greatest  width  in  the  vicinity  of 
Neuberts,  where  it  divides  into  three  branches,  which  continue  to  di- 
verge until  terminated  in  the  vicinity  of  Rockford. 

Three  prominent  faults  recur  in  the  vicinity,  which,  like  nearly  all 
the  faults  of  the  Great  Valley,  are  what  are  known  as  thrust  fault^., 
the  strata  on  the  southeast  being  thrust  over  upon  the  rocks  on  tiie 
northwest  side  of  the  break.  The  fault  plane  dips  at  a relatively  high 
angle  toward  the  southeast.  The  most  northerly  of  the  faults  makes 
its  appearance  on  the  French  Broad  and  continues  with  little  abate- 
ment in  strength  into  Monroe  County,  a distance  of  over  fifty  miles. 
To  this  fault  is  due  the  outcrop  of  marble  one  and  one-half  miles  east 
of  Meadow  Station,  on  the  Louisville  & Nashville  Railway,  on  which 
are  located  the  quarries  of  the  Meadow  Marble  Company. 

Owing  to  lack  of  transportation  facilities,  no  attempt  has  hitherto 
been  made  to  develop  the  Bays  Mountain  Belt.  Such  facilities  are 
now  afforded  by  the  newly  constructed  Knoxville,  Sevierville  & East- 
ern Railroad,  which  crosses  the  belt  in  the  vicinity  of  Neubert  Station, 
and  efforts  will  doubtless  be  made  to  develop  the  area.  No  informa- 
tion is  at  present  available  concerning  the  character  of  the  marble  and 
the  conditions  for  development  in  this  belt. 

Character  of  the  Marbles. 

The  Holston  Marble. — The  Holston  marble  beds  vary  considerably 
in  character,  both  in  their  horizontal  and  vertical  extent,  due  to  dif- 
ferences in  the  character  of  the  sediment  at  the  time  of  its  deposition. 
Carbonate  of  lime,  iron  oxide  and  clay  were  deposited  together  along 
with  shells  of  large  and  small  mollusks,  and  the  hard  parts  of  crinoids 
and  other  invertebrate  animals.  The  firmness  of  the  rock  depends  upon 
the  large  proportion  of  the  lime  contained,  while  the  dark  rich  colors 
are  due  to  the  oxide  of  iron.  But,  if  the  iron  be  present  with  the  clay 
in  large  proportions,  the  rock  becomes  a worthless  shale.  The  colors 
vary  from  cream,  yellow,  brown,  chocolate,  red  and  ])lnk  to  gray  or 
blue  in  endless  variety.  The  leading  varieties  are  the  pink,  gray  and 


PLATE  III.  A.  AND  B.  Statues,  Carved  From  Tennessee  Marble,  at  the  Quarry  of  the 

Ross  AND  Republic  Marble  Company,  by  Peter  Rossak,- 
J.  Messey  Rhinet,  Sculptor. 


19 


Cjiauacti-:k  of  thf  Mauulf. 

chocolate  (or  cedar)  and  varief^ated,  and  each  quarry  has  its  own  dis- 
tinctive shade  in  one  or  more  of  these  colors. 

The  colors  are  either  scattered  uniformly  throughout  the  rock  or 
occur  in  aggregations  or  patches,  sometimes  presenting  a highly  varie- 
gated appearance.  The  forms  of  fossils  sometimes  appear  as  crystals 
or  patches  of  crystals  of  pure  white  calcite.  In  some  of  the  beds  the 
curious  and  fantastic  arrangement  of  the  colors  constitutes  one  of  the 
chief  beauties  of  the  marble.  Like  the  shaly  matter,  the  iron  oxide  is 
an  impurity,  and  the  two  are  apt  to  accompany  each  other.  Formerly  the 
most  prized  color  was  the  variegated,  in  which  there  is  a balance  be- 
tween the  pure  and  the  impure,  a condition  which  often  takes  place 
locally,  and  slight  changes  in  the  character  of  the  sediment  may  result 
in  deterioration  or  in  better  quality.  Such  changes  are  common  in 
most  sediments  and  must  be  expected  in  quarrying  the  marble.  Not 
only  may  a good  bed  become  poor,  but  a poor  bed  may  develop  into 
good  marble,  (a)  Owing  to  their  adaptability  to  use  in  monuments  and 
other  structures  requiring  purity  and  evenness  of  texture  and  coloring, 
the  lighter  shades  of  pink  and  gray  have  of  late  years  won  deservedly 
high  recognition  in  various  centers,  and  are  now  the  most  popular  va- 
rieties. 

The  dynamic  movements,  to  which  the  rocks  have  been  subjected 
since  their  consolidation,  has  resulted  in  more  or  less  tilting  of  the 
strata  and  in  fracturing,  and  in  places  in  crushing  of  the  beds.  The 
available  localities  for  quarrying  are  limited  by  these  conditions.  The 
best  situations  are  where  the  strata  dip  at  small  angles  and  hence  cover 
a larger  surface.  Where  the  strata  are  more  folded  and  dip  at  higher 
angles,  less  stripping  may  be  required,  but  deeper  cutting  is  necessary 
for  prolonged  quarrying.  There  are  many  localities  in  which,  owing 
to  these  or  other  adverse  conditions,  development  is  now  retarded,  fn 
time  the  marble  in  these  areas  will  become  available  as  the  more  favor- 
able localities  are  exhausted. 

Owing  to  its  soluble  nature,  the  impure  marble  is  either  completely 
unaltered  and  fresh,  or  wholly  reduced  to  red  clay.  As  solution  ex- 
tends down  along  fractures  in  the  stone,  the  surface  of  the  rock  is 
deeply  pitted  or  covered  with  knobs  and  pillars  of  the  unaltered  mar- 
ble. Filling  the  depressions  is  a deep  red  clay  derived  from  the  marble 
as  a result  of  decomposition.  These  solution  spaces  are  numerous  in 
the  surface  beds  and  often  extend  down  as  holes  and  caves  into  the 
underlying  rock,  to  the  annoyance  of  the  quarryman.  Alteration  does 
not  affect  appreciably  the  pure  marbles,  these  being  as  solid  at  the 
surface  as  at  great  depths.  The  impure  marbles,  which  are  shaley  at 

a-  Folio  No.  16,  Knoxville,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  1895,  p.  6. 


20 


The  Marbles  of  Tennessee. 


the  surface,  appear  solid  on  going  down ; but  when  sawed  and  exposed 
to  the  weather,  their  inferiority  appears  in  splits  along  the  argillaceous 
seams  and  in  cracks  through  the  thicker  masses. 

At  varying  distances  across  the  face  of  a polished  slab  of  marble 
may  be  seen  irregular  bands  of  gray  or  black,  which  close  inspection 
resolves  into  a suture  line,  stylolites,  the  “crozvfoof’  of  the  quarryman. 
These  represent  original  bedding  planes,  the  interpenetration  having 
been  effected  probably  by  pressure  when  the  sediments  were  still  soft. 
To  these  accidents  of  structure  is  due  much  of  the  beauty  of  some  of  the 
gray  and  pink  marbls.  Affecting  the  quarry  beds  to  a greater  or  less 
extent  are  discontinuous  cracks,  known  as  “cutters.”  They  consist  of 
fine  cracks,  usually  recemented  by  secondary  calcite,  which  extend 
outward  from  solution  channels  to  varying  distances  into  the  rock. 
The  stone  tends  to  break  more  readily  along  these  planes,  while  solu- 
tion takes  place  more  rapidly  here  than  elsewhere.  They  are  evidently 
connected  in  origin  with  the  main  joints  or  fractures,  and  from  their 
relation  to  these,  and  the  weathered  surface,  it  seems  probable  they 
owe  their  origin  to  the  strains  set  up  in  the  rock  by  weathering  pro- 
cesses. If  so,  then  they  should  diminish  with  distance  from  the  weath- 
ered surface,  and  that  such  is  the  case  is  maintained  by  quarrymen. 
In  few  places,  however,  has  quarrying  proceeded  far  enough  to  offer 
satisfactory  evidence  on  this  point. 

Tests  for  the  absorption  of  water  show  the  purer  marbles  to  have 
high  resistance,  a character  of  importance  as  fitting  it  to  resist  weath- 
ering and  also  making  it  impervious  to  stains  and  dirt.  A non-absorb- 
ent stone,  when  washed,  appears  white  and  clean,  while  a porous  stone 
soon  fills  with  dirt  and  smoke  and  can  never  again  be  made  to  appear 
as  at  first.  Tennessee  marble  is  practically  impervious  to  stains,  and 
this  fact,  together  with  its  strength,  durability,  variety  and  beauty, 
gives  it  special  favor  with  contractors  and  builders. 

An  absorption  test  on  gray  marble  from  the  Meadow  quarry  made 
in  the  Sheffield  Scientific  Laboratory  by  George  S.  Jamieson,  gave  the 
following  results. 


Absorption  Test  on  Gray  Marble. 


No. 

Weight  (Dry) 

Weight  after 
absorption 

Difference 

Percentage 

absorbed 

Ratio 

I 

1,428.00  g 

1,428.10  g 

.10  g 

.007 

1—14,280 

II 

1,424.00  g 

1,424.10  g 

.10  g 

.007 

1—14,240 

The 

test  pieces  were 

submerged  45  hours. 

I’LA'I  K.  IV. 


A.  Tknnesski.:  Marble  in  Interior  Finish  of  Cumberland  Club  Building, 

Knoxville. 


I>|-0CKS  OE  ^Pennessee  Marble  T OO  I.ARr.K  KniJ T^^JI.^I(:IIT  C'auc 


CiiAKAC'ncR  OF  THE  Makiu.e. 


21 


^rennossee  marble  is  a very  compact  stone,  and  in  practical  tests  has 
demonstrated  its  adaptability  for  uses  requiring  great  burden-bearing 
strength.  Of  the  total  marketed  product  for  1908,  34.18  per  cent  was 
devoted  to  rough  building  purposes.  Tests  thus  far  made  of  the 
crushing  strength  of  the  Tennessee  marbles  indicate  great  resistance, 
but,  inasmuch  as  the  size  of  the  cubes  used  in  the  different  tests  dif- 
fered, the  results  are  not  of  much  value  for  purposes  of  comparison. 

series  of  tests  with  standard  two-inch  cubes  is  contemplated,  the 
results  of  which  will  appear  in  the  forthcoming  bulletin.  The  first 
volume  of  Kidder’s  Building  Construction  and  Superintendent  gives 
the  following  results  of  tests  said  to  have  been  conducted  by  Merrill 
and  others. 


Crushing  strength 

per  cubic  inch  Ratio  of  absorption 

Pink  Tennessee  15750  lbs 1-1200) 

White  Tennessee  No.  1 17212  lbs 1-1240Q 

White  Tennessee  No.  2 14812  lbs 1-14800 

Dark  Pink  Tennessee  13750  lbs .1-10700 

The  Ordnance  Department,  United  States  Army  (Watertown  Ar- 
senal), tested  three  cubes  of  “Meadow  Grey”  on  March  25,  1908,  an 
the  United  States  testing  machine.  Their  report  is  as  follows : 


“Tests  by  Compression — Test  No.  13752. 


Height 

Dimensions 
Compressed  Surface 

Section 

area 

First 

crack 

Ultimate  Strength 
Total  Per  cnbic  in. 

Inches 

Inches 

Inches 

Square  inches 

Pounds 

Pounds 

Pounds 

3.99 

3.98 

3.99 

15.88 

293,000 

312,000 

19,650 

3.97 

3.96 

3.96 

15.68 

320,000 

327,000 

20,850 

3.98 

3.98 

3.98 

15.84,. 

289,900 

289,800 

18,300 

Correct.  (Signed)  J.  E.  Howard. 


C.  B.  Wheeler,  Major  Ordnance  Dept,,  U.  S.  A.,  Commanding.' 


With  standard  two-inch  cubes  the  results  would  be  lower. 

According  to  Merrill  the  weight  of  Tennessee  marble  is  180  pounds 
per  cubic  foot,  which  is  some  14  pounds  heavier  than  granite. 

Chemical  analyses  of  the  pink  and  gray  varieties  show  these  to  be 
composed  almost  wholly  of  calcium  carbonate. 


22 


The  Marbles  of  Tennessee. 


Analyses  of 

Tennessee  Marble. 

No.  1 

No.  2 

Calcium  oxide  (CaO)  

55.12 

55.87 

Magnesium  oxide  (MgO)  . 

0.51 

0.15 

Carbon  dioxide  (CO2)  .... 

43.98 

43.47 

Iron  Oxide  (FeO,  Fe203) 

0.21 

v).08 

Alumina  (AI2O2)  

0.16 

Silica  (Si03)  

0.23 

Insoluble  residue  

0.07 

99.89 

99.96 

No.  1. — Holstoii  marble  taken  from  a quarry  near  Knoxville.  Analysis  made 
in  the  laboratory  of  the  Tennessee  Experiment  Station,  University  of  Tennessee. 

No.  2. — Gray  marble  from  the  Meadow  fnarry.  George  S.  Jamieson,  Analyst, 
Sheffield  Scientific  School,  Yale  University. 

Expressed  in  terms  of  the  rational  formula  the  com])osition  would  be : 


No.  1 

No.  2 

Calcium  carbonate  (CaC03)  

...  98.64 

99.20 

Magnesium  carbonate  (MgC03)  •••• 

...  0.97 

0.29 

Iron  oxide  

...  0.21 

0.08 

.Mumina  

0.16 

Silica  

0.23 

Insoluble  residue  

...  0.07 

99.89 

.99.96 

The  rock  burns  well  for  lime,  the  Tennessee  Producers  Marble  Com- 
pany disposing  of  the  waste  of  its  quarry  near  Knoxville  for  that  pur- 
pose. At  the  Luttrell  quarry  some  beds  are  quarried  especially  for 
burning  into  lime  in  kilns  near  by.  1'he  composition  of  the  rock  shows 
it  to  be  well  adapted  for  the  manufacture  of  Portland  cement,  and 
given  a supply  of  shale,  suitably  located  conditions  would  be  present 
for  the  establishment  of  a profitable  industry.  It  is  believed  these  con- 
ditions exist  in  the  vicinity  of  Knoxvile. 

Marble  Quarrying  in  East  Tennessee. 

Historical. — Within  the  last  few  years  “Tennessee”  marble,  the  name 
by  which  the  Holston  marble  is  generally  known,  has  come  more  and 
more  into  favor  with  sculptors,  who  frequently  specify  it  for  the  most 
expensive  and  artistic  work.  It  is  often  shipped  in  large  blocks  to  the 
studios  of  the  artists,  but  it  is  found  more  satisfactory  in  some  cases  for 
the  artists  to  select  their  material  in  the  quarry,  set  up  their  studios 
and  turn  out  their  figures  on  the  grounds.  One  marble  company  has 


MaRIU.K  OuAKK\  IN('.  in  b'.AST  'I'lCN  NICSSKl-:. 


23 


a shop  ill  connection  with  its  tilant,  where  sculptors  of  New  York  and 
Italy  have  produced  some  handsome  groups  of  statuary  for  iKjted 
hnildings  in  this  country.  (See  i’late  II.) 

According  to  Safford  (a)  marble  (piarrying  began  in  East  Tennes- 
see in  1838  with  the  organization  of  the  Rogersville  Marble  Comtiany, 
with  headquarters  and  works  at  Rogersville  in  Hawkins  County.  The 
stone  was  first  brought  prominently  to  public  attention  by  its  adoption 
for  interior  decoration  of  the  United  States  Capitol  Building  at  Wash- 
ington. Stone  for  this  purpose  was  obtained  from  quarries  opened  by  the 
government  on  the  banks  of  the  Holston  about  nine  miles  southwest 
of  Rogersville.  These  were  located  on  the  old  Galbraith  property  and. 
were  known  for  many  years  as  the  National  Quarries.  For  many  years 
the  entire  supply  of  the  so-called  “Tennessee  Alarble”  was  drawn  from 
quarries  in  this  vicinity,  but  of  late  years,  owing  to  the  more  easy  ac- 
cessibility of  the  stone  in  Knox  and  Blount  counties,  together  with  the 
growing  demand  for  the  jfink  and  gray  granular  over  the  variegated 
varieties,  there  has  been  a decided  change,  and  the  c[uarrics  of  Haw- 
kins County  produce  but  a relatively  small  proportion  of  the  entire  out- 
put, as  shown  by  the  statistics  at  the  end  of  this  report. 

Operators — Mention  only  can  be  made  here  of  the  quarries  of  the 
district.  DetaiUd  description  will  appear  in  the  more  complete  report 
under  preparation.  Although  the  effort  is  made  to  include  all  opera- 
tions now  in  progress,  the  time  available  has  not  been  sufficient  for  an 
exhaustive  study  of  the  district,  and  some  cpiarries  may  be  overlooked. 

The  Appalachian  Marble  Company  — This  company,  organized  in 
1911,  with  offices  at  the  intersection  of  the  Middlebrook  and  Lonsdale 
car  lines,  will  operate  what  is  known  as  the  Stinette  quarry,  located  on 
the  Knoxville  Belt  8 miles  below  Knoxville  and  2 miles  from  Lyons 
View.  Pink  and  darker  shades  of  marble  occur  in  the  quarry.  The 
quarry  is  now  being  opened  preparatory  to  active  operations.  Five 
drills  and  two  Ingersoll  channelers  will  be  used  and  about  50  men  em- 
ployed in  the  quarry. 

This  company  has  also  recently  come  into  possession  of  what  is 
known  as  the  Tadpole  quarry  located  on  the  French  Broad  Belt  within 
and  close  to  the  forks  of  the  Holston  and  French  Broad  rivers.  xYctive 
operations  will  be  undertaken  in  this  quarry  also  according  to  present 
plans. 


a.  James  M.  Safford,  Geology  of  d'ennessee,  p.  508. 


24 


The  Marbles  of  Tennessee. 


The  John  J.  Craig  Company — This  company  operates  two  quarries 
in  Blount  County,  one,  the  Crisp  quarry,  i miles  east  of  Kiser  Station 
on  the  Louisville  and  Nashville  Railroad,  the  other  about  2 miles  north- 
east of  Friendsville  on  the  same  road.  Both  are  situated  on  the  Knox- 
ville Belt. 

In  the  Crisp  quarry  the  marble  now  quarried  is  the  cedar  and  varie- 
gated. Pink  marbles  occur  at  lower  levels,  but  they  have  not  been  de- 
veloped. In  the  quarry  near  Friendsville  the  marble  is  mostly  pink. 
The  chief  output  of  the  company  comes  from  this  quarry,  9 steam  drills 
and  about  45  men  being  employed. 

Evans  Marble  Company — This  company  operates  what  is  known  as 
the  Godfrey  quarry  located  in  the  forks  of  the  Holston  and  French 
Broad  rivers  on  the  French  Broad  Belt,  and  the  Evans  quarry  located 
about  miles  northeast  of  Friendsville  on  the  Knoxville  Belt  in 
Blount  County.  Pink  marbles  constitute  the  chief  output  of  these 
quarries,  but  fine  gray  marble  is  obtained  from  the  Godfrey  quarry, 
and  some  cedar  from  the  Evans  quarry.  About  305  men  are  employed 
in  both  quarries. 

T.  S.  Godfrey  Marble  Company — This  company  operates  two  quar- 
ries located  on  the  Erench  Broad  Belt  above  the  'forks,  one  the  Her- 
cules near  Asbury,  the  other  just  east  of  the  Gray  Eagle  quarry.  , The 
marble  beds  have  a thickness  of  over  75  feet,  the  lower  beds  being  pink 
and  the  upper  gray.  Eight  channeling  machines  are  used  and  20  drills. 
From  100  to  no  men  are  employed  about  the  quarries. 

Gray  Eagle  Marble  Company — This  company  operates  the  Gray 
Eagle  quarry,  located  in  the  forks  of  the  Holston  and  Erench  Broad 
rivers  on  the  French  Broad  Belt  not  far  from  the  Godfrey  quarry. 
Pink  marble  constitutes  the  chief  output.  One  channeler  and  twelve 
drills  are  operated  here.  The  number  of  men  employed  in  the  quarry 
is  60. 

Graystone  Marble  Company — This  company  owns  what  is  known  as 
the  old  French  quarry,  located  on  the  south  outcrop  of  the  French 
Broad  Belt,  about  3 miles  above  the  forks  of  the  river.  The  marble  is 
mostly  of  the  pink  variety,  but  there  is  some  gray,  and  some  of  the 
higher  beds  are  chocolate  or  cedar. 

Imperial  Marble  Company — The  quarfy  is  located  on  the  Southern 
Railroad,  near  the  border  line  between  Knox  and  Loudon  counties. 
The  marble  is  of  the  pink  and*  gray  varieties.  No  operations  are  being 
conducted  by  this  company  at  the  present  time. 

Knox  Marble  Company — The  Knox  Marble  Company  operates  a 
mill  and  quarry  located  on  the  Island  Home  Pike  about  a mile  north- 
east of  the  south  end  of  the  county  bridge.  The  quarry  is  located  on 


A.  The  Sullivan  Duplex  Channelek,  in  the  Quarry  of  the  Kvans  Marble 
Company,  near  Friendsville,  Tenn. 


H.  Duplex  Cuannei.er.  Same  Quarry.  Raised  I^^rom  Rails  to  Permit 


iMarulic  (Juakkyinc  in  I^'as'I'  'ricNNicssi':!:. 


25 


the  Knoxville  Belt  near  the  mill.  Light  and  dark  pink  varieties  are 
found  in  the  quarry.  The  quarry  was  opened  only  recently  and  has 
not  reached  its  full  working  capacity,  .\bout  20  men  are  employed 
in  the  quarry. 

Knox  Marble  and  Railway  Company — Two  quarries  are  operated  by 
this  company,  both  on  the  Knoxville  Belt,  one  in  Blount  County 
mile  east  of  Carpenter  Station  on  the  Louisville  and  Nashville  Rail- 
road, the  other  in  Loudon  County  about  a mile  south  of  McMullens 
Station  on  the  Louisville  and  Nashville  Railroad.  The  first,  known 
as  the  Founk  quarry,  supplies  a pink  marble.  The  second,  known  as 
the  xA-lexander  quarry,  is  located  on  ledges  of  pink  marble  near  the 
base  of  the  formation,  ddie  stone  shades  from  light  pink  to  medium 
and  darker  shades.  Cedar  marble  is  said  to  occur  in  higher  beds  which 
outcrop  at  higher  levels  in  the  adjoining  hills.  Blocks  from  this  quarry 
were  used  for  the  entrance  to  the  New  York  Library. 

One  channeling  machine  and  five  steam  drills  are  used  here. 

Meadow  Marble  Company — The  company  operates  one  quarry  lo- 
cated miles  northeast  of  Meadow  Station  on  the  Louisville  and 
Nashville  Railroad.  Gray  marble  constitutes  the  chief  output  of  the 
quarry,  though  some  pink  marble  is  also  found  here.  Two  Sullivan 
' channelers  and  7 steam  drills  are  in  use  in  this  quarry.  About  35  to 
50  men  are  employed  in  the  quarry,  but  it  is  said  100  could  be  em- 
ployed if  the  men  were  available. 

This  quarry  is  located  on  a small  outcrop  which  owes  its  existence 
to  a fault  which  extends  northeast  past  Rockford  to  the  French  Broad 
River.  The  stone  from  this  quarry  is  worked  up  in  the  mill  of  the 
Cumberland  Marble  Mill  Company,  situated  on  the  premises.  The 
quarry  was  opened  in  1906. 

Quaker  Marble  Company — The  company  operates  the  Crawford 
quarry,  located  ^ mile  east  of  Friendsville,  on  the  Knoxville  Belt. 
Two  shades  of  pink  marble  are  found  in  this  quarry,  while  cedar  mar- 
ble occurs  in  the  upper  part  of  the  opening;  but  the  last  named  beds 
are  of  poor  quality. 

One  channeler  and  4 steam  drills  are  used  in  this  quarry.  About 
25  men  are  employed,  the  monthly  output  being  about  1,000  cubic  feet. 

The  Ross  and  Republic  Marble  Company — This  company  was 
formed  by  the  consolidation  of  the  Ross  Marble  Company 
and  the  Republic  Marble  Company.  The  Ross  quarry  is  lo- 
cated on  the  French  Broad  Belt,  4 miles  northeast  of  Knoxville,  on 
the  south  side  of  the  river.  Both  gray  and  pink  marbles  are  found 
in  this  quarry,  the  gray  above  and  the  pink  below.  Six  hundred 
feet  north  of  the  quarry  is  the  mill  operated  by  the  same  company,  in 


26 


The  Marbles  of  Tennessee. 


which  the  stone  rough-dressed  in  the  quarry  is  prepared  for  the  market. 
Ten  steam  drills  and  three  channelers  are  used  in  the  quarries,  and 
about  40  men  are  employed.  Most  of  the  output  of  the  quarry  goes  to 
the  mill  for  dressing,  though  some ’large  l3locks  are  shipped  rough- 
dressed  to  eastern  markets.  The  Republic  quarry  is  located  1 mile 
north  of  Luttrell,  Tenn.,  on  the  Luttrell  Belt.  The  beds  worked  here 
occur  near  the  base  of  the  formation,  and  consist  of  two  main  ledges, 
the  upper  of  which  consists  of  light  chocolate  or  “cedar,”  much  es- 
teemed for  interior  decoration,  while  lighter  shades,  including  pink, 
come  from  lower  beds.  Beds  of  gray  marble  come  in  at  higher  levels, 
and  are  quarried  about  a quarter  of  a mile  south  of  the  marble  quarry 
for  lime. 

John  M.  Ross — John  M.  Ross  operates  a quarry  on  the  French  Broad 
Belt  miles  northeast  of  Knoxville  and  about  of  a mile  south  of 
the  Crawford  quarry.  Light  pink  and  gray  marbles  are  found  here, 
the  former  constituting  the  chief  output.  This  quarry  has  been  op- 
erated about  8 years,  the  largest  opening  having  a depth  of  about  70 
feet.  Five  steam  drills  and  three  channelers  are  in  use  in  this  cjuarry 
and  30  men  employed. 

Royal  Marble  Company — This  is  a new  company  formed  in  1910, 
which  is  opening  a quarry  on  the  French  Broad  Belt  4 miles  southeast 
of  Knoxville.  It  is  reached  by  a short  spur  from  the  new  Knoxville, 
Sevierville  and  Eastern  Railroad,  called  the  Kincaid  Spur.  Specimens 
from  this  quarry  of  a highly  variegated  marble  of  dark  red  and  white 
were  exhibited  at  the  Appalachian  Exposition  in  1910  and  attracted 
much  attention.  They  are  in  the  collections  of  the  survey  at  Nashville. 
Other  varieties  occur  here  and  will  be  worked  when  the  quarry  has 
been  sufficiently  opened. 

H.  B.  Stamps — The  mill  and  quarry  of  H.  B.  Stamps  are  on  the 
Galbraith  Belt  at  Galbraith  Springs  in  Hawkins  County.  The  prin- 
cipal varieties  quarried  here  are  different  shades  of  cedar,  variegated 
marbles  and  some  pink.  No  gray  marble  is  produced,  though  some 
beds  of  this  variety  occur  here.  Most  of  the  output  of  this  quarry  is 
worked  up  in  the  mill,  located  on  the  property,  for  furniture.  Some  is 
shipped  unfinished.  Some  blocks  from  this  quarry  are  now  in.  prep- 
aration for  decorating  the  Wisconsin  State  Capitol. 

One-half  mile  west  of  the  Stamps  quarry,  at  a depression  or  saddle 
in  the  crest  of  the  ridge,  are  two  old  quarries : the  Stamps  Star  cjuarry 
and  the  Evans  quarry,  in  both  of  which  work  was  abandoned  ten  years 
ago.  The  old  Galbraith  quarry  is  about  i>4  miles  northeast  of  the 
Stamps  quarry,  and  a number  of  others  now  idle  occur  along  this  belt. 

Tennessee  Producers  Marble  Company — Two  quarries  are  being  op- 


M.\RnLi<:  Quaruvin(j  in  I^Last  Tknnksskic.  27 

crated  and  a third  is  in  process  of  develo])inent.  dlic  Hackney  quarry, 
I mile  east  of  Friendsville,  has  lieen  recently  discontinued,  as  has  also 
another  quarry  mile  east  of  McMullens  Station  in  Blount  County. 

The  Bond  quarries  are  located  in  the  bend  of  the  river  on  the  Knox- 
ville Belt,  4 miles  south  of  Ebenezer,  and  a like  distance  east  of  Con- 
cord. These  are  among  the  oldest  producing  quarries  of  this  section, 
having  been  in  operation  for  25  or  30  years.  Seven  pits  have  been 
opened  and  worked  at  various  times.  These  range  in  depth  from  25 
to  100  feet.  This  quarry  produces  an  attractive  pink  marble  called  the 
“Bond  Pink,”  which  is  very  popular  with  the  patrons  of  the  company. 
The  blocks  taken  from  the  quarry  are  trammed  ^ mile  to  the  bank  of 
the  river,  loaded  on  barges  and  floated  to  Knoxville.  There  they  are 
loaded  on  cars  and  taken  to  the  company’s  mill  in  the  northwest  part 
of  the  city.  Most  of  the  available  marble  has  been  taken  from  this 
quarry,  and  the  company  is  preparing  to  develop  other  of  its  extensive 
holdings  of  marble  properties. 

The  McMillan  quarry,  owned  by  the  Tennessee  Producers  Marble 
Company,  is  located  on  the  Knoxville  Belt  on  the  north  side  of  the 
Tennessee  River  about  1 mile  northeast  of  the  county  courthouse  in 
Knoxville.  The  specialty  of  this  quarry  is  a gray  marble,  but  pink  is 
found  here  also,  though  it  is  not  worked.  Four  pits  have  been  opened 
on  this  property,  and  preparations  are  niaking  to  open  a fifth.  The 
deepest  of  the  workings  is  about  100  feet.  The  pit  now  being  operated 
is  about  75  feet  deep.  Four  channeling  machines  and  four  steam  drills 
are  in  use  at  the  present  time.  The  number  of  men  employed  here 
varies  from  50  to  60. 

The  Dunlap  quarry  is  a new  quarry  being  opened  by  the  Tennessee 
Producers  Marble  Company,  about  2 miles  southeast  of  Friendsville,  in 
Blount  County. 

The  Hackney  quarry,  recently  abandoned,  is  located  i mile  east  of 
Friendsville.  The  rock  here  shows  light  pink,  with  some  beds  of  gray. 

The  McMullen  quarry  is  located  about  ^ mile  east  of  McMullens 
Station,  in  Blount  County.  The  stone  here  is  mostly  a dark  cedar,  with 
some  pink  in  the  lo\ver  part  of  the  workings.  Work  in  this  quarry 
has  been  discontinued. 

The  Victoria  Marble  Company — This  company  operates  the  Victoria 
quarry,  located  on  the  Knoxville  Belt,  6 miles  northeast  of  the  city, 
near  Boyd’s  bridge  over  the  Holston  River.  The  chief  output  consists 
of  pink  marble,  which  is  taken  from  a series  of  beds  aggregating  60 
to  75  feet  thick.  These  beds  occur  near  the  base  of  the  formation,  and 
are  overlaid  by  a bed  of  impure  gray  marble  too  hard  for  use.  Above 
this  is  a light  pink  marble  upon  which  no  work  has  been  done.  As 


28 


TjH?:  MaK1{LKS  (JF  I'FNNESSIiE. 


there  promises  to  Ijc  consideraljle  (iemand  for  the  lighter  shade,  the 
company  is  preparing  to  develop  these  beds  in  the  near  future.  Two 
channelers  and  8 steam  drills  are  used. 

The  product  of  the  Victoria  workings  is  all  shipped  rough-dressed, 
and  is  in  much  demand  in  some  of  the  large  cities  for  monuments,  en- 
trances and  other  parts  of  fine  buildings  where  a stone  of  fine  quality 
is  desired.  This  company  has  recently  filled  a contract  with  the  Cana- 
dian Government  for  the  Baldwin-Lafontain  Memorial  to  be  erected 
at  Ottawa,  Canada. 

Marule  Mills. 

Brief  mention  only  can  be  made  here  of  the  marble  mills  in  opera- 
tion in  the  region.  In  some  cases  the  stone  is  sold  direct  from  the 
quarry  in  blocks.  Some  mills  confine  their  operations  to  sawing  and 
rubbing,  but  in  most  of  the  mills  provision  is  made  for  polishing  and 
finishing  in  any  desired  form.  Some  companies  employ  a full  staff  of 
marble  architects,  and  are  prepared  to  undertake  contracts  for  the  erec- 
tion of  almost  any  kind  of  structural  work. 

Appalachian  Marble  Company — The  mill  of  the  Appalachian  Marble 
Company  is  located  at  the  intersection  of  the  Middlebrook  and  Lons- 
dale car  lines.  This  is  a new  mill  and  has  not  received  its  full  equip- 
ment. It  is  provided  with  eight  gang-saws  and  two  rubbing  beds.  A 
finishing  machine  is  to  be  added  later.  The  mill  will  employ  about  50 
men,  and  the  estimated  output  will  be  about  75,000  cubic  feet  of  marble 
per  annum. 

Cumberland  Marble  Company — The  mill  of  the  Cumberland  Marble 
Company  is  at  the  quarries  of  the  Meadow  Marble  Company,  ifS 
miles  northeast  of  Meadow,  Blount  County,  Tennessee.  The  mill  is 
designed  primarily  to  care  for  the  output  of  the  Meadow  quarries.  It 
is  equipped  with  four  gang-saws,  two  ‘rubbing  beds,  two  finishing 
tables,  two  polishing  tables,  one  air  compressor  and  five  pneumatic 
tools.  The  output  is  about  7,500  square  feet  of  finished  (^-inch) 
marble,  and  12,500  square  feet  of  sawed  slabs  and  tile  per  month. 
Thirty-five  men  are  employed  in  and  about  the  mill. 

Empire  Marble  Company — The  Empire  Marble  mill  is  located  in 
West  Knoxville  at  the  intersection  of  the  Southern  and  Louisville  and 
Nashville  railroads.  The  operations  of  the  mill  are  confined  chiefiy 
to  the  output  of  the  quarries  of  the  Gray  Eagle  and  John  J.  Craig 
quarries.  The  mill  is  equipped  with  ten  gang-saws,  three  planers,  three 
rubbing  beds,  three  diamond  saw  machines,  two  moulding  machines, 
and  four  finishing  machines.  Seventy-five  men  are  employed  in  and 


PLATE  VIT. 


^fiLL  OF  THE  Evans  Marble  Company,  Knoxville,  Tenn. 
One  of  the  largest  mills  in  the  United  States. 


MAKr>Li«:  Mili.s. 


29 


around  the  mill,  and  the  output  is  about  43,000  square  feet  of  finished 
%-inch  marble  per  month. 

E'Z'ans  Marble  Company — The  mill  of  the  Evans  Marble  Company  is 
situated  on  Dameron  Street,  adjoining  the  Southern  Railroad  in  north 
Knoxville.  The  plant  comprises  three  large  buildings  (Plate  VII), 
covering  400,000  square  feet  of  space,  and  has  a capacity  of  about 
t,8oo  to  2,000  square  feet  of  finished  ^-inch  marble  per  day,  or  40,000 
to  45,000  square  feet  per  month.  The  mill  is  equipped  with  twenty- 
six  gang-saws,  nine  rubbing  beds,  five  planers,  and  eight  finishing  ma- 
chines. The  company  employes  425  to  450  men  in  its  quarries  and  mill, 
of  which  number  125  are  employed  in  and  about  the  mill. 

Knoxville  Marble  Company — The  mill  of  the  Knoxville  Marble 
Company  is  situated  on.  the  south  side  of  the  river  on  Island  Home 
Pike  about  i mile  above  the  county"  bridge.  It  is  connected  with  the 
Southern  Railroad  by  a spur.  The  mill  is  owned  and  operated  by 
John  M.  Ross  and  J.  d'.  Kelly.  Its  equipment  consists  of  eight  gang- 
saws,  three  rubbing  beds  and  two  finishing  machines.  4'he  building 
is  75  by  250  feet  in  area,  and  1 5 to  20  men  arc  employed  in  and  about 
the  mill.  About  3,000  cubic  feet  of  block  marble  is  worked  up  each 
month. 

The  Ross  and  Republic  Marble  Company — This  company  operates 
two  mills,  one  located  at  the  Ross  (Crawford)  quarries  4 miles  north- 
east of  Knoxville,  and  the  other  at  the  quarries  near  Luttrell.  The 
first  or  Ross  mill  consists  of  a frame  building  75x300  feet  equipped 
with  six  gang-saws,  one  planer,  two  rubbing  beds  and  one  polishing 
machine.  Twenty-five  men  are  employed,  three  of  them  on  the  night 
shift.  ^ 

The  mill  at  Luttrell  is  located  at  the  quarries,  and  is  equipped  with 
six  gang-saws  and  two  rubbing  beds.  No  finishing  is  done  here,  the 
entire  product  of  the  quarry  being  sold  in  the  rough  or  sand-rubbed 
only.  From  5 to  7 men  are  employed  in  the  mill. 

Stamps  Marble  Mill — The  mill  of  H.  B.  Stamps  is  at  the  quarry,  on 
the  banks  of  the  Holston  River  near  Galbraith  Springs.  It  is  equipped 
with  six  gang-saws,  one  rubbing  bed  and  two  finishing  machines. 
Twenty-five  men  are  employed  in  quarry  and  mill.  Most  of  the  out- 
put is  of  finished  marble  for  use  in  furniture.  The  average  output  is 
about  3,500  square  feet  of  finished  marble  per  month. 

Tennessee  Producers  Marble  Company — The  mill  of  the  Tennessee 
Producers  Marble  Company  is  located  on  University  Avenue  adjacent 
to  the  Louisville  and  Nashville  Railroad  and  the  Lonsdale  car  line. 
The  equipment  of  the  mill  consists  of  25  gang-saws,  9 rubbing  beds, 


30 


The  Marbles  of  Tennessee. 


2 planers,  i diamond  saw  machine,  2 moulding  machines,  and  6 fin- 
ishing machines.  About  125  men  are  employed  in  and  about  the  mill, 
and  the  average  output  is  from  40,000  to  50,000  square  feet  of  finished 
%-inch  marble  per  month. 

United  States  Marble  Company — The  mill  operated  by  this  company 
is  located  at  the  riverside  below  Knoxville  near  the  University  farm. 
The  building  is  80x130  feet  in  size,  and  is  equipped  with  eight  gang- 
saws  and  two  rubbing  beds.  No  finishing  is  done  in  this  mill.  Ten 
men  are  employed  in  and  about  the  mill.  No  quarries  are  at  present 
operated  by  this  company,  the  mill  being  devoted  exclusively  to  cus- 
tom work. 


LIST  OF  MARBLE  COMPANIES  AND  THEIR  OFFICERS. 


o 


(V  dJ 


00  2 
.pq 

^ c 
o 


bc-2  > 

u 9 o 


o o ,9  bd  o 

C C ^ Crt  C 

^ u< 


'd 


(lT  oJ  dJ 

O S S 

.e  S X 

;M  O O 

^ c C 
pq 


'"IS 

rt 


dJ  dJ 


c •'c  T 
.5^  X X 
c .E  2 2 
S 


CO 


> > 
X X 
o o 


a 

5 

"a 

~ 


«i2 

1 

CO 

• u 

4 P C 

O <y 

cd 

P W 

fc/D 

5 g 

P2  Q C 

U <f| 

w ^ s 


b/D  • 
O ^ 

G o 

'S 

o .5 

C’  C> 
O > 


^ - 

CO 


d 

cd 

: G 

: 

P 

P 

: 3 
• 1 — > 

: P 

>2  • 

CO  S 

0 

U 

u 

P'p 

0 

0 

3 o' 

r-  C/5 

bjo  o 

>. 

P 

0 

0 

dj 

CO 

0 

P 

^ 1 

P 

d 

c/2 

Cb 

G 

w p 

3 

P 

u 

3 

*—1 

d d 

"H 

5 

''dj 

dj 


''o 

(U 

in 

oT 

c/2 

o 

u 

dJ 


^ § 


Ph 


c/5 


= »,  = 3 
P3  S ;5 
pq  W hJ  E 


. m 

qq  ^ 


•r-  cy  dJ 
A:  bO  X3 
O CJ 

. cc; 

^cd  ffi 


cb 
> 
w 

CO 

•g  S 

W CO 
fb 

K-: 

X O 


qq  ^ 
. ^ 

d 


-X  • :ip 

’S  -dg 
^ W w 


P H d 

« dj 


cb  2 

P rS 


E in 

o 

P W 


(b  ,o 
j:b  O 

u (x: 


: : ^ 

• • s ^ 

^75 

. rP  p 

. C/3 

0 

CO  ^ 


o S ’2  o ^ 

P qq 

co"  *— -)  d 


qq 


: ffi 


r-  § S 
§ ^ _ 

P W P hP 


U QJ  ' ’ 

p Cli  CO  >> 
O ;_  CO  d/ 

^ cb  O >-' 

:g 

. o 

d ^ 
c r • 


P CO 
c c 

cb  cb 
u u 
fc  Ph 


S <o 


o • 

u : 

-E  ' 
3 . 

Jo  o 

E 

cb 

3 U 


cb 

dJ  <u 
jq  40 

H H 


c 

<u  C 

3d 

u H 
cb 

X ^ 
3 '§ 

C cb 
cb  <u 

40 

E 


40  40 
U JD 
cb  Ui 
“cH  cb 


a 5 
E > 
W W 


o 
U 

jj  ^ 

dj  u 

5 ^ -S 

Cb  40 

>2^  ^ 

<L> 

.|-|  QJ  ^ 

x)  3o  <y 

O cb  C 

O W 2 

<"  S’  I 

• tn  tn 

HOC 


O cb 

u pq 

3 o3 

•e  d/ 
3 3 
^ 2 
3 S 


o 

dj 

3 3 

b 4=> 
cb  I-, 

S P 

<u 

.3  ^ 

> o 

X Td 
o cb 

d; 


6 S 
O ^ 

<u 

3 q^ 

40  CO 

J-H  IjJ  CO 

cb  O 

pi! 


CO 

^ 3 P 

dj  qi^ 

4/J 

9 q 


W S OH 


o 
U 

dJ  CO  ^ 

3 aPH 

^ in  ^ 
^ 

cb  rn  C 
^ C 
O • cu 

Pi  P H 


cb 


<U  o 

3 3 

p > 


32 


The  Marbles  of  Tennessee. 


Production 

The  total  value  of  marble  produced  from  Tennessee  quarries  in  1909, 
as  shown  by  the  report  of  the  Chief  Mine  Inspector,  was  $590,585,  as 
com])ared  with  $761,222  in  1908  (a).  The  following  figures  concern- 
ing the  marble  production  of  the  State  in  1909  are  taken  from  the  re- 
port of  the  State  Mine  Inspector: 


Value  of  Marble  Production  in  Tennessee,  in  1909,  by  Uses. 


COUNTY 

Total  Aver- 

age Num- 
ber of 
Employes 

Rough 

Dressed 

Grand 

Total 

Building 

Monu- 

mental 

Other 

Pur- 

poses 

Building 

Monu- 

mental 

Interior 

Decora- 

tion 

Other 

Pur- 

poses 

Blount 

211 

$ 

* 

$ 15,640 

$ 1,579 

$ 

$134,  392 

.‘R 

$151,  611 

Hawkins 

20 

1,  050 

5,  250 

6,  300 

Knox 

547 

48, 000 

4,  625 

12,  175 

10,  000 

4,275 

310,  795 

389,  870 

Loudon 

20 

9,  104 

9,  104 

Union 

50 

22,  500 

11,  200 

33, 700 

Total 

848 

$ 48,000 

S4, 625 

% 50,315 

$ 12,629 

$4,  275 

$465,491 

$5,  2,50 

$590, 585 

recapitulation 

Total  average  number  of  employes 848 

Average  wages  paid  per  day $ 1,40 

Total  amout  paid  for  labor — . 306,  387 


PRODUCT  AND  VALUE  BY  USES. 


KIND 

Quantity 

(Cubic 

Feet) 

Value 

Value 
Per  Cubic 
Foot 

Per  Cent 
of  Total 
Value 

Rough: 

Building 

34,  000 

$ 48,000 

$ 

1.41 

8.  13 

Monumental 

2, 100 

4,625 

2.  20 

.80 

Other  purposes _ 

38.  120 

50,315 

1.  32 

8.51 

Total  rough — _ 

74,  220 

$102,  940 

$ 

1.38 

17.44 

Dressed: 

Building 

6,565 

$ 12,629 

$ 

1.  92 

2.  13 

Monumental 

1,600 

4,  275 

2.  67 

0.  72 

Interior  decorations 

250,  014 

465,  491 

1.86 

78.81 

Total  dressed — 

258, 179 

$482,  395 

$ 

1.87 

81.66 

Other  purposes 

ol,875 

5,250 

$ 

2.80 

. 90 

Grand  total 

334, 274 

$590,  585 

$ 

1.  77 

100. 

a — 15,000  square  feet  in  slabs  7-8  inch  thick. 


a.  The  government  report  on  the  Mineral  Resources  of  the  United  States 
for  1908,  gives  $790,233  as  the  production  of  Tennessee  quarries  for  that  year. 


Production. 


33 


As  shown  by  the  above  report,  78.81  per  cent  of  the  total  product 
was  used  for  interior  decoration,  which  is  the  largest  proportion  fur- 
nished for  that  purpose  of  any  State  in  the  Union,  except  California, 
which  furnished  83.3  per  cent.  It  is  to  be  noted,  however,  that  the 
total  production  of  California  was  only  $60,408  in  1908.  In  the  total 
value  of  marble  furnished  for  interior  decorations,  Tennessee  ranks 
second,  \Trmont  being  first.  The  amount  used  in  the  rough  for  build- 
ing purposes  in  1909  was  8.13  per  cent  as  compared  with  32.9  per  cent 
in  1908. 

The  value  of  marble  product  in  Tennessee  from  1898  to  1909  inclu- 
sive is  as  follows: 


Value  of  IMarble  Product,  1898  to  1909,  Inclusive. 


Year 

Value 

Year 

Value 

Year 

Value 

1898 

$216,814 

1902 

$518,256 

1906 

$576,259 

1899 

.. ...  334,705 

1903 

438,450 

1907 

699,041 

1900 

424,054 

1904 

523,872 

1908 

761,222 

1901 

494,637 

1905 

536,729 

1909 

590,585 

In  the  total  value  of  its  marble  product  Tennessee  ranks  third  among 
the  States  according  to  the  report  of  the  United  States  Geological 
Survey  on  the  Mineral  Resources  of  the  United  States  for  1908.  The 
following  table  from  that  report  gives  the  value  of  marble  production 
by  States. 


Value  of  the  Marble  Product  in  the  United  States  in  1908,  and  Uses. 


STATE  OR 

TERRITORY 

Rough 

Dressed 

Total 

Build- 

ing 

Monu- 

mental 

Other 

Pur- 

poses 

Build- 

ing 

Monu- 

mental 

Orna- 

mental 

Interior 

Decora- 

tions 

Other 

Pur- 

poses 

Alabama _ 

Alaska 

California 

$ 898 

38,500 
8, 100 

$ 

1,688 

1,250 

$ 2,500 

1 113 

45,000 

$ 4,650 

7,200 

$ 

500 

$ 77,000 

10,600 
50,782 

$ 33,419 
400 
276 

$ all8580 
6103,888 
60,408 

c 

916,281 

d 

e79,317 

175,648 

d 

c 

706,858 

/ 

102,747 

790,233 

c 

4,679,960 

Colorado 

Georgia- _ — 

Kentucky.  

368,981 

342,000 

78,800 

100,000 

17,500 

9,000 

Maryland 

1,050 

1,888 

8,425 

4,652 

65,190 

110,856 

Massachusetts  __  

Missouri _ 

19, 786 

‘ 34,660 

8,458 

New  Mexico ; 

New  York 

North  Carolina 

74,538 

56, 200 

30,421 

472,407 

53,292 

20,000 

Pennsylvania-  

Tennessee 

Utah 

13,444 
83, 764 

10, 755 

37,575 

54,803 

78,440 

9.000 

17,590 

7,000 

15,000 

551,449 

3,500 

10,660 

Vermont 

Total 

156,325 

134,036 

190 

1,402,629 

1,714,408 

18,006 

1,184,259 

70, 107 

$747,488  $554,354 

$154,138 

$2,329,438 

$1,843,426 

$25,506 

$1,943,750 

$135,820 

$7,733,920 

a Includes  Kentucky  and  Missouri,  b Includes  Colorado,  New  Mexico  and  Utah,  c Included 
in  Alaska,  d Included  in  Alabama,  e Includes  North  Carolina.  / Included  in  Maryland. 


BULLETIN  2-E 


STATE  OK  TKNNKvSSKK  U.  S.  DKPT.  OK  THE  INTEKIOK 

STATE  GEOLOGICAE  SUKYEY  U.  S.  GEOLOGICAE  SURVEY 

Geokge  H.  Asheev,  George  Otis  Smith, 

Sfafe  Geologist  Director 


PRELIMINARY  REPORT 

UPON  THE 

OIL  AND  GAS  DEVELOPMENTS  IN  TENNESSEE 


By  M.  J.  MUNN, 

Assistant  Geologist^  U.  S.  Geological  Survey 


extract  (e)  KROM  BUEEETIN  no.  2,  “PRELIMINARY  PAPERS  ON  THE 
MINERAL  RESOURCES  IN  TENNESSEE.” 


Nashville 

Foster  & Parkes  Company 
1911 


'■  t 

. j 


• A 


V 


VIS' 


^5 


•'  ' V‘  . 


• A 


v';^ 


■i 


\ 


I-  iL 


/ 


t ,■ . V - -v  •;  • 

1/ ' 

' ' 


J*r  ■ 


H -r;' 


CONTENTS 


Page 

Introduction 5 

Early  prospecting- 5 

Overton  County 6 

Spring  Creek  oil  district 6 

Early  development 6 

Amount  of  oil  produced 8 

Eater  developments 8 

Oil-bearing-  rocks 8 

Scattered  test  wells  in  Overton  County 8 

Pickett  County 9 

Spurrier  and  Riverton  oil  district 9 

Test  wells  in  the  vicinity  of  Spurrier  and  Riverton  fields 13 

Abandonment  of  the  fields 15 

Future  possibilities  of  this  district 16 

Scattered  test  wells  in  Middle  Tennessee 17 

Cumberland  Plateau  and  eastern  part  of  Hig-hlands 17 

Pickett  County 17 

Fentress  County 19 

Putnam  County 19 

Scott  County 19 

Morg-an  County 22 

Cumberland  County 23 

White  County 24 

Sequatchie  Valley 24 

Warren  County 25 

Coffee  County 26 

Southern  part  of  Hig-hlands 26 

Franklin  County 26 

Lincoln  County 28 

Giles  County 28 

Lawrence  County 28 

The  Central  Basin 29 

Marshall  County 29 

Maury  County 29 

Bedford  County 29 

Rutherford  County 30 

Wilson  County 31 


(3) 


Cannon  County 

Smith  County 

Davidson  County 

Northern  part  of  Highland  Plateau 

Jackson  County 

Clay  County 

Macon  County 

Sumner  County ! 

Robertson  County 

Cheatham  County.. . 

Western  part  of  Highland  Plateau  and  Western  Tennessee  Valley  . . . 

Houston  County 

Dickson  County 

Perry  County 

Benton  County 

Western  Tennessee 

Tennessee  as  a future  oil  and  gas  producing  State 

Middle  Tennessee 

Best  areas  for  testing . 

Western  Tennessee. . . 

Best  areas  for  testing 

Appendix  A.  Recent  drilling  at  Memphis 


31 

31 

31 

31 

32 

32 

33 

33 

33 

33 

34 

34 

34 

35 

35 

35 

37 

37 

38 

38 

39 

40 


Oil  and  Gas  Developments  in  Tennessee. 


By  M.  J.  Munn. 


INTRODUCTION. 

This  paper  was  written  as  a chapter  for  a reconnoissance  report  on 
the  oil  and  gas  resources  of  Tennessee,  which  is  being  prepared  by 
the  Geological  Survey  of  Tennessee  in  cooperation  with  the  United 
States  Geological  Survey.  The  data  herein  contained  are  of  a recon- 
noissance nature,  being  secured  > from  published  reports,  by  cor- 
respondence and  by  a very  rapid  personal  examination  of  such  areas  in 
the  State  as  could  be  visited  by  the  writer  in  the  five  weeks  allotted  to 
field  work.  It  is  believed,  however,  that  this  information,  incomplete 
as  it  is,  taken  in  connection  with  the  discussion  of  the  stratigraphy  and 
structure  of  the  rocks  of  Middle  and  Western  Tennessee,  already  pub- 
lished in  Bulletin  2-A — an  Outline  Introduction  to  the  Mineral  Re- 
sources of  Tennessee,  by  George  H.  Ashley,  State  Geologist,  will  be  oi 
value  to  those  interested  in  this  subject. 

The  writer  wishes  to  express  his  thanks  to  the  hundreds  of  citizens 
of  the  State  to  whom  he  is  indebted  for  much  of  the  data  contained 
herein. 


Early  Prospecting. 

Drilling  for  oil  and  gas  in  Tennessee  dates  back  to  the  close  of  the 
Civil  War.  Previous  to  that  time  indications  of  oil  and  gas  had  been 
found  in  a number  of  wells  drilled  by  early  settlers  in  southern  Ken- 
tucky and  northern  Tennessee  along  Cumberland  river  and  its  tribu- 
taries in  search  of  brine  for  salt  making.  Accounts  of  this  work  state 
that  a number  of  these  holes  furnished  considerable  quantities  of  oil 
and  gas  with  the  brine.  In  one  or  two  instances  it  has  been  reported 
that  wells  exhausted  of  brine  by  constant  pumping  began  to  furnish  oil 
instead  of  salt  water  and  were  abandoned  in  disgust  by  their  owners. 
One  of  the  earliest  of  these  oil  wells  is  reported  to  have  been  dug  or 
bored  as  early  as  1820,  on  Wolf  river,  about  one  mile  above  its  mouth, 
near  the  line  of  Clay  and  Pickett  counties.  This  well  is  said  to  have 

(5) 


6 


Oil  and  Gas  in  Tennessee. 


furnished  sufficient  oil  to  cover  the  river  and,  when  set  on  fire,  to  pro- 
duce a “terrible  conflagration.”  Another  old  well  dug  about  1837, 
near  the  mouth  of  Sulphur  creek  on  Obey  river,  about  4 miles  below  the 
mouth  of  Wolf  river,  is  said  also  to  have  furnished  a large  flow  of  oil. 

The  presence  of  oil  in  numerous  shallow. wells  dug  for  water  in  Mid- 
dle Tennessee,  as  well  as  numerous  oil  and  gas  springs,  led  to  many  test 
wells  being  drilled  in  the  years  immediately  following  the  discovery 
of  oil  in  Pennsylvania  in  1859.  Many  of  these  “wild  cat”  wells  were 
put  down  by  northern  men  who,  as  soldiers  in  the  Union  army,  visited 
this  part  of  Tennessee  during  the  Civil  War  and  afterwards  returned 
to  test  favorable  places  that  they  had  seen.  Since  this  early  period  of 
drilling,  hundreds  of  wells  have  been  put  down  throughout  Middle 
Tennessee.  The  net  results  of  these  tests  have  been  the  discovery  of 
three  or  four  small  pools  of  oil  which  may  be  said  to  have  been  of 
commercial  size,  but  probably  none  of  them,  for  various  reasons, 
has  proven  to  be  a profitable  investment. 

A general  idea  of  the  geological  location  of  the  oil  and  gas  pools 
found  in  Tennessee  to  date  may  be  had  by  an  examination  of  the 
accompanying  sketch  map  of  Middle  and  Western  Tennessee. 


OVERTON  COUNTY. 

Spring  Creek  Oil  District. 

Early  Developments. — As  already  mentioned  in  Part  A of  this  Bul- 
letin, an  oil  pool  was  discovered  on  Spring  creek,  Overton  County, 
in  1866.  The  first  well  in  this  pool  was  drilled  to  a depth  of  126  feet 
near  an  old  oil  spring.  The  well  was  begun  in  the  Fort  Payne  forma- 
tion about  172  feet  above  the  black  Chattanooga  (Devonian)  shale.  A 
small  quantity  of  oil  was  encountered  at  a depth  of  19  feet,  and  at  26 
feet,  2,600  barrels  were  pumped  from  the  well.  This  oil  was  accom- 
panied by  sulphur  water.  Later  the  well  was  deepened  to  about  52 
feet,  when  oil  was  struck  in  such  quantities  that  it  flowed  a column 
30  feet  above  the  mouth  of  the  well.  This  well  flowed  for  three 
months  and  thousands  of  barrels  were  lost  for  want  of  tankage.  Twelve 
months  later  600  barrels  of  oil  were  pumped  from  the  well,  and  a year 
later  it  was  again  deepened  to  126  feet,  where  gas  was  encountered  and 
the  well  abandoned. 

The  next  well  drilled  was  known  as  the  Jackson  well,  located  oq  the 
Buck  farm  on  Hurricane  creek,  about  ^ mile  from  the  Newman  well. 


n!r  30 

j 


H9' 


iwr  30 


LEGEND. 

Ar.«.i'S  in  which  pools  and 
^ooJ  tfuiicationS  of  Oil  and 
82»5  Save  b«»or(  /oi*rid. 


1’’ 


85°  ao' 


LEGEND. 

NCr  onrf  VOUNGCR  for 

to  >ooo'  /nf^rbtddt 
and  c/ays;  /i<fn{t.c- 

rrRS  CRfCK,  >i0  to  >fs- <tro, 


m 


“ I- . H 


THE  VALLEY  OF  E.  TEN 


UOXIMATE  Dll' 


Of  ROCKS  FROM  THE  MlSSlSSlI'l'l  RIVER  TO  THE  VICINITY  OF  KNOXVILLE 


(map  AND  SECTION  AFTE«  SAFFORD)  ' 

.VilDDLE  AND  WESTERN  TENNESSEE 

Dislribniion  of  Outorojiin^  Geologic  Koioii/ition.s. 


MAP  or 

'V,iug  Geru'ral 


C.KNERALr/EI)  (iEOLOl.lC  SECTION  SHOVING  Al 


SKETC 


Slu 


2-E 


Oil  and  Gas  in  Tennessee. 


7 


Record  of  the  Jackson  Well. 


Alluvial  soil 


Black  shale  (Chattanooga) 


Total  depth. 


Thickness 

Top 

Bottom 

Feet 

Feel 

Feel 

...  9 

0 

9 

. ..  165 

9 

174 

...  35 

174 

209 

ud- 

...  293 

209 

502 

530 

A small  amount  of  oil  was  encountered  in  this  well  at  about  lOO 
feet,  but  it  was  drowned  out  by  water  and  the  well  was  abandoned 
upon  completion. 

The  Douglas  well,  located  about  6o  feet  from  the  Newman  well, 
was  drilled  to  a depth  of  22  feet  and  abandoned  after  yielding  a 
few  barrels  of  oil. 

The  next  development  was  on  the  Newman  farm,  by  three  wells, 
known  as  the  Hoosier  Nos.  i,  2 and  3.  Hoosier  No.  i produced  30 
barrels  of  oil  a day  at  a depth  of  52^4  feet.  This  production  was 
maintained  for  three  weeks  until  the  Newman  well  No.  i,  mentioned 
above,  was  deepened  to  this  level,  when  the  Hoosier  ceased  to  furnish 
oil.  Later  this  well  was  deepened  to  70  feet,  when  another  oil-bearing 
zone  was  encountered  in  the  cherty  limestone,  which  furnished  no 
barrels  of  oil  per  day,  the  supply  lasting  for  about  two  years  and 
three  months,  though  the  well  was  not  pumped  every  day.  This  oil 
had  a gravity  of  42°  Baume  and  is  said  to  have  furnished  60  per  cent 
illuminating  oil  upon  being  refined.  The  oil  was  accompanied  by  very 
strong  salt  water.  Later  this  well  was  drilled  to  172  feet,  at  which 
depth  the  black  Chattanooga  shale  was  encountered.  In  or  near  the 
black  shale  sufficient  gas  was  found  to  greatly  retard  drilling  and  the 
well  was  abandoned. 

Hoosier  No.  2 well  producer  25  barrels  of  oil  a day  at  55^  feet 
from  the  surface,  the  supply  lasting  four  or  five  years. 

Hoosier  well  No.  3,  located  350  feet  from  No.  2,  produced  160 
barrels  a day  until  it  was  ruined  by  the  breaking  in  of  sulphur  water. 

Eleven  wells  were  put  down  in  this  pool  between  1866  and  1870 
and,  though  “shows”  of  oil  and  some  gas  were  encountered  in  almost 
every  well  at  depths  ranging  fromi  20  to  about  180  feet,  no  wells 
except  those  mentioned  above  supplied  oil  in  commercial  quantities. 


8 


Oil  and  Gas  in  Tennessee. 


Amount  of  Oil  Produced. — The  total  production  of  this  field  up  to 
1877  was  probably  less  than  20,000  barrels.  Of  this  amount  not  more 
than  7.000  barrels  were  utilized.  Most  of  the  oil  was  hauled  in  barrels 
by  wagon  to  Butler’s  Landing  on  Cumberland  river,  a distance  of  19 
miles,  and  shipped  down  the  river  to  Nashville  by  open  boat.  Some  of 
the  oil  was  refined  at  the  wells  and  then  hauled  in  barrels  60  miles  to 
McMinnville,  which  was  at  that  time  the  nearest  railroad  point. 
The  cost  of  hauling  was  $3.00  ])er  barrel  to  Butler’s  Landing  and  $5.00 
per  barrel  to  McMinnville.  The  difticulties  of  transportation  rendered 
it  impossible  for  this  field  to  compete  with  the  great  oil  fields  of  Penn- 
sylvania which  were  being  developed  at  that  time,  and  after  several 
unsuccessful  attempts  to  operate  the  field  at  a profit  it  was  abandoned 
about  1871.  Since  that  year  several  attempts  have  been  made  to  put 
the  field  on  a paying  basis  and  from  time  to  time  wells  have  been, 
drilled  by  dififerent  companies.  These  were  all  failures  and  little  or  no 
oil  has  been  shipped  from  the  field  since  1871. 

Later  Developments. — Within  the  last  few  years  the  Tennessee  Oil 
& Gas  Company  has  acquired  by  lease  and  by  purchase  a large  body 
of  land  in  this  vicinity,  including  the  farms  on  which  the  early  wells 
were  located.  This  company  began  operations  in  1909  and  up  to  the 
time  of  the  writer’s  visit  in  July,  1910,  had  put  down  three  or  four 
wells  and  were  then  running  two  strings  of  tools.  The  writer  was  in- 
formed that  most  of  these  wells  contained  either  oil  or  gas,  but  that 
they  are  all  of  small  daily  capacity.  No  oil  was  then  being  pumped 
from  the  wells  and  it  is  probable  that  the  capacity  of  the  entire  field 
would  not  exceed  10  barrels  per  day  for  the  first  six  months,  if  pumped 
daily. 

Oil-hearing  Roeks. — The  oil  of  the  Spring  creek  field  apparenth" 
comes  entirely  from  crevices  in  the  Fort  Payne  formation  whicn  lies 
above  the  black  Chattanooga  shale.  Pools  'in  it  are  therefore  probably 
much  more’ erratic  in  occurrence  than  if  they  were  found  in  a regular 
oil  sand.  This  may  be  due  in  part  to  the  movement  of  underground 
water. 

Scattered  Test  Wells  in  Overton  County. 

A well  drilled  in  Eldridge  Cove,  about  3 miles  northeast  of  the 
oil  pool  on  Spring  creek,  is  said  to  have  been  a strong  gas  well,  but 
nothing  is  known  of  its  capacity  or  lasting  qualities.  A well  on  the 
Gilland  farm,  near  Oak  Hill,  and  another  on  the  G.  T.  Looper  farm, 
at  the  forks  of  Dry  Hollow,  2 miles  northeast  of  Brushing,  are  both 
said  to  have  furnished  good  “shows”  of  gas.  Another  test  well  put 


SPRING  CREEK  OIL  DISTRICT  OVERTON  COUNTY,  TENNESSEE. 


k 


< 1 


‘ / Of  Ufr£ 

-V'Vl^'- ..  ■'  UNIVERSIIY  U(  lUUNOlS 

■ ■ ■ 


ri' 


■'\  * ' 


Oil  and  Gas  in  Tennessle. 


9 


2-1^: 

down  about  i34  niiles  south  of  the  Looper  well  was  a dry  hole.  A 
well  on  the  L.  IX  P>uehanan  farm  at  Livingston,  drilled  by  the  Standarc) 
Oil  Company  to  a de])lh  of  2,080  feet,  found  only  small  “shows”  of 
oil  and  gas. 

In  the  northern  part  of  this  county  many  oil  and  gas  springs  have 
long  been  known.  A number  of  these,  located  on  Eagle  creek,  led  to 
the  drilling,  between  1866  and  1877,  of  several  wells  on  this  creek  near 
the  boundary  of  Overton  and  Pickett  counties.  These  wells  started  at 
about  the  top  of  the  Chattanooga  shale,  finding  more  or  less  oil  at  from 
50  to  300  feet  from  the  surface,  most  of  the  supply  being  at  less  than 
100  feet.  The  total  production  of  this  district  probably  did  not  exceed 
1,000  barrels,  some  of  which  is  said  to  have  been  hauled  to  Butler’s 
Landing  for  shipmient  down  Cumberland  river.  The  decline  in  the 
price  of  oil  when  the  great  Pennsylvania  fields  were  opened  made 
these  small  wells  unprofitable  and  the  field  was  abandoned.  Subse- 
quently little  or  no  effort  appears  to  have  been  made  to  discover  and 
develop  pools  in  this  vicinity. 


PICKETT  COUNTY. 

Spurrier  and  Riverton  Oil  District. 

For  data  relative  to  the  oil  and  gas  developments  in  the  vicinity  of 
Spurrier  and  Riverton  the  writer  is  largely  indebted  to  Mr.  J.  H. 
Compton  of  Riverton,  than  whom  no  one  was  more  intimately  con- 
nected with  the  development  of  these  fields. 

The  outcropping  rocks  of  this  region  are  all  of  Carboniferous  age. 
The  lowest  of  these  is  the  Fort  Payne  formation  of  Mississippian  age, 
consisting  of  calcareous  shale,  a thin  sandstone,  some  limestone  and 
bedded  chert.  This  formation  is  exposed  along  the  steep  valley  walls 
for  about  250  to  300  feet  above  the  principal  stream.  Overlying  the 
Fort  Payne  formation  is  400  to  500  feet  of  Newman  limestone,  near  the 
middle  of  which  occurs  a sandstone  lentil  which  ranges  from  20  tO'  60 
feet  in  thickness.  This  formation  caps  the  river  plateau  and  extends 
well  up  the  sides  of  the  higher  hills.  Above  the  Newman  limestone  is 
from  100  to  200  feet  of  Pennington  shale,  also  of  Mississippian  age. 
The  Pennington  is  overlain  by  from  100  to  several  hundred  feet  of 
sandstones,  shales  and  conglomerate  of  the  Pennsylvania  “Coal 
Measures.” 

Underlying  the  Fort  Payne  formation  and  entirely  below  drainage 
occurs  the  Chattanooga  shale  (Devonian),  ranging  from  25  to  30  feet 


lO 


Oil  and  Gas  in  Tennessee. 


in  thickness.  This  well  known  geologic  marker  here  lies  unconform- 
ably  upon  Ordovician  rocks,  the  Silurian  limestones  and  shales  being 
absent.  The  upperiniost  Ordovician  rocks  belong  to  the  Chickamagua 
limestone.  They  consist  of  shales  and  limestone  in  which  a few  thin 
sandstones  have  been  reported  from  well  records. 

The  oil  and  gas  appear  to  come  entirely  from  the  Ordovician 
rocks  and  are  found  at  numerous  horizons  through  more  than  1,500 
feet  of  strata,  though  most  of  the  production  comes  from  the  upper 
500  feet.  Most  of  the  oil  is  the  heavy,  dark  green  to  black  oil  so  com- 
monly found  in  limestones,  but  in  a number  of  wells  a light  amber  oil 
of  excellent  quality  has  been  found.  This  oil  occurs  in  what  is  spoken 
of  as  ‘Tegular  oil  sands”  at  depths  generally  below  the  oil-bearing 
horizons  in  the  limestone.  As  to  the  exact  nature  of  these  “sands”  the 
writer  has  no  personal  knowledge. 

From  the  early  settlement  of  the  country  many  oil  and  gas  springs 
have  been  known  to  exist  along  the  east  and  west  forks  of  Obey  river 
and  their  tributaries  in  Overton,  Fentress  and  Pickett  counties.  In 
1892  Mr.  Bruno  Gernt  of  Allardt  and  others,  known  together  as  the 
“Miss  J.  W.  Stone  syndicate,”  leased  land  in  the  vicinity  of  Spurrier, 
Pickett  County,  and  drilled  a well  for  oil.  This  well  was  located  on  the 
J.  L.  Lacey  farm  about  one  mile  northwest  of  Spurrier,  on  the  banks  of 
Obey  river.  It  started  in  the  Fort  Payne  formation,  and  about  61  feet 
above  the  Chattanooga  shale.  . At  a depth  of  286  feet  this  well  flowed 
oil  temporarily  until  the  supply  was  shut  off  by  fresh  water.  It  was 
later  drilled  deeper  and  more  oil  encountered  at  depths  of  297  and  307 
feet.  This  well  is  said  to  have  reached  a depth  of  1,000  feet,  flowing 
for  a short  time  at  the  rate  of  800  barrels  per  day  and  later  pumping 
at  the  rate  of  25  barrels  per  hour.  Great  trouble  was  experienced, 
however,  in  preventing  invasions  of  fresh  water  into  the  well.  The 
following  record  of  this  well  has  been  given ; 


Record  of  Lacey  No.  / 

Well,  Spurrier,  Tenn. 

Thickness 

From 

To 

Feet 

Feet 

Feet 

Shales,  etc 

64 

0 

64 

Chattanooga  shale  

.' 28 

64 

92 

Limestone  and  shale 

268 

92 

360 

Limestone,  siliceous  (brown) 

373 

360 

733 

Shale,  blue,  soft  

150 

733 

883 

Limestone  and  shale  alternating 

117 

883 

1,000 

Salt  water  was  also  encountered  in  this  well  at  370  and  500 

feet. 

but  it  is  said  to  have  been  easily  exhausted  by  pumping. 


()ii.  AND  (]as  in  Ti-:nni-:ssi':i-:. 


I 


Followini>-  this  discovery  of  oil  more  tlian  a dozen  wells  were 
drilled  in  Spurrier  within  the  next  few  years.  Lacey  well  No.  2 reached 
the  Chattanooga  shale  at  82  feet  and  got  “shows”  of  oil  at  depths  of 
21 1,  216,  220  and  256  feet  and  salt  water  at  360  feet.  A well  on  the  Jame?^ 
Boles  property  on  West  Fork,  a short  distance  from  its  mouth,  found 
oil  at  a depth  of  425  feet,  which  is  337  feet  below  the  top  of  the  black 
Chattanooga  shale.  Well  No.  2 on  this  farm  at  Spurrier  furnished  only 
a “show”  of  oil.  Another  well  on  the  C.  Dilbury  property  near  the 
mouth  of  West  Fork  also  had  a “show”  of  oil  and  gas  at  a depth  of  425 
feet.  The  R.  Robbins  well  No.  i found  an  amber  colored  oil  of  excel- 
lent quality  at  a depth  of  242  feet.  In  the  R.  Reagan  well  No.  2 
the  amber  oil  with  gas  was  encountered  in  what  is  said  to  be  a “reg- 
ular oil  sand”  20  feet  or  more  in  thickness.  Well  No.  i on  the  Reagan 
farm  was  a dry  hole.  The  M.  Pedgett  well  No.  i found’  oil  at  265,  294 
and  354  feet.  This  oil  was  accompanied  by  water  which  quickly  shut 
off  the  supply.  When  a 3-inch  pump  was  put  into  the  well  and  the 
water  exhausted  it  is  said  to  have  flowed  at  the  rate  of  50  barrels  per 
day,  but  when  pumping  ceased  the  water  again  shut  off  the  supply  of 
oil.  The  above  mentioned  wells  are  located  to  the  east  and  south  of 
those  on  the  Lacey  farm. 

A well  drilled  about  i mile  west  of  the  Lacey  No.  i on  the  S.  Hind 
farm  found  the  Chattanooga  shale  at  a depth  of  80  feet,  where  it  was 
29  feet  thick.  In  this  well  a good  “show”  of  oil  was  found  at  180 
feet.  About  ijkt  miles  north  of  the  Hind  well  on  the  A.  Winningham 
farm  a well  was  drilled  which  found  traces  of  oil  and  considerable  gas 
and  salt  water  at  the  following  depths  : salt  water,  210;  gas  and  trace 
of  oil,  328,  334,  364  and  384  feet. 

In  1896  a well  was  located  at  a shoal  known  as  Bob’s  Bar,  on  the 
east  fork  of  Obey  river,  3 miles  east  of  Spurrier  in  what  has  come  to 
be  called  the  Riverton  field.  Oil  was  encountered  in  this  well  at  a 
depth  of  275  feet  in  such  quantities  that  it  is  said  to  have  flowed  for 
14  hours  in  a solid  6-inch  stream  from  5 to  20  feet  above  the  casing, 
after  which  it  caught  fire  and  burned,  consuming  derrick,  tools,  tank, 
etc.,  and  continued  burning  until  the  well  ceased  to  flow.  When  put 
to  pumping  this  well  is  said,  on  authority  of  its  owner,  Mr.  James  H. 
Compton,  of  Riverton,  to  have  produced  at  the  rate  of  600  barrels  per 
day.  The  following  record  of  the  Bob’s  Bar  well  has  been  kindly 
'furnished  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Compton. 


12 


Oil  and  Gas  in  Tennessee. 


Record  of  the  Bob's  Bar  Welly  Riverlotiy  Temi. 

Thickness  From  To 

Feet  Feet  Feet 


Alluvium 10  0 10 

Dark  calcareous  shale  and  shaly  limestone 70  10  80 

Chattanooga  shale  (black) 28  80  108 

Dimestone  (varying  in  texture,  color  and  hardness)  to 

bottom  of  well  at 275 


The  oil-bearing  zone  in  this  limestone  was  subsequently  shown  to  be 
about  lOO  feet  thick.  The  well  was  eventually  drilled  to  a depth  of 
about  1,000  feet,  the  particulars  of  which  are  given  below. 

Previous  to  the  drilling  of  the  Bob’s  Bar  well  there  were  no  facili- 
ties for  transporting  the  oil  from  this  region.  The  fine  showing 
made  by  this  well  induced  the  Cumberland  Pipe  Line  Company  to  build 
two  20,000-barrel  steel  tanks  on  the  Lacey  farm  and  to  lay  a pipe  line 
from  them  to  this  well  on  the  condition  that  it  would  be  pumped  bv 
its  owners  until  a full  test  of  its  capacity  might  be  made.  In  1895  and 
1896,  when  about  18,000  barrels  had  been  produced  from  it,  the  indica 
tions  of  a steady  production  were  so  good  that  the  Cumberland  Pipe 
Line  Company  laid  a 4-inch  pipe  line  to  the  field  from  its  nearest 
branch  in  southern  Kentucky.  Supplied  with  a market  for  the  oil, 
drilling  operations  were  resumed  and  a number  of  wells  put  down  in 
the  vicinity  of  Bob’s  Bar.  Of  these.  Wood  No.  2,  located  about  400 
feet  away,  reached  the  ‘‘pay”  sand  at  about  the  depth  of  the  Bob’s  Bar 
well.  When  this  well  “came  in”  the  Bob’s  Bar  ceased  to  furnish  oil 
and  began  to  furnish  large  quantities  of  fresh  water.  After  a number 
of  wells  had  been  drilled  in  this  field  and  great  trouble  experienced 
in  preventing  the  wells  from  becoming  flooded  with  salt  water,  Mr. 
J.  H.  Compton,  the  present  owner  of  the  field,  devised  a means  of  ex- 
hausting the  supply  of  fresh  water  by  raising  the  casing  in  the  wells 
to  a point  just  below  the  source  of  supply.  When  this  was  done  over 
the  entire  field  and  the  water  in  the  oil  horizon  pumped  off,  the  wells 
began  producing  their  normal  supply  of  oil.  Woods  No.  5 greatly 
reduced  the  capacity  of  the  Bob’s  Bar  well,  but  when  the  latter  was 
drilled  deeper  it  exhausted  the  oil  from  Woods  No.  5.  Later,  when 
the  Woods  No.  5 was  drilled  deeper,  the  supply  of  oil  again  came  en- 
tirely from  that  well.  The  supply  of  oil  thus  shifting  from  one  well  to 
the  other  until  the  entire  thickness  of  the  oil-bearing  limestone  (about 
100  feet)  was  penetrated  by  both. 


SPURRIER  — RIVERTON  OIL  AND  GAS  DISTRICT,  PICKETT  AND  FENTRESS  COUNTIES,  TENNESSEE 


2-E  Oil  and  Gas  in  Tlnnksskj-:.  13 

The  Riverton  field  consists  of  about  17  wells,  closely  grouped  along 
the  river  in  the  vicinity  of  Bob’s  Bar.  Here  the  Joe  Reagan  wells, 
Nos.  2,  3 and  4,  furnished  a few  barrels  of  amber  oil  from  what  is  con- 
sidered by  Mr.  Compton  to  be  a sandstone  ranging  from  8 to  10  feet  in 
thickness  and  at  a depth  of  625  feet.  These  wells  are  all  located  in  the 
valley  of  east  fork  of  Obey  river  west  of  Bob’s  Bar  well.  On  the  north 
side  of  the  river  opposite  Joe  Reagan’s  No.  2 a deep  well  was  drilled  on 
the  Martha  Beatty  farm,  which  found  a “show”  of  oil  in  a sandstone 
80  feet  thick  at  a depth  of  1,700  feet.  No  other  oil  or  gas  horizons  were 
reported  in  this  well.  The  James  Wood  wells.  Nos.  2,  3 and  5,  produced 
crevice  oil  from  the  same  oil  horizon  as  the  Bob’s  Bar  and  Wood  No.  i. 
No.  4 on  this  farm  was  dry.  On  the  bluff  south  of  the  river  the  A.  Hill 
well  No.  3 found  28  feet  of  Chattanooga  shale  at  305  feet  and  a show 
of  green  oil  with  gas  at  638  feet.  Well  No.  4 on  this  farm  found  30 
feet  of  Chattanooga  shale  at  305  feet,  gas  at  a number  of  places  between 
four  and  five  hundred  feet  and  also  at  560  feet,  and  a peculiar  .shale, 
known  as  the  Pencil  Cave,  at  870  feet,  with  a little  gas  below,  the  total 
depth  of  the  well  being  about  900  feet.  East  of  the  Bob’s  Bar  well 
two  wells  were  drilled  on  the  A.  Beatty  farm.  No.  2 on  this  farm 
showed  oil  at  270  feet  and  at  600  feet  the  heaviest  flow  of  gas  in  the 
field  was  encountered.  The  No.  i on  this  farm  was  a small  oil  well. 
Across  the  river  from  Beatty  No.  2 the  well  on  the  A.  J.  King  farm 
was  drilled  to  a depth  of  1,100  feet  and  is  reported  to  have  encountered 
gas  in  small  quantities  at  no  less  than  22  horizons.  The  above  named 
wells  in  the  Riverton  field  have  furnished  all  the  oil. 

. The  exact  amount  of  oil  produced  from  the  Spurrier-Riverton  dis- 
trict is  not  known.  The  total  amount  piped  from  Tennessee  by  the 
Cumberland  Pipe  Line  Company,  as  stated  by  that  company,  amount- 
ed to  58,776.34  barrels.  Of  this,  41,462.56  barrels  came  from  the 
James  Woods  farm  at  Riverton,  and  50.81  barrels  from  the  Joel; 
Reagan  farm  in  the  same  field.  It  is  believed  that  a considerable  por- 
tion of  the  remaining  17.262.97  barrels  came  from  the  Spurrier  field. 
Of  the  41,462.56  barrels  produced  from  the  James  Woods  farm,  the 
Bob’s  Bar  or  James  Woods  No.  i well  is  said  to  have  furnished  about 
36,000  barrels,  besides  the  large  amount  lost  before  the  well  was  gotten 
under  control. 

Test  Wells  in  the  Vicinity  of  Spurrier  and  Riverton  Fields. — Of  the 
test  wells  drilled  in  search  of  other  pools  in  this  vicinity  one  on  the 
W.  H.  Cooper  farm,  about  2 miles  south  of  Riverton,  found  good 
“shows”  of  oil  at  540  and  900  feet.  About  3 miles  southeast  of  Bob’s 
Bar  well  on  East  Fork  at  a place  where  oil  seeps  from  the  river 


Oil  and  Gas  in  Tennessee. 


O 

bluff  three  wells  were  put  down,  all  of  which  had  good  ‘‘shows”  of  oil 
but  not  in  paying  quantities.  One  of  these  wells,  the  David  Beatty 
No.  I,  furnished  light  amber  oil  similar  in  quality  to  that  of  the  River- 
ton field.  In  another  the  gas  pressure  was  sufficient,  it  is  said,  to  blow 
the  tools  from  the  well  several  times  during  drilling. 

A small  oil  pool  was  found  on  Poplar  Cove  Creek  about  5 miles 
east  of  Riverton.  Here  the  C.  C.  Choate  well  No.  i,  drilled  by  the  Obey 
River  Oil  Company,  reached  the  Chattanooga  shale  at  245  feet,  the 
shale  being  30  feet  thick.  At  a depth  of  730  feet  a dark,  heavy  oil 
was  encountered  in  this  well,  which  is  said  to  have  flowed  for  seven 
hours,  after  which  the  supply  was  shut  off  by  an  invasion  of  fresh 
water.  By  the  use  of  large  pumps  this  water  was  tem'porarily  kept  in 
check ; during  this  time  the  well  produced  from  30  to  40  barrels  per 
day  of  heavy  black  asphaltic  oil.  A pipe  line  was  laid  from  Spurrier 
to  this  field  and  oil  taken  from  it  for  about  one  year.  In  well  No.  2 on 
this  farm  oil  is  said  to  have  been  found  at  a shallower  depth  than  in 
No.  I,  the  maximum  daily  production  being  about  30  barrels,  which 
lasted  only  for  a short  time. 

Cobb’s  well  No.  i on  an  adjoining  farm  furnished  a “show”  of  dark 
heavy  oil,  and  after  being  abandoned  for  five  years  this  well  still 
stands  full  of  oil.  About  one  mile  north  of  the  Cobb’s  and  Choates’ 
wells  test  wells  were  put  down  on  the  farm  belonging  to  the  heirs  of 
N.  Wood  and  on  the  L.  B.  Chism  farm.  These  were  drilled  to  a depth 
of  about  700  feet  without  finding  either  oil  or  gas. 

Between  the  Spurrier  and  Riverton  fields  a number  of  tests  were 
made  in  an  endeavor  to  connect  the  two  productive  areas.  Three  of 
these  wells  were  on  the  Joe  Beatty  farm.  No.  i was  dry  at  700  feet; 
No.  2 had  “shows”  of  oil  and  gas  at  about  600  feet,  probably  from  the 
so-called  “amber  sand;”  No.  3 penetrated  the  Chattanooga  shale  at  60 
to  90  feet  and  obtained  gas  at  140  and  358  feet.  A test  well  on  the 
R.  A.  Winningbam  farm  is  reported  to  have  produced  1V2  barrels  of 
amber  oil  per  day,  the  oil  sand  being  from  340  to  351  feet  in  depth. 
Well  No.  2 on  this  farm  produced  about  barrel  of  amber  oil  per  day 
at  360  feet,  the  “sand”  being  about  10  feet  thick.  xA.  test  well  on  the 
P.  P.  King  farm  southeast  of  the  Winningham  wells  found  the  Chat- 
tanooga shale  at  305  to  335  feet  and  a “show”  of  oil  at  540  feet,  the 
total  depth  being  about  693  feet.  Two  miles  north  of  the  Winningham 
wells  a deep  test  well  was  drilled  on  the  John  Robbins  farm  which 
is  said  to  have  penetrated  to  the  8o-foot  sandstone  mentioned  in  the 
Martha  Beatty  well.  In  the  Robbins  well  this  sand  is  said  to  have 
furnished  a “show”  of  oil.  This  sandstone  was  also  reached  in  a deep 


2-1^ 


Oil  and  (jas  jn  Ti<:nnI':ssI':k. 


J5 

test  on  the  J.  P.  Reynolds  farm  a'hout  3 miles  northeast  of  Riverton  at 
a (le])th  of  1,781  feet,  where  it  is  said  to  be  between  70  and  80  feet 
thick.  In  this  well  the  Chattanoog'a  shale  was  found  at  a dejith  of  243 
feet  and  shows  of  oil  at  210  and  310  feet. 

Southwest  of  Riverton  on  Rock  blouse  creek  two  test  wells  were 
drilled.  One  of  these  on  the  John  Hunter  farm  found  the  Chattanooga 
shale  at  82  feet,  gas  at  144,  150,  190,  270,  336,  358  and  620  feet,  with  a 
“show^’’  of  oil  at  345  feet.  Sulphur  water  was  encountered  at  685  feet 
which  rose  about  1,200  feet  in  this  well.  Total  depth  of  the  well 
1,689  feet.  The  other  well  on  the  Noah  Wright  farm  found  the  Chat- 
tanooga shale  at  a depth  of  13 1 feet.  In  it  amber  oil  which  filled  the 
hole  was  found  at  435  feet  and  is  said  to  still  drip  from  the  well  mouth. 
The  following  statement  concerning  the  analysis  of  a sample  of  oil 
from  this  well  is  taken  from  an  article  by  Mr.  E.  J.  Schmitz,  pub- 
lished in  the  Engineering  and  Mining  Journal,  March  7,  1896,  p.  728: 


“ The  sample  of  crude  petroleum,  Noah  Wrig’ht  well,  Rock  House  Creek, 
Pickett  County,  Tenn.,  received  January  31,  contains  no  rhig-olene  or  gaso- 
lene. It  commences  to  boil  at  90°  C.  and  yielded  ; 


Naptha  ......... 

Benzoin 

3.8%  1 

1.8%  ^ 

Specific  gravity  comb . . , . . 

0.703 

Kerosene  to  204° 

C 

15.2% 

Specific  gravity  comb.  . . . . 

0.750 

Kerosene  to  260° 

C 

14.8% 

Specific  gravity  cunib. ... 

0.801 

Kerosene  to  306° 

C 

12.8% 

Specific  gravity  comb.  . . . 

. . . .0.830 

Heavy  parafine  oil 

51.6% 

Specific  gravity  comb.  ... 

0.859 

The  latter  on  standing  over  night  had  already  partly  crystallized  (para- 
fine).  The  oil  yields  to  treatment  with  oil  of  vitriol.  Original  specific- 
gravity  0.625.” 

About  six  miles  southeast  of  Riverton  two  wells  were  drilled  on  the 
Duncan  Smith  farm.  In  well  No.  i the  Chattanooga  shale  occurred 
at  307  to  400  feet  and  amber  oil  was  found  at  819  feet.  The  well  pro- 
duced about  ^2 ‘barrel  per  day  from  a 6-foot  sand.  Gas  was  also  found 
at  a number  of  places  in  this  well.  Well  No.  2 on  the  Smith  farm  was 
a dry  hole. 

Abandonment  of  the  Fields. — When  the  greatest  trouble  was  being- 
experienced  in  the  Spurrier  and  Riverton  fields  from  flooding  of  wells 
by  fresh  water  and  at  a time  when  the  production  of  the  field  was  re- 
duced to  a few  barrels  per  day,  a tax  was  laid  by  Pickett  County  on 
the  pipe  line  of  this  district.  Up  to  this  time  the  pipe  line  had  not 
proven  to  be  a paying  investment,  and  this  fact,  together  with  the 
falling  off  in  production  of  the  district ; the  failure  of  test  wells  at 
various  points  to  find  oil  in  paying  quantities,  and  the  additional  ex- 


i6 


Oil  and  Gas  in  Tennessee. 


pense  of  what  was  thought  by  the  Cumberland  Pipe  Line  Company  to 
be  an  unjust  tax,  led  to  the  taking  up  of  the  pipe  line  in  1906  from 
Spurrier  to  the  Sunnybrook  field  in  southern  Kentucky.  Thus  deprived 
of  a market  for  the  oil,  development  work  in  this  region  came  to  a 
standstill  and  the  producing  wells  fell  into  disuse. 

Future  Possibilities  of  this  District. — The  greatest  apparent  draw- 
back for  oil  and  gas  in  this  district  is  the  possible  lack  of  good  reservoir 
rocks.  From  the  development  work  already  done  it  seems  probable 
that  as  a whole  this  area  is  one  in  which  the  processes  of  accumulation 
have  been  at  work  and  that  a large  quantity  of  oil  is  present  in  the 
rocks  at  comparatively  shallow  depths.  If  this  is  true,  and  if  good 
reservoir  rocks,  such  as  creviced  beds  of  limestone  and  thin  local  beds 
of  porous  sandstone,  exist  here,  it  seems  highly  probable  that  other 
pools  of  commercial  value  are  present. 

The  most  likely  place  at  which  oil  and  gas  may  have  accumulated 
is  probably  dependent  largely  upon  the  general  direction  of  move- 
ment of  the  underground  waters.  In  regions  of  this  kind  the  greatest 
number  of  pools  are  generally  found  at  or  near  the  axes  of  local  anti- 
clines at  places  where  good  reservoir  rocks  are  present.  In  future 
development  work  it  may  therefore  be  found  of  great  advantage  to 
locate  test  wells  only  after  the  structure  or  lay  of  the  beds  has  been 
accurately  determined  over  a large  area.  This  knowledge,  together 
with  the  data  available  from  the  wells  already  drilled,  should  be  suf- 
ficient to  admit  of  each  well  being  so  located  as  to  test  the  maximum 
amount  of  territory. 

\Mth  good  facilities  for  transportation,  both  of  the  oil  and  of  the 
materials  used  in  development  work,  it  seems  possible  that  many  pools 
of  oil  in  this  district  may  be  profitably  developed.  From  the  data  now 
at  hand  it  is  very  probable  that  the  creviced  limestone  will  furnish 
many  small  pools  under  high  pressure,  thereby  giving  large  daily 
production  and  short-lived  wells.  The  amber  oil  horizons  may  prove 
to  be  local  beds  of  porous  sandstone  or  zones  of  fine  broken  residual 
chert  along  lines  of  unconformities  which  may  be  found  to  be  sources 
of  oil  for  many  wells  of  small  daily  capacity  and  long  lives.  It  seems 
probable  that  if  such  sands  were  shot  with  light  charges  of  nitro- 
glycerin, say  5 to  10  quarts,  their  production  could  be  materially  in- 
creased, especially  if  the  oil-bearing  rock  is  a sandstone.  The  object 
to  be  attained  by  such  shooting  is  not  so  much  the  fracturing  of  the 
rock  as  it  is  to  increase  the  diameter  of  the  well,  thus  furnishing  great- 
er seepage  surface  for  the  oil. 


2-E 


Oil  and  Gas  in  Tennessee. 


1/ 


SCATTERED  TEST  WELLS  IN  MIDDLE  TENNESSEE. 

Cumberland  Plateau  and  Eastern  Part 
OF  Highlands. 

Pickett  County. — Outside  of  the  Spurrier-Riverton  district  proper 
a number  of  test  wells  have  been  drilled  in  Pickett  County,  of  which 
the  writer  secured  no  data  during  the  brief  time  spent  in  this  region. 

In  1904  and  1905  several  wells  were  drilled  in  Pickett  County  by  the 
New  Domain  Oil  & Gas  Company  under  the  management  of  Mr.  John 
A.  Patton  of  Monticello,  Kentucky,  to  whom  the  writer  is  indebted  for 
the  following  facts  relative  to  them.  The  first  well  drilled  by  this  com- 
pany in  Tennessee  was  located  on  the  W.  B.  Cargile  property  in  the 
north-central  part  of  the  county.  Several  pockets  of  gas  were  found 
in  this  well,  none  of  which  lasted  more  than  a few  days.  The  second 
well  was  on  the  Samuel  Rich  farm,  on  Wolf  River,  2 miles  southwest 
of  Neal  and  about  the  same  distance  from  the  Kentucky  line.  This 
well  reached  a depth  of  1,200  feet,  pockets  of  gas  being  encountered 
at  depths  of  150,  180,  198,  615  and  985  feet,  the  strongest  flows  coming 
at  198  and  985  feet  from  the  surface.  The  peculiar  pencil-like  shale 
known  as  the  Pencil  Cave  was  encountered  at  a depth  of  791  feet. 
A well  on  the  G.  B.  Little  farm  on  Jolly  creek  found  20  feet  of  Chatta- 
nooga shale  at  14  to  34  feet  and  a sand  with  fresh  water  at  200  feet. 
Several  pockets  of  gas  were  found  in  the  well,  together  with  a ‘‘show” 
of  oil  at  1,370  feet,  the  total  depth  of  the  well  being  1,508  feet.  The 
J.  P.  Harrison  well  on  Obey  river,  miles  northwest  of  Hull,  found 
20  feet  of  Chattanooga  shale  at  20  to  40  feet  and  was  drilled  to  a depth 
of  1,200  feet  without  finding  either  oil,  gas  or  salt  water. 

A well  on  the  J.  L.  Martin  farm  near  Hull,  drilled  to  a depth  of 
1,398  feet,  found  salt  water  at  200  feet  and  pockets  of  gas  at  288,  348 
and  404  feet,  and  oil  and  gas  at  458  feet  and  478  feet.  At  490  and  515 
feet  gas  was  also  encountered,  under  strong  pressure.  The  so-called 
Pencil  Cave  was  encountered  at  a depth  of  558  feet  with  gas  at  658 
feet.  Some  gas  was  found  at  865,  890,  915  and  991  feet.  It  is  said  that 
a fine  quality  of  sand  was  found  in  this  well  at  658  feet. 

In  the  W.  T.  Ramsey  well  the  Chattanooga  shale  20  feet  in  thick- 
ness is  at  a depth  of  340  feet.  The  Pencil  Cave  was  found  at  933  feet, 
and  31  feet  of  good  porous  sand  at  1,751  feet.  The  total  depth  of  the 
well  was  1,825  oil  or  salt  water  and  only  slight  “shows”  of 

gas  were  found. 


i8 


Oil  and  Gas  in  Tennessee. 


The  J.  H.  Pendergrass  well  was  drilled  to  1,500  feet,  encounter- 
ing the  Sunnyhrook  sand,  115  feet  thick,  at  718  feet.  Three  feet  of 
Pencil  Cave  was  encountered  at  980  feet,  but  no  oil,  gas  or  salt  water 
was  found. 

The  Martin  Phillips  well  reached  a depth  of  1,502  feet,  finding  the 
Chattanooga  shale  at  30  to  55  feet.  Pencil  Cave  607  feet,  and  a “show” 
of  oil  at  410  feet. 

Two  wells  were  drilled  on  the  Ansolen  Phillips  property  in  1905-6. 
Well  No.  I reached  a depth  of  1,502  feet,  and  aside  from  “shows”  of 
gas  at  1 18,  137,  302  and  305  feet,  a small  quantity  of  oil  was  found  in 
the  close  sandy  limestone  15  feet  thick,  at  a depth  of  1,325  feet,  and 
another  “show”  of  oil  in  the  close  light-colored  sandstone,  10  feet  thick, 
at  1,385  feet.  A charge  of  nitroglycerin,  containing  40  quarts,  was  ex- 
ploded at  the  horizon  of  the  first  sand  at  1,325  feet  and  another  of  44 
quarts  in  the  sand  at  1,385  feet.  Neither  of  these  shots  increased  the 
flow  of  oil  sufficiently  to  justify  pumping.  No  salt  water  accompanied 
the  oil.  In  this  well  the  top  of  the  Chattanooga  shale  is  48  feet  below 
the  surface  and  the  Pencil  Cave  at  605  feet,  the  latter  being  5 feet 
thick.  In  well  No.  2 on  the  Phillips  property  a depth  of  1,725  feet  was 
reached,  the  drill  entering  the  Pencil  Cave  at  585  feet,  encountering 
gas  at  200,  425  and  475  feet,  a very  slight  “show”  of  oil  at  1,390,  salt 
water  at  1,585  feet  and  Blue  Lick  water  at  1,710  feet.  The  Ne'*’ 
Domain  Oil  Company  also  drilled  a well  on  the  A.  B.  Walker  farm 
to  a depth  of  1,754  feet,  finding  a good  sand  near  the  bottom  am 
traces  of  gas  at  different  horizons. 

At  Travisville  the  writer  is  informed  that  three  wells  have  been 
drilled  within  the  last  few  years  on  the  Miller  and  Hembree  farm, 
from  which  one  or  more  tanks  of  oil  were  pumped.  A well  on  the 
William  Johnson  farm,  about  2 miles  south  of  Travisville,  is  said  to 
have  furnished  a strong  flow  of  gas.  Another  well  on  the  George 
Sells  farm  about  3}^  miles  southwest  of  Travisville  is  said  to  be  at 
this  date  standing  full  of  oil.  From  2 to  10  miles  west  of  Byrdtown, 
a number  of  wells  have  been  drilled  to  depths  ranging  from  1,200 
to  1,500  feet  and  in  most  all  of  them  more  or  less  oil  and  gas  have  been 
found.  It  is  said  that  a well  drilled  on  the  J.  W.  Babb  farm  on  Wolf 
river  furnished  considerable  quantities  of  gas  at  800  and  1,200  feet. 
A well  drilled  just  east  of  Byrdtown  in  1896  is  said  to  have  temporarily 
furnished  a good  flow  of  gas  at  a depth  of  600  feet.-  It  is  very  prob- 
able that  a numiber  of  other  wells  have  been  drilled  in  this  county  of 
which  no  data  is  at  hand. 


2-E 


Oir.  AND  Gas  in  Tknnicsski:. 


19 


Foitrcss  County. — So  far  as  known  only  a few  (Icep  wells  have 
been  drilled  for  oil  and  gas  in  Fentress  County  outside  of  the  Spurrier- 
Riverton  district.  Though  most  of  these  were  put  down  within  the  last 
20  years,  hut  little  information  is  now  available  regarding  them. 

A well  drilled  on  the  Snodgrass  property  on  Franklin  creek,  about 
the  year  1875,  is  said  to  have  had  sufficient  gas  to  blow  the  toolls 
from  it  several  times  during  the  course  of  drilling.  A well  on  the 
Obey  river  between  Glenobey  and  Boatland  is  said  to  have  been  dry. 
On  Clear  Fork  of  Cumberland  river  northwest  of  Rugby,  in  the  ex- 
treme eastern  part  of  the  county,  a well  drilled  by  the  South  Penn  Oil 
Company  in  1896  is  said  to  have  found  some  oil  in  the  Newman  lime- 
stone, about  400  feet  from  its  top.  It  seems  probable  that  other  wells 
were  drilled  in  this  vicinity  of  which  the  writer  has  no  data.  About 
1904  a well  was  drilled  by  the  Phoenix  Oil  Company  on  the  Ward 
property  about  i mile  north  of  Jamestown  which  reached  a depth  of 
about  1,200  feet  without  penetrating  to  the  Chattanooga  shale.  A 
““show”  of  oil  is  said  to  have  been  gotten  at  a depth  of  900  feet. 

Putnam  County. — Aside  from  a well  or  two  drilled  at  the  northern 
edge  of  Putnam  County  in  the  Spring  creek  district,  only  two  deep 
holes  are  known  to  have  been  put  down  in  this  county  for  oil  and  gas. 
One  of  these  on  the  Martin  V.  Lewis  property,  about  3 miles  west  of 
Cookeville,  is  said  to  have  reached  a depth  of  1,990  feet,  finding  only 
traces  of  oil  and  gas.  The  other  well,  located  on  the  Samuel  Alyers 
farm,  about  5 miles  northwest  of  Cookeville,  is  reported  to  have  found 
considerable  quantities  of  gas,  but  no  record  of  the  well  was  secured. 

Scott  County. — About  the  year  1825  a well  w^as  drilled  for  brine  in 
Wayne  County,  Kentucky,  on  the  south  fork  of  Cumberland  river, 
just  across  the  State  line  from  Scott  County.  This  w^ell,  long  known  as 
the  “Beatty  oil  well,”  was  located  on  the  Beatty  j^roperty  about  3 miles 
north  of  Elva,  Tennessee.  It  reached  a depth  of  less  than  200  feet 
and  instead  of  brine  it  furnished  considerable  quantities  of  oil  from  the 
Newman  limestone.  At  various  times  since  the  Beatty  well  was 
drilled  attempts  have  been  made  to  find  oil  in  this  vicinity  and  at 
places  in  Scott  County.  In  1898  a well  was  drilled  on  the  Parker- 
Templeton  property,  located  on  Station  Camp  creek  southwest  of  Elva 
in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  county.  This  well  is  said  to  have 
furnished  a large  flow  of  salt  water  with  some  oil  at  a depth  of  about 
600  feet,  but  no  authentic  information  can  be  had  regarding  it.  About 
the  year  1899  a well  was  drilled  3 miles  west  of  Winfield  by  the 
Hydetown  Oil  & Gas  Company.  This  well  is  reported  to  have  furnis'ned 
oil  at  a shallow  depth  in  such  quantities  that  one  of  the  men  who 


20 


Oil  and  Gas  in  Tennessee. 


worked  on  the  well,  Mr.  John  Cowman,  subsequently  stated  on  oath 
that  he  believed  the  well  could  have  been  utilized  if  properly  equipped 
for  pumping.  It  was  drilled  deeper,  however,  encountering  salt  water, 
and  in  reaming  out  the  hole  to  reset  the  casing  a string  of  tools  was 
lost  and  the  well  abandoned.  At  Winfield  a well  was  put  down  in  1905 
on  the  L.  E.  Bryant  property  to  a depth  of  2,210  feet  which  proved  to 
be  a dry  hole.  Mr.  Bryant  has  kindly  furnished  the  following  record 
of  this  well : 

Record  of  Bryant  IVelf  Winfield,  Tenn. 


Coal  (No.  3)  at  100  feet,  Coal  (No.  1)  6 feet,  at  525  feet, 
“ Coal  Measures  ” 

Shale  (Penning-ton) 

L/imestone  (Newman) 

Sandstone  (?) 

Shale  (Chattanooga) 

Limestone  and  shale  (Clinton)  to  bottom  at 


Thickness  From  To 

. . . 90  900  990 

. . . 375  990  1365 

. . . 300  1365  1665 

. . . 38  1665  1703 

2210 


In  1896  a well  was  drilled  by  the  Forest  Oil  Company  on  the  prop- 
erty of  the  Rugby  Land  Company  in  Scott  County,  northwest  of  Rugby 
road.  This  well,  started  about  6o  feet  above  the  base  of  what  is  known 
as  the  Briceville  shale  in  the  Pennsylvania  ‘‘Coal  Measures,”  has  an 
altitude  of  about  1,280  feet  above  sea  level.  It  was  drilled  to  a depth 
of  2,401  feet,  the  bottom  probably  being  in  Ordovician  rocks.  The  fol- 
lowing is  a detailed  record  of  this  well : 


Record  ofi  Rugby  Land  Company  Well  No.  /,  Scott  County,  Tenn. 


Soft  yellow  shale  and  clay 

Soft  black  slate 

Soft  black  coal 

Soft  black  slate 

Hard  black  slate 

Very  hard  white  sand 

Soft  black  slate • 

Very  hard  gray  sand, 

Hard  black  slate . . 

Very  hard  white  sand  . . 

Soft  black  slate 

Hard  white  sand,  show  of  tar  512-517 

Hard  dark  lime 

Soft  gray  slate 

Soft  brown  red  shale,  cave 

Soft  gray  slate  and  lime 

Hard  dark  slate 

Soft  red  shale 

Hard  dark  lime  ...  

Soft  dark  slate 


hickness 

From 

To 

15 

15 

. 15 

15 

30 

3 

30 

33 

15  . 

33 

48 

. 12 

48 

60 

. 70 

60 

130 

20 

130 

150 

. 100 

150 

250 

. 50 

250 

300 

. 95 

300 

395 

. 80 

395 

475 

. 287 

475 

762 

. 18 

762 

780 

. 15 

780 

795 

. 51 

795 

846 

. 27 

846 

.873 

. 5 

873 

878 

. 28 

878 

906 

. 39 

906 

945 

, 25 

945 

970 

2-E  Oil  and  Gas  in 

Tennessee. 

21 

TliicUiiess 

From 

To 

Hard  dark  lime 

13 

970 

983 

Hard  gray  lime 

■ 77 

983 

1060 

Hard  dark  lime 

. . . . 60 

1060 

1120 

Soft  dark  slate 

. . . . 15 

1120 

1135 

Hard  white  sand 

. . . . 13 

1135 

1148 

Hard  white  lime 

....  96 

1148 

1244 

Hard  light  gray  lime 

. . . . 37 

1244 

1281 

Hard  white  lime  (show  dark  green  oil,  1335,  1340) . . 

. ...  107 

1281 

1388 

Mediutn  gray  lime 

. . . . 16 

1388 

1404 

Hard  gra3^  lime 

3 

1404 

1407 

Hard  slate  and  lime. 

1407 

1414 

Hard  light  brown  lime 

. . . . 21 

1414 

1442 

Hard  gray  lime 

. . . . 31 

1442 

1473 

Hard  light  brown  lime 

3 

1473 

1476 

Soft  dark  slate  and  lime 

. . . . 8 

1476 

1484 

Hard  dark  slate  and  lime 

6 

1484 

1490 

Hard  gray  sand 

. . . . 13 

1490 

1503 

Hard  dark  slate 

. . . . 37 

1503 

1540 

Soft  gray  slate 

. . . . 18 

1540 

1558 

Hard  light  gray  lime 

. . . . 53 

1558 

1611 

Very  hard  gray  lime  and  flint 

. . . . 37 

1611 

1681 

Soft  dark  gray  shale 

. ..  2 

1681 

1683 

Soft  black  shale  (Chattanooga; 

....  45 

1683 

1728 

Medium  blue  lime 

. . . . 28 

1728 

1756 

Hard  gray  lime 

42 

1756 

1798 

Soft  blue  lime 

1798 

1897 

Soft  light  brown  lime 

1897 

1910 

Medium  light  brown  slate  and  lime 

.. . . 31 

1910 

1941 

Soft  blue  gray  slate  and  lime 

. . . . 59 

1941 

2000 

Medium  dark  gray  slate  and  lime 

. ...  388 

2000 

2388 

Medium  gray  and  brown  slate  and  lime.  . 

. . . . 13 

2388 

2401 

Conductor  IS  feet. 


151  feet  of  10-inch  casing-. 

744  7-12  feet  of  S^-inch  casing-. 

1139  4-12  feet  of  6X-inch  casing-. 

G^-inch  casing-  inserted  at  1131. 

It  is  said  that  a well  was  drilled  about  this  time  on  the  James  Richie 
farm  on  Skull  Fork,  about  miles  northwest  of  Rugby  Road,  but  the 
writer  is  not  sure  that  this  well  is  not  the  same  as  the  Rugby  Liand 
Company  No.  i given  above. 

During  the  oil  boom  in  this  section  in  1896-7  a well  known  as  the 
Struve  was  drilled  in  the  extreme  southwestern  part  of  Scott  County, 
on  Black  Wolf  creek,  west  of  Glenmary.  At  that  time  the  well  was 
reported  to  be  1,500  feet  deep  and  to  contain  a large  supply  of  oil.  It 
is  said  to  have  eventually  proven  to  be  a dry  hole  with  only  “shows’" 
of  oil  and  gas. 


22 


Oil  and  Gas  in  Tennessee. 


Morgan  County. — A well  was  drilled  in  1896  by  the  Forest  Oil 
Company  on  the  property  of  the  Rugby  Land  Company  in  the  extreme 
northern  part  of  Morgan  County  and  about  1^4  miles  south  of  Rugby. 
The  following  is  a detailed  record  of  this  well: 


Record  of  Rugby  Land  Company  Well  No.  2,  Forest  Oil  Company, 
Morgan  Cotmty,  Tennessee. 


Thickness 

From 

To 

Soft  brown  surface 

, 13 

0 

13 

Hard  white  sand 

112 

13 

125 

Soft  black  slate 

. 30 

125 

155 

Soft  white  sand,  little  water  

10 

155 

165 

Medium  black  slate 

40 

165 

205 

Soft  black  slate 

65 

205 

270 

Hard  white  sand,  4 bailers  water  after  each  screw. . 

, 85 

270  ■ 

355 

Hard  black  slate 

35 

355 

390 

Hard  g’ray  sand 

40 

390 

430 

Hard  white  sand,  4 bailers  water  after  each  screw. . 

65 

-430 

495 

Hard  gray  sand 

5 

495 

500 

Hard  white  sand 

25 

500 

525 

Hard  gray  lime 

15 

525 

540 

Soft  red  rock 

20 

540 

560 

Hard  gray  sand 

10 

560 

570 

Soft  red  slate 

30 

570 

600' 

Hard  black  slate 

30 

600 

630 

Hard  gray  lime 

10 

630 

640 

Soft  black  slate 

5 

640 

645 

Very  hard  black  lime 

10 

645 

655 

Soft  red  slate 

35 

655 

690 

Soft  black  slate 

25 

690 

715 

Hard  gray  slate 

35 

715 

750 

Soft  black  slate 

10 

750 

760 

Hard  black  lime  

130 

760 

890 

Hard  white  sand 

15 

890 

905 

Hard  red  sand 

10 

905 

915 

Hard  white  lime 

250 

915 

1, 165 

Hard  gray  lime 

5 

1, 165 

1, 170 

Hard  gray  sand 

5 

1,170 

1,175 

Hard  gray  lime 

40 

1,175 

1,215 

Reddish  brown  sand  (hard)  show  of  green  oil.  . 

15 

1,215 

1,230 

Hard  gray  lime 

40 

1,230 

1,270 

Hard  black  lime 

15 

1,270 

1,285 

Hard  gray  sand  and  lime 

10 

1,285 

1,295 

Hard  black  slate  

15 

1,295 

1,310 

Hard  gray  slate  lime 

20 

1,310 

1,330 

Hard  black  sand 

120 

1,330 

1,450 

Soft  blue  slate 

5 

1,450 

1,455 

Soft  black  shale  (Chattanooga) 

40 

1,455 

1,495 

Medium  blue  slate 

5 

1,495 

1 , 500 

2 


Oil  and 


Gas  in  Tennesskk. 


23 


Medium  blue  slate  and  lime  .... 

Hard  brown  lime 

Hard  blue  lime 

Medium  dark  gray  slate.  

Medium  g’ray  slate  and  lime.  . . . 

Hard  graj^  sand 

Hard  gray  lime 

Bottom  of  coal  at  12^  feet. 
132  10-12  feet  10-inch  casing. 
388  7-12  feet  8X-inch  casing. 
879  7-12  feet  6X-inch  casing. 


Mineral 


Thickness 

From 

To 

. . 160 

1,500 

1,660 

1,660 

1,670 

. . 105 

1,670 

1,775 

. . 55 

1,775 

1,840 

. . 485 

1,840 

2,325 

. . 25 

2,325 

2,350 

..  443 

2,350 

2,  793 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  above  record  that  a '‘show”  of  green  oil 
was  found  in  a sandstone  at  depth  of  1,215  No  other  wells  are 

known  to  have  been  drilled  in  this  county. 

Cumberland  County. — A single  deep  well  drilled  in  1904  by  Mr.  J. 
M.  Steele  for  Rackow,  Zimmerlee  & Co.,  on  the  Forbes  property,  i mile 
west  of  Crossville,  covers  the  development  work  for  oil  and  gas  in 
Cumberland  County.  This  well  reached  a depth  of  about  1,385  feet 
when  a drilling  bit  and  a string  of  fishing  tools  were  lost  in  the  hole, 
preventing  further  drilling.  The  following  record  of  this  well  shows 
the  rocks  encountered : 


Record  of  Well  on  the  Forbes  Property.,  Cumberland  County,  'Tennessee. 


Thickness 

From 

To 

Sand,  yellow,  hard  and  close 

76 

76 

Slate,  shales,  and  sand,  fairly  soft  

76 

139 

215 

“ Like  Trenton,  hard” 

20 

215 

235 

Gritty  slate  and  shales,  soft 

45 

235 

280 

Big  conglomerate,  hard 

280 

375 

Fire,  clay,  coal,  etc.,  soft 

5 

375 

380 

Conglomerate,  very  hard 

55 

380 

435 

Sandstone,  hard 

175 

435 

610 

Sandstone,  hard,  yellow  

10 

610 

620 

Dark  blue  lime,  open 

25 

620 

645 

Dark  blue  lime 

55 

645 

700 

Lime  and  clay,  dark  blue 

20 

700 

720 

Shaly  lime,  medium  soft,  dark  blue 

55 

720 

775 

Lime,  dark  blue,  close  and  hard 

20 

775 

795 

Lime  and  clay,  blue,  fairly  soft 

15 

795 

810 

Lime  and  slate,  blue,  soft 

30 

810 

840 

Lime  and  shale,  blue,  soft 

60 

840 

900 

Gritty  lime,  blue,  hard  and  close 

40 

900 

940 

Gritty  lime,  blue,  hard  and  close 

25 

940 

965 

Shaly  lime,  blue,  hard  and  coarse 

35 

965 

1,000 

Gritty  lime,  hard  and  coarse  

80 

1,000 

1,080 

Gritty  lime,  white,  hard  and  coarse 

1,080 

1,090 

Lime,  blue,  hard  and  close 

1,090 

1,110 

24 


Oil  and  Gas  in  Tennessee. 


Thickness  From  To 


Ivitiie,  white,  hard 10  1,110  1,120 

I^ime,  white,  hard 40  1,120  1,160 

L/ime,  white,  hard 20  1,160  1,180 

lyime  and  sand,  white  and  blue,  hard 5 1,180  1,185 

Sand,  dark,  hard,  close 20  1,185  1,205 

Water  at  110  feet. 

Cased  with  8]4-inch  casing  at  645. 

Show  of  oil  at  1,090,  in  15-inch  sample. 

Flow  of  gas  at  1,180. 


Flow  of  salt  water  about  2 bailers  per  hour  at  1,205. 

It  is  said  that  several  bailers  of  dark  green  oil  were  taken  from  this 
well,  coming  from  a hard,  white,  siliceous  limestone.  The  flow  of  gas 
mentioned  in  the  record  was  sufficient  to  justify  its  use  under  the  baile: 
in  drilling.  This  well  was  begun  in  the  Walden  sandstone,  of  the 
“Coal  Measures,”  and  stopped  in  what  is  probably  the  Fort  Payne 
chert.  The  Chattanooga  shale  not  being  reached,  the  hole  is  therefore 
entirely  in  Caiffioniferous  rocks. 

White  County. — Development  work  in  White  County  consists  of 
four  wells  drilled  in  the  central  part  of  the  county.  Two  of  these  wells 
were  put  down  in  search  of  brine  on  Calf  Killer  river,  miles  north- 
east of  Sparta,  between  1820  and  1830.  Salt  water,  accompanied  by 
some  oil,  is  said  to  have  been  found  at  shallow  depths,  the  former  being 
utilized  in  salt  making.  The  oil  is  said  to  have  been  in  such  quantities 
as  to  catch  Are  and  burn  on  the  surface  of  the  river.  About  the  year 
1900  a well  was  drilled  by  the  Diamond  Oil  Company,  about  5 miles 
southwest  of  Sparta  on  the  C.  T.  Jaston  farm,  to  a depth  of  about  700 
feet.  This  well  found  a strong  flow  of  gas  which  was  allowed  to  pass 
from  the  open  well  for  several  years.  It  is  said  that  when  set  on  fire 
this  gas  furnished  a flame  from  10  to  12  feet  high,  burning  constantly 
for  long  periods.  The  well  was  finally  capped  and  the  gas  piped  to  the 
residence  of  Mr.  Flint  Haston,  furnishing  an  ample  supply  for  lighting 
and  heating.  In  1903  a well  was  put  down  on  Calf  Killer  river  on  the 
farm  of  Judge  W.  T.  Smith,  about  i mile  north  of  Sparta.  This  is 
reported  to  have  furnished  some  gas,  but  no  authentic  information  re- 
garding it  is  at  hand.  Aside  from  the  small  area  covered  by  these 
wells,  most  of  which  were  shallow,  White  Count}^  remains  undeveloped. 

Sequatchie  Valley. — Numerous  oil  and  gas  springs  occur  along  Se- 
quatchie Valley,  adjacent  to  the  fault  and  sharp  fold  where  the  petro- 
liferous beds  outcrop.  So  far  as  known  a single  deep  well  drilled  al)OU‘] 
one  mile  south  of  Pikeville  is  the  only  test  made  for  oil  and  gas  in  the 
valley.  This  well  was  started  in  the  Knox  dolomite,  which  lies  below 
any  known  oil  or  gas-bearing  bed  of  this  region,  which  renders  the  area 


2-E 


Oir>  AND  Gas  in  Tennessee. 


25 


in  which  this  well  was  drilled  unfavorable  for  these  products.  No  facts 
regarding  this  well  are  available  other  than  that  it  was  a failure.  Many 
shallow  wells  drilled  for  water  along  the  valley  have  supplied  “shows” 
of  oil,  but  the  folding  and  faulting  of  the  strata  and  the  fact  that  beds 
most  likely  to  contain  oil  in  paying  quantities  outcrop  on  the  hillsides 
above  the  valley  render  this  area  unfavorable  for  oil  and  gass  pools 
of  paying  size. 

Warren  County. — Between  1868  and  1870  a well  was  drilled  to  a 
depth  of  about  i 000  feet  on  Barren  fork  of  Collins  river  at  McMinn- 
ville. This  well  is  said  to  have  found  a supply  of  gas  that,  accidentally 
catching  fire,  burned  the  derrick.  Many  years  later  the  McMinnville 
Oil  & Gas  Company,  made  up  principally  of  local  capitalists,  drilled 
another  well  near  the  first  one  and  at  a point  where  gas  has  long  been 
known  to  bubble  from  the  river  bed.  The  second  well  reached  a depth 
of  about  1,500  feet.  It  started  in  the  Fort  Payne  chert  and  found  55 
feet  of  black  Chattanooga  shale  at  194  feet.  The  following  partial 
record  of  this  well  shows  the  nature  of  the  rocks  encountered  to  a depth 
of  279  feet,  as  classified  by  the  driller ; 


Partial  Record  of  Deep  Well  at  McMinnville,  Te7in. 


Thickness 

From 

To 

Feet 

Feet 

Feet 

Conductor 

11 

11 

Shale,  yellow  . . 

4 

11 

15 

Flint 

20 

15 

35 

Lime 

1 

35 

36 

Flint 

36 

38 

White  lime 

13 

38 

51 

Flint 

10 

51 

61 

White  lime 

10 

61 

71 

Blue  lime 

71 

75 

White  lime 

75 

90 

Flint 

10 

90 

100 

Flint  and  lime 

30 

100 

130 

White  lime 

130 

165 

Flint  and  lime 

29 

165 

194 

Black  shale  (Chattanoog-a) 

194 

249 

Black  shale  and  lime 

249 

279 

This  well  was  a dry  hole. 

About  6 miles  southeast  of  McMinnville  and  about  i mile  north  of 
Island  Ford  on  the  Collins  river,  a well  drilled  for  water  is  reported 
to  have  found  a “show”  of  gas  at  a depth  of  75  feet.  Another  well, 
drilled  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  county  near  Hallan,  in  1902 
or  1903,  on  the  farm  of  Chas.  Higgins,  reached  a depth  of  between  1,000 


26 


Oil  and  Gas  in  Tennessle. 


and  1,200  feet,  finding-  a good  '‘show”  of  gas,  but  not  in  quantities  suf- 
ficient to  justify  equipment  for  use.  A dry  hole  is  said  to  have  been 
drilled  on  Hickory  creek  near  the  boundary  between  Warren  and 
Grundy  counties,  but  nothing  is  known  regarding  it. 

Coffee  County. — In  1871  or  1872  Mr.  W.  S.  Higgins  had  a well 
drilled  on  his  farm  in  the  central  part  of  Coffee  County  near  Alan- 
chester.  This  well  was  drilled  by  water  power  and  is  said  to  have 
reached  a depth  of  1,312  feet.  Gas  in  considerable  quantities  is  reported 
to  have  been  struck  at  a depth  of  500  or  600  feet,  but  it  was  allowed 
to  blow  off  from  the  open  well  until  exhausted.  Another  well  in  this 
vicinity  was  drilled  in  1875  or  1876  on  the  B.  P.  Beshaw  property  to  a 
depth  of  about  1,200  feet,  getting  a "show”  of  gas.  A dug  well  on  the 
farm  of  Mr.  W.  P.  Hickerson,  about  2;4  miles  from  Manchester, 
furnished  a "show”  of  oil  at  about  100  feet.  The  last  test  well  drilled 
for  oil  or  gas  in  this  county  was  put  down  about  the  year  1897  on  the 
T.  S.  Colley  property,  i mile  northwest  of  Tullahoma.  This  well  is 
reported  to  have  reached  a depth  of  about  1,600  feet.  In  it  10  or  12 
feet  of  black  Chattanooga  shale  was  encountered  at  a depth  of  less  than 
200  feet.  No  oil  or  gas  in  paying  quantities  and  no  salt  water  was 
found.  At  Tullahoma  wells  drilled  for  water  for  the  city  find  the 
Chattanooga  shale  at  a depth  of  about  180  feet  and  a good  supply  of 
excellent  water  directly  below  this  shale. 


Southern  Part  of  Highlands. 

Franklin  County. — The  following  statements  relative  to  attempts  to 
find  oil  and  gas  in  Franklin  County  has  been  kindly  furnished  the  writer 
by  Mr.  J.  L.  Girton  of  Winchester,  Tennessee,  who  has  been  closely 
identified  with  all  operations  in  this  county : 

“During-  the  year  1889  Standard  Oil  Company  leased  several  thousand 
acres  of  land  from  Winchester  west  to  Moore  County  and  made  survey  of 
county  and  made  map  of  county,  paid  royalty  on  leases  for  several  3^ears  and 
then  dropped  them. 

“ In  the  first  half  of  the  year  1901,  the  writer  leased  20,000  acres  land  for 
oil  and  gas  and  organized  a company  and  incorporat-ed  the  same  for  the 
development  of  the  land.  Drilled  four  holes  when,  the  death  of  the 
president,  the  companj^  went  to  pieces  and  all  work  stopped. 

“ Well  No.  1 was  drilled  in  at  a point  one  and  one-half  miles  west  of  Win- 
chester and  was  drilled  to  a depth  of  1,580  feet.  The  formation  was  blue 
lime  rock,  thin  black  shale,  more  very  hard  lime  rock  with  flint  and  quartz; 
at  a point  96  feet  below  the  surface  we  struck  a considerable  flow  of  gas, 
much  more  than  we  needed  for  fuel  for  the  furnace.  At  another  point  lower 


Oil  and  Gas  in  Tlnnksslk. 


27 


2-E 

down  we  entered  another  crevice  which  was  filled  with  f^'as  and  at  250  feet 
below  the  surface  struck  a very  strong-  deposit  of  gas  computed  to  furnish 
100,000  cubic  feet  per  day.  Below  this  we  opened  several  cavities  of  crude 
oil,  each  of  which  contained  from  a few  g-allons  to  a barrel  or  more  and  this 
condition  continued  down  to  about  1,000  feet,  when  we  struck  the  Knox 
•dolomite;  from  that  point  there  was  hardly  any  change  to  1,500  feet,  when 
we  struck  about  2 feet  of  green  pencil  slate  which  made  us  much  trouble  by 
running  into  the  well.  At  1,580  feet  we  struck  an  ocean  of  salt  and  sulphur 
water,  which  raised  1,300  feet  in  the  hole  in  a very  few  minutes  and  at  this 
point  the  hole  was  abandoned.  The  volume  of  gas  was  nearly  as  strong  in 
the  well  as  when  it  was  first  struck  and  shows  considerable  strength  yet. 

“Well  No.  2 was  drilled  in  at  a point  about  1,000  feet  southeast  of  well 
No.  1 ; the  rock  formation  about  the  same  as  in  No.  1.  At  a depth  of  between 
800  and  900  feet  we  struck  a very  large  cavity  of  crude  oil  containing  many 
barrels  of  oil.  We  found  no  gas  of  any  amount  in  this  hole  and  at  1,250  feet 
the  drilling  was  discontinued. 

“Well  No.  3 was  drilled  in  at  a point  alongside  the  railroad  track  between 
Winchester  and  Decherd.  Rock  formations  about  the  same  as  that  in  wells 
1 and  2.  At  250  feet  a strong  vein  of  gas  was  struck,  and  lower  down  several 
inferior  veins  were  found.  When  all  brought  together  gave  a rock  pressure 
of  44  pounds  to  the  inch.  This  well  has  been  utilized  for  light,  fuel  and 
power  for  about  eight  years  and  the  pressure  has  constantly  increased  all 
the  time. 

“Well  No.  5 was  drilled  in  at  Belvidere,  six  miles  west  of  Winchester, 
some  five  years  ago.  The  well  was  drilled  by  the  Belvidere  Milling  Com- 
pany for  either  water  or  gas,  but  at  157  feet  a small  vein  of  lubricating  oil 
was  found  which  would  afford  two  or  three  barrels  per  day.  The  drilling 
was  continued  to  a depth  of  260  feet  and  stopped.  I have  tested  the  well 
many  times  and  find  that  the  oil  stands  practically  30  inches  deep  on  the 
water  all  the  time.  I have  drawn  several  gallons  of  it  from  the  well  and  used 
it  on  heavy  machinery  and  find  it  a fine  quality  of  lubricating  oil.  At  Belvi- 
dere marsh  gas  is  found  in  considerable  quantities  above  this  oil.  Near 
Winchester  in  burning  this  gas  a considerable  quantity  of  lampblack  is 
formed. 

“Two  years  ago  the  ice  company  had  a well  drilled  for  water  at  the  ice 
plant  and  at  a depth  of  100  feet  so  much  gas  was  found  that  the  well  had  to  be 
abandoned.  The  machine  was  moved  a few  feet  away  and  a second  well 
drilled  in  and  practically  the  same  depth  the  result  was  the  same. 

“There  is  one  seam  of  a porous  gray  lime  rock  along  the  bank  of  the 
Boiling  Fork  Creek  that  contains  cavities  which  are  full  of  oil  and  this  con- 
dition exists  wherever  the  same  seam  or  ledge  of  rock  can  be  found  for 
twelve  or  fifteen  miles  along  the  banks  of  the  Rlk  River ’’ 

The  first  two  wells  named  above  were  drilled  on  the  Doolin  and 
Moss  farms,  respectively.  The  third  was  on  the  J.  A.  Hale  property, 
and  it  is  believed  that  the  fourth  well  described  by  Mr.  Girton  was 
located  on  the  Moss  farm  near  well  No.  i.  These  five  wells  are  be- 
lieved to  cover  all  developments  for  oil  and  gas  in  Franklin  County. 


28 


Oil  and  Gas  in  Tennessee. 


Lincoln  County. — While  Lincoln  County  is  embraced  by  the  High- 
lands, much  of  its  surface  consists  of  large  valleys  and  lowlands  where 
the  outcropping  rocks  are  of  the  same  age  as  those  of  the  Central 
Basin. 

Five  wells  have  been  put  down  in  this  county  in  search  of  oil  and' 
gas  or  for  large  supplies  of  water.  One  of  these  was  located  near  an 
old  oil  spring  south  of  Argyle  in  the  southwestern  part,  of  the  county. 
Another  well  was  drilled  still  farther  to  the  southwest  near  Blanche. 
Both  of  these  wells  are  reported  to  have  found  a small  amount  of  oil, 
but  details  regarding  them  could  not  be  secured.  In  the  northwestern 
part  of  the  county  near  Petersburg  a well  was  started  in  search  of  oil  on 
the  Brown  property  in  1900  or  1901,  but,  after  getting  a “show”  of  oil, 
a string  of  tools  was  lost  in  the  well  at  a depth  of  about  1,000  feet,  aiici 
the  hole  abandoned.  A considerable  flow  of  gas  with  salt  water  was 
found  at  about  800  feet  in  a well  drilled  at  Fayetteville  to  supply  water 
for  the  city.  This  gas  was  not  utilized,  though  it  is  said  to  have  occurred 
in  sufficient  quantities  to  have  been  of  commercial  value  if  the  v/ell 
had  been  properly  handled.  A well  drilled  for  water  on  the  farm  of 
Mr.  Richard  Smith  at  Smithland  found  sufficient  gas  at  a shallow  depth 
to  be  utilized  by  him  for  household  purposes.  Aside  from  the  above 
wells  a large  number  of  shallow  ones,  drilled  for  waiter  over  t^^e 
county,  have  shown  more  or  less  oil,  gas,  and  some  salt  water,  but  to 
date  wells  are  too  few  to  furnish  reliable  data  regarding  the  possibility 
of  oil  and  gas  pools  of  commercial  size  being  found  in  this  region. 

Giles  County. — A deep  well  drilled  in  search  of  water  in  Pulaski 
is  said  to  have  reached  a depth  of  2,200  feet,  in  which  small  “shows”  of 
both  oil  and  gas  were  found.  No  other  deep  wells  are  known  to  have 
been  drilled  in  this  county,  though  numerous  surface  indications  of 
both  oil  and  gas  occur. 

Lawrence  County. — Three  wells  have  been  drilled  for  oil  and  gas 
in  Lawrence  County.  One  of  these  was  located  several  miles  east  of 
Lawrenceburg,  on  the  J.  H.  Stribbling  property.  It  was  drilled  to  a 
depth  of  about  800  or  900  feet  without  finding  oil  or  gas  of  value.  A 
second  well  drilled  at  Loretta  to  about  the  same  depth  met  with  similar 
results.  The  ithird  well  was  put  down  at  Iron  City  in  the  extreme 
southwestern  part  of  the  county.  The  following  data  concerning  this 
well  has  been  kindly  furnished  by  Mr.  H.  P.  Searcy,  who  was  secretary 
of  the  company  which  drilled  it.  This  well  reached  a depth  of  315 
feet.  In  the  Chattanooga  shale,  at  a depth  of  200  feet,  it  encountered 
a strong  flow  of  sulphur  water  which  rose  to  within  18  feet  of  the  sur- 
face. Below  this  shale  “Trenton  rock”  was  struck  and  penetrated  to 


2-E 


Oil  and  Gas  in  Tennessee. 


29 


a depth  of  115  feet,  where  gas  was  encountered  in  such  quantities  as 
to  blow  the  tools  froinl  the  well  and  to  partially  wreck  the  derrick. 
After  flowing-  wild  for  several  days,  the  well  was  capped.  When 
a short  pipe  was  attached  and  the  gas  ignited,  it  “lighted  up  the  coun- 
try for  miles  around.”  After  burning  for  two  or  three  months  the  well 
was  plugged,  the  200  feet  of  casing  drawn  and  the  sulphur  water 
utilized. 

The  Central  Basin. 

Marshall  County. — All  but  the  southern  portion  of  Marshall  County 
lies  within  the  Central  Basin.  In  this  county  a few  miles  northwest  of 
Lewisburg  a well  was  drilled  on  the  G.  O.  McRody  farm  for  oil,  about 
the  year  1900.  This  is  said  to  have  reached  a depth  of  982  feet  and  to 
have  furnished  some  gas.  Near  Ostella,  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
county,  a water  well  drilled  about  25  years  ago  on  the  John  Bradford 
farm  furnished  considerable  gas.  South  of  Lewisburg  in  the  vicinity 
of  Yell  and  Cornersville  many  wells  drilled  for  fresh  water  h!ave 
supplied  small  quantities  of  oil,  gas,  salt  water  and  sulphur  water. 
One  of  these  wells  on  the  F.  M.  Parks  farm  is  said  to  have  furnished 
suffiicent  gas  at  a depth  of  170  to  190  feet  to  burn  in  a flame  fiorn  10 
to  20  feet  high  from  the  mouth  of  the  well. 

Maury  County. — No  deep  wells  have  been  drilled  for  oil  and  gas  in 
this  county.  A shallow  well  sunk  for  water  near  Lovettsville  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  county  on  the  W.  A.  Jackson  farm  found  gas  at  90 
feet  in  such  quantities  as  to'  burn  for  several  years  from  20  to  25  feet 
above  the  well  mouth.  Other  shallow  wells  at  several  places  in  this 
county  have  furnished  small  quantities  of  oil,  gas  and  salt  water.  There 
are  also  many  oil  and  gas  springs,  one  of  which  is  located  under  the 
river  bluff  at  Columbia,  where  a constant,  though  small,  supply  of  oil 
seeps  from  the  Lebanon  limestone. 

Bedford  County. — The  first  well  drilled  for  the  purpose  of  testing 
for  oil  and  gas  in  this  county  was  put  down  in  1886  or  1887  at  Shelby- 
ville,  the  county  seat.  It  was  drilled  by  a local  company  on  a lot  owned 
by  Mr.  B.  R.  Whitthorne  and  reached  a total  depth  of  1,000  feet.  The 
hole  was  8 inches  in  diameter  down  to  363  feet,  the  remainder  being 
5 inches.  Fresh  water  was  encountered  at  several  places  in  the  8-inch 
hole  and  brackish  and  mineral  water  at  greater  depths.  Few  indica- 
tions of  oil  and  gas  were  encountered,  and  the  hole  was  plugged  at 
363  feet.  In  1908  this  well  was  cleaned  out,  pumping  machinery  in- 
stalled, and  the  water  from  the  8-inch  hole  has  since  been  utilized  by 
the  railroad  comipany  and  for  ice  making.  In  1902  or  1903  a well  was 


30 


On.  AND  CiAS  IN  Tennesskk. 


drilled  on  the  Swiver  property,  about  2 miles  north  of  Wartrace,  on 
the  dirt  road  to  llellhuckle.  This  well  is  reported  to  have  been  drilled 
to  a depth  of  t,8oo  to  2,000  feet,  but  no  data  relative  to  it  could  be 
obtained.  In  1904  or  1905  a well  was  also  drilled  for  oil  on  the 
Matthew  Skeen  farm,  about  i mile  north  of  Bellbuckle.  This  well  is 
said  to  have  been  put  down  to  a depth  of  1,500  feet,  but  nothing  is 
known  of  the  results  obtained.  In  1906  or  1907  a well  was  drilled  on 
the  Zach  Crouch  farm,  about  3 miles  east  of  Bellbuckle,  by  the  Wimber 
Oil  Development  Company.  This  well  is  said  to  have  furnished  no 
oil  or  gas.  Many  surface  indications  of  oil  and  gas  occur  throughout 
this  county.  These  consist  of  small  seepages  of  oil  from  the  limestone 
at  many  places  and  of  local  deposits  of  gas  or  small  quantity  encoun- 
tered in  shallow  wells  drilled  for  water.  Several  such  indications  have 
been  found  near  Shelbyville  and  a noted  oil  seepage  exists  in  the  bluff 
of  Duck  river,  south  of  this  town.  These  indications  led  to  the  drilling 
of  the  deep  well  at  Shelbyville.  Considerable  land  is  now  under  lease 
in  this  county  for  oil  and  gas. 

Rutherford  County. — As  maiw  as  five  wells  have  been  drilled  in  this 
county  in  search  of.  oil  and  gas  but  without  finding  either  in  comr- 
mercial  quantities.  Several  shallow  wells  drilled  for  water  in  the 
vicinity  of  Murfreesboro  at  various  times  since  the  Civil  War  furnished 
good  indications  of  gas.  One  of  these  wells,  on  the  Overall  property, 
about  I mile  west  of  town,  contained  sufficient  gas  to  cause  the  owner 
to  attempt  to  utilize  it  for  heating  and  lighting  his  residence.  The  gas, 
however,  was  repeatedly  shut  off  by  invasions  of  fresh  water,  and  the 
attempt  was,  for  this  reason,  a failure.  These  indications  led  to  the 
drilling  of  three  wells  near  Murfreesboro.  The  first  of  these  was  on 
the  House  property,  about  3 miles  northwest  of  the  town ; the  second 
on  the  E.  W.  Talley  farm,  about  7 miles  from  Alurfreesboro  and  about 
2 or  3 miles  southward  from  Florence ; the  third  well  about  3 miles 
southwest  of  Murfreesboro  on  the  Mh  B.  Cooper  farm.  This  well  is 
said  to  have  reached  a depth  of  more  than  1,000  feet,  much  trouble 
being  experienced  in  getting  the  hole  down.  It  is  said  to  have  flowed 
water  from  near  the  bottom.  None  of  the  wells  is  said  to  have 
furnished  more  than  good  shows  of  oil  and  gas.  Two  deep  wells 
have  also  been  drilled  in  the  extreme  southern  part  of  the  county  near 
Fosterville  on  the  J.  G.  Miller  and  B.  F.  Ransom  farms.  In  the  last 
named  well  the  indications  for  oil  are  said  to  have  been  very  favorable, 
but  no  information  regarding  depth  to,  and  amount  of,  oil  obtained  is 
available.  Several  areas  of  considerable  extent  in  this  county  are  now 
under  lease,  but  no  drilling  operations  are  being  conducted  at  present. 


Oil  and  (Ias  in  I'knnksslic. 


3' 


Wilson  County. — several  larp^e  blocks  of  leases  have  been 
taken  by  oil  and  o-as  companies  in  this  county  since  1896,  the  drilling 
has  been  conhned  to  a single  well  put  down  by  the  Union  Oil  & Devel- 
opment Companv  of  Ilaltimore,  Maryland,  on  the  Chambers  property 
near  Moxie,  about  5 miles  north  of  Lebanon.  Uhis  well  is  said  to 
have  reached  a depth  of  about  1,000  feet  without  finding  oil  or  gas. 

Cannon  County. — In  this  county  near  Woodbury  a well  was  drilled 
several  years  ago  by  the  South  Penn  Oil  Company  on  the  McFerrin 
property.  It  reached  a depth  of  about  i 700  feet  without  finding  oil  or 
gas.  Large  quantities  of  Blue  Lick  water  are  said  to  have  been  found 
between  1,000  and  1,700  feet  from  the  surface.  Another  well  on  the 
Samuel  Banks  farm  was  drilled  to  a depth  of  600  to  800  feet  in  search 
of  water.  It  is  said  to  have  furnished  gas  of  sufficient  pressure  to  blow 
the  heavy  drilling  tools  from  the  well.  No  other  deep  holes  are  known 
to  have  been  drilled  in  this  county.  ' " 

Smith  County. — This  county  lies  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the 
Central  Basin,  and  so  far  as  known  but  two  wells  have  been  drilled  for 
oil  within  its  borders.  The  first  well  was  drilled  shortly  after  the 
Civil  War  on  the  McMurray  property,  in  the  extreme  northwestern 
portion  of  the  county  near  Dixon  Springs.  This  well  is  said  to  have 
reached  a de])th  of  several  hundred  feet  and  to  have  furnished  ‘'shows” 
of  oil.  In  1896  a well  was  drilled  by  the  South  Penn  Oil  Company  on 
the  T.  j.  Fisher  farm,  a short  distance  northwest  of  Carthage,  the 
county  seat.  This  well  reached  a depth  of  900  feet,  finding  water  at 
235<  255  and  400  feet  from;  the  surface.  An  imperfect  record  of  this 
well  gives  a thickness  of  888  feet  of  limestone,  no  mention  being  made 
of  shows  of  oil  or  gas.  Numerous  oil  and  gas  springs  occur  in  this 
region,  especially  in  the  vicinity  of  New  Middleton,  in  the  southwestern 
portion  of  the  county,  where  it  is  said  that  many  shallow 'wells  drilled 
for  water  contain  small  quantities  of  oil  and  gas  and  much  salt  water. 

Davidson  County. — The  writer  was  unable  to  secure  any  definite  in- 
formation relative  to  deep  wells  drilled  in  this  county,  though  it  is 
very  probable  that  several  tests  have  been  put  down  for  oil  and  gas. 
Shows  of  oil  and  gas  in  wells  drilled  for  water  have  been  found'  at 
many  places  in  the  limestones  of  the  Central  Basin  and  a number  occur 
in  Davidson  County,  but  no  pools  of  commercial  size  have  yet  been 
found. 

Northern  Part  of  Highland  Plateau. 

Comparatively  little  testing  has  been  done  for  oil  and  gas  in  the 
Highland  Plateau  north  of  Cumberland  river,  and  no  oil  and  gas 


32 


Oil  and  Gas  in  Tennessee. 


pools  of  commercial  size  have  been  found  there.  Most  of  the  test 
wells  in  this  region  were  put  down  along  Cumberland  Valley  in  Jack- 
son  and  Clay  counties. 

Jackson  County. — For  much  of  the  following  statement  of  oil 
and  gas  developments  in  Jackson  County  the  writer  is  indebted  to 
Messrs.  S.  B.  Fowler  and  A.  J.  Williams,  of  Gainesboro,  the  county 
seat. 

During  the  Civil  War  a well  was  drilled  for  brine  near  Cumber- 
land river  about  12  miles  from  Gainesboro.  A good  supply  of  salt 
water  was  found  at  about  180  feet,  from  which  a large  amount  of 
salt  was  made.  Because  of  the  great  demand  for  salt  this  well  was 
pumped  night  and  day  for  some  time,  resulting  in  the  exhaustion  of 
the  supply  of  salt  water,  which  was  replaced  by  oil  in  considerable 
quantities. 

A few  years  ago,  the  Gainesboro  Oil  and  Gas  Company,  com- 
posed of  several  prominent  men  of  Gainesboro,  drilled  a well  800 
feet  deep  on  the  Williams  farm,  which  flowed  salt  water  with  gas 
for  a few  days.  This  company  drilled  another  well  on  the  Fowler 
farm  to  a depth  of  875  feet,  finding  a considerable  quantity  of  gas 
at  270  and  salt  water  with  good  indications  of  oil  at  840  feet.  Because 
of  lack  of  funds  the  company  suspended  operations  without  finishing 
the  well.  Many  shallow  wells  drilled  for  water  in  this  county  have 
found  salt  water  and  small  quantities  of  oil  and  gas,  but  at  no  place 
have  the  last  two  been  found  in  paying  quantities.  The  outcrop  of 
the  Chattanooga  shale  and ’some  of  the  underlying  limestones  in  this 
county  furnish  numerous  oil  and  gas  springs. 

Clay  County. — Shortly  after  the  Civil  War  a well  was  drilled  at 
Butler’s  Landing  on  Cumberland  river  in  the  southern  part  of  Clay 
County,  which  is  said  to  have  flowed  oil  in  commercial  quantities  for 
a short  time.  Prior  to  1874  a shallow  well  on  Mill  creek  is  said  to 
have  furnished  considerable  oil.  Following  the  development  of  the  oil 
field  on  the  Cumberland  river  at  Burkesville  in  Kentucky,  a number 
of  shallow  test  wells  are  said  to  have  been  drilled  in  Clay  County, 
and  it  is  reported  that  some  of  these  wells  furnished  more  or  less 
oil  for  shipment,  but  no  authentic  data  relative  to  them  are  at  hand. 
No  late  tests  are  known  to  have  been  made  in  this  county,  but  it  is 
probable  that  some  development  has  been  done  with  unfavorable  re- 
sults. There  are  numerous  oil  springs  in  this  county  and  many  water 
wells  furnish  small  quantities  of  oil  and  gas. 


Oil  and  Gas  in  Tennessee. 


33 


Macon  County. — No  drilling  expressly  for  oil  and  gas  has  been 
reported  from  this  county,  though  it  is  said  that  surface  indications 
of  both  have  been  found  at  several  places.  Many  years  ago  a shallow 
well  is  reported  to  have  been  drilled  for  brine  near  the  site  of  Adams’ 
water  mill,  a few  miles  northwest  of  Lafayette,  the  county  seat.  This 
well  is  said  to  have  encountered  considerable  quantities  of  oil  at  a 
few  feet  from  the  surface,  but  no  authentic  information  regarding 
this  is  available.  Within  the  last  few  years  leases  for  oil  and  gas 
operations  have  been  secured  by  operators  on  several  large  tracts  of 
land  in  this  county,  but  so  far  as  known  no  development  work  has 
yet  been  done  on  them. 

Sumner  County. — Three  deep  wells  have  been  drilled  in  Sumner 
County  in  search  of  oil  and  gas.  The  first  was  drilled  on  the  David 
Barrett  farm  located  near  Rockbridge  in  the  central  part  of  the 
county,  about  15  miles  north  of  Gallatin.  This  well  is  said  by  some 
to  have  reached  a depth  of  2,200  feet,  and  by  others  to  have  been 
only  1,200  feet  deep.  All  reports  agree  that  sufficient  gas  was  found 
to  warrant  its  use  for  burning  lime.  A well  drilled  on  the  Turner 
property  near  Sugar  Grove,  in  the  extreme  northeastern  part  of  the 
county,  was  a dry  hole.  In  1902  and  1903  a well,  sunk  about  two 
miles  southeast  of  Gallatin,  by  local  capital,  reached  a depth  of  about 
1,200  feet,  without  finding  more  than  slight  shows  of  oil  and  gas. 
Just  over  the  State  line  in  Kentucky,  opposite  the  northeast  corner  of 
Sumner  County,  a small  oil  pool  has  been  developed  at  Petroleum, 
and  since  the  same  general  geologic  conditions  seem  to  obtain  over  a 
large  area  here,  it  is  probable  that  future  testing  will  develop  other 
pools  of  commercial  size. 

Robertson  County. — No  deep  wells  have  been  drilled  in  this  county 
for  oil  and  gas,  though  there  are  said  to  be  many  surface  indications, 
consisting  of  oil  and  gas  springs  and  shows  of  both  oil  and  gas  in 
shallow  wells  drilled  for  water.  One  of  the  best  of  these  shows  was  in 
a water  well  in  the  northern  part  of  the  county  a few  miles  west  of 
Woodview,  where  at  a depth  of  less  than  100  feet  several  barrels  of 
oil  is  said  to  have  been  found  in  limestone. 

Cheatham  County. — One  or  more  wells  are  said  to  have  been 
drilled  near  Kingston  Springs  in  the  southern  part  of  this  county 
many  years  ago,  but  without  finding  oil  or  gas  in  paying  quantities. 
At  Sycamore,  about  7 miles  north  of  Ashland  City,  a good  show  of 
gas  is  reported  at  a depth  of  about  60  feet  in  a well  drilled  for  water. 


34 


On.  AND  (iAs  JN  Tennkssee. 


W'estern  I’art  of  Highland  Plateau  and  Western 
Tennessee  Valley. 

Houston  County. — But  one  well  has  been  drilled  in  Houston  County 
for  oil  and  o-as.  This  test,  located  about  one  mile  west  of  Erin,  was  put 
down  under  the  direction  of  V.  R.  Harris  of  that  place.  It  reached  a 
depth  of  about  2,200  feet,  at  which  point  a string  of  tools  was  lost  and 
the  hole  abandoned.  This  well  had  a good  show  of  gas  at  about  1.200 
feet  but  no  oil.  It  is  said  to  have  penetrated  limestone  for  almost  the 
entire  distance,  but  unfortunately  no  detailed  record  was  kept. 

Dickson  County. — The  first  development  work  in  this  county  was 
begun  in  1866,  when  a well  was  drilled  on  the  G.  W.  Brown  farm, 
located  on  Jones  creek,  about  7 miles  east  of  Charlotte.  This  well 
found  crevice  gas  in  considerable  quantities  at  a depth  of  187  feet, 
but  a drilling  bit  was  lost  from  the  tools,  the  hole  abandoned,  and  a 
new  well  drilled  within  i foot  of  the  old  one.  At  a depth  of  295  feel 
oil  was  struck,  which  flowed  13  barrels  in  thirty  minutes.  It  was 
pumped  for  a short  time  when  the  supply  of  oil  was  exhausted  and  the 
well  abandoned.  A third  well  was  located  about  50  feet  from  the 
first  two  which  reached  a depth  of  565  feet,  finding  oil  at  about  162 
feet.  Between  200  and  300  barrels  of  oil  were  saved  from  this  well 
and  shipped  to  Nashville  by  railroad,  where  it  was  refined  and  sold. 
This  is  said  to  have  been  a good  grade  of  oil,  having  a gravity  of  about 
42°  Baume.  A well  was  drilled  in  1877  bv  Northern  producers  which 
is  said  to  have  furnished  gas  at  57  feet  and  oil  at  445  feet. 

Hr.  A.  J.  ]\lclntire  of  Burns,  Tennessee,  who  has  been  connected 
with  developments  in  this  field  since  1885,  says  that  two  wells  were 
drilled  in  it  in  1887  by  Hr.  J.  E.  Bracey,  of  New  York  State.  The  first 
well  found  gas  at  a depth  of  580  feet  with  a show-  of  oil  in  4 feet  of 
rock  at  250  feet.  The  second  well  found  25  feet  of  oil-bearing  rock 
at  169  feet  which  'Mr.  Hcintire  says  would  have  made  25  or  30  barrels 
of  oil  per  day.  In  1902  producers  from  Kentucky  drilled  two  wells 
about  2 miles  west  of  the  old  developments.  One  of  these  got  oil  at 
350  feet,  the  other  furnished  gas.  In  1905  a company  from  Chicago 
drilled  two  wells  in  this  field,  getting  oil  in  one  well,  the  other  being 
a dry  hole.  No  data  is  available  regarding  operations  in  this  field 
since  that  time  in  an  effort  to  develop  a field  in  this  vicinity. 

A total  of  8 or  10  wells,  several  of  which  were  drilled  in  1909,  have 
been  put  down,  in  nearly  all  of  which  some  oil  and  gas  were  encoun- 
tered. No  oil  is  now  being  taken  from  the  field,  and  it  is  said  that  the 


Oil  and  (iAs  in  Tknnesslk. 


35 


2-h: 

daily  production  of  the  wells  rcmainino-  would  probably  not  exceed  5 
or  10  barrels  ])er  day.  The  writer  has  not  yet  had  an  opportunity  to 
visit  this  field  and  no  facts  regarding  depth  of  wells  and  nature  of  the 
oil-bearing  rocks  are  available. 

Perry  County. — The  discovery  of  several  oil  and  gas  springs  on 
Coon  creek  in  the  eastern  part  of  Perry  County  led  to  the  drilling  of 
two  wells  on  this  creek,  about  4 and  6 miles,  respectively,  from  Linden, 
the  county  seat.  The  first  well  was  put  down  on  the  J.  N.  Bastin 
property  to  a depth  of  about  350  feet,  where  a good  show  of  oil  and 
gas,  accompanied  by  water,  was  found.  The  other  well  is  located  about 
2 miles  farther  down  Coon  creek  and  about  the  same  distance  from 
its  mouth.  It  was  drilled  to  a depth  of  about  150  feet,  where  a large 
flow  of  water  was  encountered  and  the  well  abandoned. 

Benton  County. — The  western  half  of  Benton  County  lies  within 
the  region  of  the  Mississippi  embayment  and  geologically  belongs  in 
western  Tennessee.  The  outcropping  rocks  of  the  eastern  portion  of 
the  county  are  those  of  the  Highland  Plateau  and  the  western  Ten- 
nessee valley.  In  this  part  a well  was  drilled  at  Eva  to  a depth  of  about 
800  feet  in  search  of  water.  A large  supply  of  fresh  water  was  found 
at  this  depth  which  rose  to  within  30  or  40  feet  of  the  top.  This  water 
is  said  to  bring  up  small  quantities  of  oil.  Another  well  at  Big  Sandy 
on  the  Louisville  & Nashville  Railroad  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
county  got  a good  flow  of  fresh  water  containing  traces  of  oil  at  a 
depth  of  about  500  feet. 

The  above  mentioned  fields  and  wells  cover  the  important  develop- 
ment work  in  the  western  part  of  the  Highland  Plateau,  but  many 
shallow  wells  drilled  for  water  and  numerous  oil,  gas  and  tar  springs 
furnish  surface  indications  in  Wayne,  Hardin,  Lewis,  Hickman,  De- 
catur, Humphreys,  Stewart  and  Montgomery  counties,  but  so  far  as 
known  little  or  no  deep  drilling  has  been  done  in  them. 


WESTERN  TENNESSEE. 

The  geologic  province  of  western  Tennessee  embraces  the  area 
of  the  Mississippi  embayment  which  lies  west  of  the  Tennessee  river. 
The  outcropping  rocks  are  cretaceous  or  vounger  in  age.  These  con- 
sist of  gravels,  sand,  clay,  marl,  mud  and  some  thin  beds  of  limestone, 
sandstone  and  iron  ore. 

No  pools  of  oil  and  gas  have  been  found  in  western  Tennessee. 
Slight  traces  of  oil  and  small  quantities  of  gas  are  known  to  occur  in 


Oil  and  (jAs  in  Tennessee. 


a few  wells  bored  for  artesian  water,  and  small  oil  and  gas  springs  are 
said  to  exist  near  Reelfoot  and  Tiptonville,  in  L.ake  County.  Taken  as 
a whole,  the  indications  of  oil  and  gas  found  to  date  in  this  region  are 
of  little  or  no  significance,  being  common  to  almost  all  sedimentary 
rocks. 

Though  a large  number  of  wells  have  been  bored  in  this  region  for 
artesian  water,  few  of  these  have  failed  to  secure  an  abundant  supply 
at  depths  of  150  to  500  feet,  and  the  more  deeply  buried  strata  have 
seldom  been  pierced. 

The  deepest  well  in  the  province  was  bored  at  Memphis,  in  search 
for  a deep  seated  supply  of  water  for  the  city.  This  well  stopped  in 
the  Selma  clay  at  a depth. of  1,147  The  following  log  of  thfs 

hole,  taken  from  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Water-Supply  Paper  No. 
164,  by  L.  C.  Glenn,  shows  the  character  and  thickness  of  the  material 
penetrated : 


Log  of  Well  No.  Jog,  Memphis,  Tenn. 

[Elevation,  238  feet.] 


Material  Penetrated 


Yellow  clay 

Hard  brown  clay. . 

Slig-htly  soft  brown  clay 

Gravel  and  sand 

Soft  brown  clay  and  sand 

Slightly  hard  brown  clay 

Stiff  blue  clay 

Soft  blue  clay .... 

Stiff  blue  clay  and  sand 

Soft  brown  clay  and  sand 

Very  hard  brown  cla}’- 

Hard  reddish  clay 

Hard  blue  clay 

Soft  blue  clay.  

Stiff  blue  clay 

Soft  brown  clay 

Slig-htl3^  hard  brown  clay 

Stiff  brown  clay 

Hard  brown  clay 

Very  hard  brown  cla3’^ 

Hard  brown  clay 

Slig-htly  hard  blue  cla^^ 

Hard  blue  clay 

Sandy  blue  clay 

Fine  sand  and  clay 

Fine  sand 

Fine  sand  and  lumps  of  blue  clay. . . . 
Coarse  sand  and  lumps  of  blue  claj'. . 

Soft  blue  cla3’^ 

Sandy  blue  clay 

Fine  sand  and  clay 

Sandy  blue  clay 


lickness 

Feet 

Depth 

Feet 

27 

27 

10 

37 

8.4 

45.4 

4 

49.4 

14 

63.4 

12.5 

75.9 

3 

78.9 

4.4 

83.3 

2.6 

85.9 

1 

86.9 

2 

88.9 

1.5 

90.4 

15.5 

105.9 

15.1 

121 

1 

122 

4 

126 

1.3 

127.3 

1 

128.3 

1 

129.3 

5.7 

135 

61 

196 

18 

214 

9 

223 

53 

276 

27 

303 

35 . 4 

338.4 

41.6 

380 

10 

390 

17 

407 

10 

417 

15 

432 

13 

445 

2-E 


Oil  and  Gas  in  Tennessee. 


37 


Log  of  Well  No,  log,  Memphis,  Term. — (Conlinued). 


Material  Penetrated 

Thickness 

Feet 

DepUi 

Feet 

Find  sand  and  clav - 

7 

452 

Sandy  blue  clay 

22 

474 

Fine  sand 

26 

476.6 

Sand3’’  blue  clay 

6.6 

483.2 

Fine  sand 

.8 

484 

Coarse  sand  and  clay 

6 

490 

Soft  blue  clay 

2.3 

492.3 

Clay  and  sand 

17.7 

510 

Ver}’’  fine  sand 

25 

535 

Very  fine  sand  and  clay 

38.2 

573.2 

Very  fine  sand 

16.8 

590 

Very  coarse  sand  with  lig'nite 

8 

598 

L/ig'nite,  pyrite  and  clay 

2 

600 

Very  fine  sand  and  lignite 

Soft  white  clay 

Very  fine  sand 

Hard  brown  clay  

Fine  white  sand 

195 

17 

53 

31 

30 

795 

812 

865 

896 

926 

Hard  brown  clay 

24 

950 

Fine  sand 

50 

1,000 

Stiff  brown  clay 

25.6 

1,025.6 

1,026.1 

Very  hard,  substantial  rock 

.5 

Very  stiff  blue  clay 

Very  hard  clay 

27.9 

93.5 

1,054 

1,147.5 

At  Selmer,  McNairy  County,  a well  was  bored  expressly  for  oil  by 
the  Acacia  Development  Company  of  Buffalo,  New  York,  in  1904.  This 
hole  reached  a depth  of  about  800  feet  without  finding  indications  of 
either  oil  or  gas.  This  is  believed  to  be  the  only  test  made  for  oil  and 
gas  in  western  Tennessee. 


TENNESSEE  AS  A FUTURE  OIL  AND  GAS  PRODUCING 

STATE. 

Middle  Tennessee.  I 

From  the  facts  already  pointed  out,  there  is  very  probably  an 
enormous  quantity  of  oil  scattered  through  the  rocks  of  Middle  Ten- 
nessee. The  testing  tends  to  show  that  most  of  this  is  in  pools  too  small 
to  be  of  commercial  value.  The  wells  drilled  to  date  are  so  few  and 
irregularly  distributed  over  the  probable  oil  and  gas  territory  that  they 
are  of  little  value  as  a guide  to  the  possibilities  of  the  region.  In  comi- 
parison  with  the  oil  and  gas  fields  of  Pennsylvania,  southeastern  Ohio 
and  West  Virginia,  the  reservoir  rocks  of  Tennessee  are  generally  few 
in  number  and  of  very  inferior  quality.  Both  the  limestones  and  sand- 
stones of  Middle  Tennessee  seem  to  be  too  hard  and  compact  to  offer 


38 


Oil  and  (Jas  in  Tennessee. 


good  re])Ositories  for  oil  and  gas  accumulation.  So  far  as  known,  no 
])Ools  have  been  found'  in  porous  limestones,  the  oil  and  gas  found 
in  these  rocks  coming  from  crevices.  The  oil-bearing  sandstones 
are  apparently  quite  rare,  and  are  usually  of  very  local  extent  and  too 
hard  and  fine  grained  to  make  good  reservoirs.  On  the  whole,  the  lack 
of  open,  porous  beds  of  sandstone  and  limestone  at  suitable  depths  over* 
this  region  is  the  most  unfavorable  indication  noted.  Structurally,  so 
far  as  known,  the  rocks  compare  favorably  with  those  of  the  oil  and 
gas  fields  of  Pennsylvania,  Ohio  and  West  Virginia,  being  very  similar 
to  them. 

Best  Areas  for  Testing. — Until  a large  amount  of  detailed  geologic 
work  is  done  in  Middle  Tennessee,  only  general  suggestions  for  test- 
ing can  be  made.  From  what  is  known,  the  most  favorable  place  for 
large  accumulations  of  oil  and'  gas  seems  to  be  the  northern  half  of 
the  Cumberland  plateau.  The  fact  that  there  are  better  chances  of 
good  reservoir  rocks  being  found  here,  especially  those  above  the 
Chattanooga  shale ; and  also  because  this  broad  synclinorium  is  trav- 
ersed by  several  broad,  low  anticlines  of  sufficient  prominence  to  fur- 
nish good  structural  conditions,  favor  this  region.  The  wells  drilled 
in  this  territory,  at  Winfield,  Rugby  and  Jamestown,  by  no  means 
condemn  it,  and  if  good  reservoir  rocks  exist  here,  there  is  no  apparent 
geologic  reason  why  large  pools  may  not  be  found.  First  tests  here 
should  be  located  on  the  axes  of  broad,  low  anticlines  where  the  dip  is 
not  less  than  150  or  more  than  350  feet  to  the  mile.  The  wells  should 
penetrate  to  about  300  feet  below  the  Chattanooga  shale. 

Many  small  though  valuable  accumulations  of  oil  and  gas  are 
probably  present  in  creviced  limestones  of  the  Highland  plateau,  and 
in  the  southern  part  of  the  Cumberland  plateau.  This  source  of  sup- 
ply will  eventually  prove  profitable  when  the  greater  fields  of  the 
United  States  are  exhausted. 

Taken  as  a whole,  the  Central  basin  will  probably  prove  by  far  the 
poorest  territory  for  paying  oil  and  gas  pools  in  Middle  Tennessee. 

Western  Tennessee. 

There  is  no  way  of  determining  the  relative  value  of  the  different 
areas  in  Western  Tennessee,  except  by  the  drill.  From  the  generalized 
geologic  section  on  Plate  I,  it  will  be  noted  that  the  Cretaceous  rocks 
lie  unconformably  upon  the  eroded  surface  of  the  Paleozoic  rocks 
which,  to  the  east,  outcrop  in  the  Flighlands  and  Central  basin.  Such 
an  arrangement  of  the  strata  is  favorable  for  the  accumulation  of  oil 


Oil  and  (Ias  in  I^icnni'.sskic. 


39 


2- 1C 

and  gas  in  the  basal  member  of  the  Cretaceous  at  ])laces  where  it  is 
an  open  porous  sand  lying*  in  contact  with  the  Paleozoic  rocks. 

The  Cretaceous  rocks  in  portions  of  the  Gulf  Coastal  plain  in  Louis- 
iana, Texas,  and  Mexico  have  furnished  large  quantities  of  oil  and 
gas,  where  they  are  not  in  contact  with  older  oil  bearing  rocks,  and  it 
is  possible  that  the  Cretaceous  rocks  in  Tennessee  may  be  the  source 
of  oil  and  gas.  If  this  is  true,  the  open  porous  sands  of  the  Ripley 
and  Eutaw  formations  should  furnish  excellent  reservoirs,  and  with 
favorable  structural  conditions  over  this  region,  large  pools  may  have 
accumulated. 

Best  Areas  for  Testing. — Though  no  direct  data  are  available 
relative  to  the  structure  of  the  Paleozoic  rocks  of  this  province,  the 
surface  beds  are  known  to  dip  slightly  and  uniformly  to  the  west. 
The  general  structure  of  the  region,  nature  of  the  rocks,  position  of 
the  unconformity  between  the  Cretaceous  and  older  rocks,  and  the 
water  conditions  in  the  outcropping  beds  tend  to  favor  that  portion 
of  the  province  where  the  Paleozoic  floor  can  be  touched  at  depths  of 
1,500  feet  or  more  from  the  surface.  If  any  preference  can  be  made, 
a belt  of  territory  fifteen  or  twenty  miles  wide  along  the  western  side 
of  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  south  from  Jackson  to  the  State  line 
may  be  considered  the  best  area  for  testing.  Any  wells  sunk  for  oil  or 
gas  in  this  region  should  penetrate  to  the  hard  Paleozoic  rocks  re- 
gardless of  water  conditions  in  the  overlying  beds. 


40 


Oil  and  Gas  in  Tennessee. 


APPENDIX  A. 

Recent  Drilling  for  Oil  and  Gas  at  Memphis. 


By  Geo.  H.  Ashley. 


The  preceding  oil  and  gas  report  was  prepared  in  the  summer  im- 
mediately following  the  field  work  by  Mr.  Munn.  Its  publication  was 
delayed  upon  the  completion  of  the  maps  and  some  modifications  made 
afterward.  Meanwhile  information  has  come  to  hand  of  drilling  being 
done  on  Hen  and  Chicken  Island  near  Memphis,  but  reports  of  the 
wells  were  not  obtained  until  this  report  was  in  page  proof.  Accord- 
ingly this  data  has  been  prepared  as  an  appendix. 

' Three  wells  have  been  put  down  by.  the  Memphis  Natural  Gas  & 
Oil  Company,  and  President  Dutro,  of  that  company,  has  furnished 
the  following  report  of  wells  Nos.  i and  3 : 

Well  Record  No.  /,  Overton  Lease. 


Rock  Thickness  Depth 

1 Gray  sand 35  35 

2 Clay 3 38 

3 Gas  sand 20  58 

4 Blue  g-umbo 4 62 

4 Fine  gray  sand 43  105 

5 Fine  gfravel. . 4 109 

6 Coarse  gravel. 12  121 

7 White  sand 4 125 

8 Clay  and  lignite 130  255 

9 Gray  W.  B.  sand  and  lignite  (10"  pipe) 221  476 

10  Blue  clay  (chunks) 70  546 

11  Gray  sand  and  lignite 154  710 

12  Gray  coarse  water  sand  (8"  pipe) 45  755 

13  Gray  sand  and  lignite  (880') • • 225  980 

Blue  clay  (no  sample) 155  1,135 

14  Brown  sand  (good  showing  of  oil) 10  1,145 

15  Black  gas  sand  (gas  and  oil  showing) 12  1,157 

16  Cemented  rockland  gravel 1 1,158 

17  Gas  sand  (6") 24  1,182 

18  Blue  rock 2'8"  1,184 

Green  clay 3 1,187 

19  Brown  clay 7 1,194 

20  Lignite 3 1,197 

Lignite 2 1,199 


2-E 


Oil  and  (iAS  in  Ti':nni-:sski-:. 


41 


Rock  ■ Tliickiicss 

21  Blue  clay 33 

22  Fine  sand 10 

23  Green  clay 23 

24  Hard  cla}' 45 

25  Fine  sand 4 

26  Gumbo 20 

27  Fine  sand 27 

28  Gumbo 8 

*29  Artesian  sand  (4"  pipe) 230 

30  Clay 86 

31  Fine  sand 9 

32  Clay 16 

33  Blue  rock 5 

34  Fine  sand 3 

35  Clay 38 

36  Fine  sand 17 

37  Clay 8 

38  Fine  sand 9 

39  Gumbo 13 


Rock  (supposed  to  be  cap  rock,  no  sample,  strong  oil 
showing). 


Depth 
1,222 
1,232 
1,255 
1,300 
1,304 
1,324 
1,351 
1,359 
1,589 
1,675 
1,684 
1,700 
1, 705 
1,708 
1,746 
1,763 


1,780 
1,793 '8" 


Record  of  Well  JNo.  j,  Glasscock  and  Bennett  Lease. 
Rock  • Thickness 


Clay  and  sand 

Gumbo 

22 

5 

White  sand 

3 

Blue  clay 

5 

Gas 

White  sand 

7 

White  sand 

21 

Gas 

Blue  sand  and  clay 

3 

Blue  sand  and  clay. . . . 

44 

White  sand 

19 

Fine  gas  sand 

6 

Blue  clay 

27 

Fine  white  sand 

. . 164 

Fine  art  sand 

. . 100 

B.  C.  shale 

6 

Fine  brown  sand 

62 

Blue  cla^’^ 

12 

Coarse  art  sand 

5 

Bl.  shale  and  gumbo. . 

. . 71 

Containing  gas 

Fine  sand 

11 

Blue  clay  and  gumbo . . 

97 

Gas  and  oil  showing 

Hard  gumbo 

99 

Fine  brown  sand 

84 

Gas  and  oil  showing 

Gas  sand  

. . 66 

Strong  gas  and  oil  showing 

Clay 

18 

Depth 

22 

27 

30 

35 

42 

63 

66 

110 

129 

135 

162 

326 

426 

432 

492 

506 

511 

582 

593 

690 

712 

796 

862 

880 


Porous  oily  rock.  Very  strong  gas  and  oil  showing  penetrated  this 
formation  13 '2". 


42 


Oil  and  Gas  in  Tennessee. 


Well  No.  I passed  through  155  feet  of  blue  clay  between  980  feet 
and  1,135  feet.  Apparently  this  is  the  Porter’s  Creek  clay;  then  comes 
sand,  clay  and  lignite,  the  sand  predominating,  to  1,589  feet,  or  for  a 
thickness  of  454  feet.  As  clays  predominate  below,  and  as  this  is 
about  the  thickness  of  the  Ripley  formation,  it  may  be  assumed  to  rep- 
resent that  formation ; below  would  come  the  Selma  clay,  and  as  that 
formation  has  a thickness  of  300  to  400  feet  to  the  east,  it  would  ap- 
pear that  the  well  stopped  in  that  formation.  The  Selma  clay  is  a light 
leaden  gray  or  greenish  clay  when  dry,  and  somewhat  darker  when  wet. 
It  will  be  noted  that  of  the  204  feet  of  strata  at  the  bottom  of  the  well 
below  1,589  feet  all  but  43  feet  are  clay. 

As  many  inquiries  have  come  to  this  Survey  in  the  last  few  months 
in  regard  to  the  possibility  of  getting  oil  and  gas  in  Shelby  and  Tipton 
counties,  and  as  the  possibility  of  finding  oil  and  gas  in  that  area  is 
doubtless  largely  inspired  by  the  successful  results  attending  drilling- 
in  Louisiana  and  Texas,  it  may  be  well  to  consider  briefly  the  condi- 
tions found  in  these  states,  and  their  bearing  of  the  problem  of  oil  and 
gas  in  southwest  Tennessee. 

It  may  be  noted  that  oil  and  gas  occur  in  Louisiana  and  Texas  in 
two  very  distinct  ways.  In  the  first  the  oil  and  gas  has  accumulated 
on  top  of  a saline  dome,  as  at  Spindle  Top,  where  large  quantities  of 
oil  and  gas  have  been  highly  concentrated  in  a very  small  area,  usually 
not  more  than  a few  hundred  acres,  and  all  of  the  surrounding  country 
is  barren.  In  the  other  the  oil  and  gas  occur  widespread  in  certain 
strata  of  distinct  geologic  age. 

The  work  of  the  Louisiana  State  and  the  U.  S.  Geological  Surveys 
has  appeared  to  show  that  these  salt  domes  occur  along  definite  fault 
lines,  or  more  particularly  where  different  fault  lines  cross.  Apparent- 
ly the  dome  has  been  formed  by  supersaturated  salt  waters  rising 
through  the  crevice  to  a certain  point  in  the  rocks  where  they  begin  to 
deposit  the  salt  and  the  crystallizing  salt  exerts  an  uplifting  force  suf- 
ficient to  raise  the  overlying  strata  to  form  the  dome.  In  some  cases  the 
salt  actually  reaches  the  surface,  in  others  it  is  buried  to  only  a slight 
depth,  and  in  still  others  the  top  of  the  dome  may  be  a thousand  feet  or 
more  deep,  and  the  dome  of  rock  salt  itself  a thousand  or  more  feet  in 
thickness.  In  these  cases  the  doming  of  the  rocks  has  appeared  to  form 
very  favorable  spots  for  the  accumulation  of  the  oil  and  gas,  and  when 
pierced  by  the  well  such  domes  often  yield  great  quantities  of  these 


2-E  Oil  and  (Ias  in  Tennesskk.  43 

substances,  though  usually  only  for  a short  period  of  time.  At  the 
surface  these  salt  domes  are  usually  recognized  hy  a slight  mound 
above  the  surrounding  prairie  or  flat  land.  Usually  the  mound  is  not 
more  than  fifteen  or  twenty  feet  high.  On  the  other  hand,  in  some  cases, 
instead  of  a dome  or  mound,  a salt  dome  is  indicated  hy  a depression, 
possibly  due  to  the  dissolving  of  the  salt,  at  the  top,  and  settling  of  the 
land  at  that  point.  In  addition  to  the  topographic  character  most  of 
these  domes  have  given  a distinct  indication  of  oil  and  gas  in  what  are 
known  as  gas  hubbies,  asphaltic  “sea  wax,”  or  sour  water  or  dirt. 
Commonly,  too,  there  is  an  escape  of  sulphurous  water.  Where  the 
dome  of  salt  actually  reaches  the  surface,  it,  of  course,  makes  a salt 
lick,  and  may  be  recognized  in  that  way.  As  before  stated,  these  salt 
domes  have  yielded  large  quantities  of  oil  and  gas  over  a very  small 
area;  in  some  cases  the  production  has  reached  10,000  barrels  or  more 
a day  for  months;  but  wells  sunk  a short  distance  from  the  dome  are 
unproductive.  It  is  stated  that  actual  experience  has  shown  that  the 
circle  of  influence  of  each  saline  uplift  may  be  drawn  with  a radius 
scarcely  over  a mile  in  length  and  generally  far  less,  and  outside  of 
that  circle  no  oil  need  be  looked  for  until  the  next  dome  is  encountered. 

The  Caddo  held,  however,  is  an  illustration  of  the  other  type  of  oil 
and  gas  occurrence  in  that  region  in  which  apparently  they  are  not 
associated  with  salt  domes.  In  these  cases  the  oil  and  gas  appear  to 
be  found  in  sandstones  or  sandy  layers  interbedded  with  impervious 
clay  layers,  and  the  oil  and  gas  appear  to  be  found  almost,  if  not  quite 
always,  on  the  crest  of  anticlines  or  folds  of  the  rocks  containing  the 
oil.  The  sandstones  or  sands  yielding  the  oil  are  of  Tertiary  or 
Cretaceous  age,  but  probably  most  of  the  oil,  and  gas  as  well,  has  come 
from  the  Cretaceous  rocks.  In  a generalized  section  of  the  Caddo 
held  it  may  be  noted  that  the  bulk  of  the  gas  now  being  obtained  from 
that  held  comes  from  near  the  top  of  the  Upper  Cretaceous,  while 
most  of  the  oil  comes  from  the  base  of  the  Upper  Cretaceous.  If  the 
corresponding  strata  of  Tennessee  were  oil  or  gas  bearing,  we  should 
expect  to  hnd  oil  or  gas  in  the  Ripley  formation  or  at  the  base  of  the 
Selma. 

In  the  No.  i well  at  Memphis  a good  showing  of  oil  and  gas  is 
reported  near  the  top  of  the  Ripley,  and  a strong  oil  showing  at  the 
bottom  of  the  well.  As  stated  previously,  well  No.  i probably  did  not 
reach  the  bottom  of  the  Selma  clay.  It  is  barely  possible,  therefore, 
that  had  it  gone  further  it  might  have  found  oil  or  gas  nearer  the  base 


44 


Ojl  and  Gas  in  Tennesske. 


of  that  formation,  corresponding  in  position  with  the  lower  oil  sand  of 
the  Caddo  field.  In  the  Caddo  field,  however,  there  is  more  than 
merely  the  occurrence  of  oil  in  sand.  Leveling  to  the  wells,  and  a care- 
ful study  of  the  elevation  al)ove  sea  level  of  certain  strata  which  could 
be  recognized  in  the  wells,  has  indicated  that  the  rocks  in  that  field  are 
folded  into  rather  distinct  anticlines  and  synclines,  and  it  has  been 
found  that  the  oil  and  gas  occur  on  the  anticlines.  These  minor  folds 
with  which  the  oil  and  gas  are  associated  apparently  cannot  be  recog- 
nized at  the  surface,  but  are  only  recognized  by  a detailed  study  of  the 
well  records.  Mention  is  made  of  the  fact  that  in  that  region  there 
are  numerous  small  mounds  scattered  over  the  ground,  though  whether 
these  mounds  have  any  connection  whatever  with  the  occurrence  of 
the  oil  and  gas  is  uncertain.  These  mounds  have  been  the  subject  of 
much  study  by  many  people  for  several  years,  and  no  satisfactory  ex- 
planation of  their  occurrence  has  yet  been  made. 

Coming  back  to  Tennessee,  this  Survey  has  made  no  detailed  field 
examinations  of  the  conditions  in  southwest  Tennessee  to  learn  if  any 
evidences  exist  there  of  the  presence  of  salt  domes.  From  a general 
study  of  their  distribution  in  Louisiana  and  Texas,  it  does  not  appear 
probable  that  they  exist  in  Tennessee,”  and  until  their  presence  has  been 
demonstrated  they  will  be  assumed  absent. 

The  principal  gas  and  oil-bearing  rocks  of  the  Caddo  field  appear 
to  correspond  to  the  upper  part  of  the  Ripley  formation  and  the  base 
of  the  Selma  clay.  In  No.  i well,  near  Memphis,  a show  of  oil  and 
gas  is  reported  at  what  is  considered  to  be  the  top  of  the  Ripley.  If 
the  identification  of  the  top  of  the  Selma  clay  is  correct,  it  would  seem 
probable  that  that  well  did  not  reach  the  bottom  of  the  Selma,  though 
possibly  coming  within  a few  hundred  feet  of  its  base.  Whether  oil 
or  gas  would  have  been  struck  had  the  well  penetrated  to  the  base  of 
the  formation  is  entirely  unknown. 

Bearing  on  that  point,  it  may  be  noted  that  in  the  first  place  the  oil 
in  the  Tertiary  and  Cretaceous  rocks  occurs  usually  in  sands  or  sand- 
stones. In  the  second  place,  a study  of  the  records  of  adjoining  wells 
as  well  as  the  outcrops  shows  that  the  sandstones  are  lenses,  often  of 
very  limited  extent.  This  is  readily  seen  by  comparison  of  the  records 
of  wells  Nos.  1 and  3.  In  the  third  place,  experience  has  shown  that 
because  a sandstone  lense  or  bed  at  a certain  horizon  carries  oil  or  gas  it 
is  not  proof  that  it  will  carry  them  at  some  other  place,  tliough  tlie  fact 


2-1^ 


Oir.  AND  Gas  in  Tknni<:sski<:. 


45 

that  they  have  been  found  at  one  place  »ives  an  element  of  possibility 
to  their  being  found  at  some  other  place  at  the  same  horizon. 

This  Survey  has  been  frequently  asked,  what  are  the  chances  of 
striking  oil  and  gas  in  West  Tennessee  ? Up  to  the  present  that  part  of 
the  State  has  not  been  tested  with  any  thoroughness.  A few  wells  have 
been  put  down,  most  or  all  of  which  have  found  shows  of  oil  and  gas. 
But  as  far  as  the  writer  has  learned,  not  a dollar’s  worth  of  oil  has 
actually  been  obtained  and  sold  from  any  of  them.  Had  one  hundred 
wells  been  put  down  and  sixty  of  them  struck  oil  in  paying  quantities, 
we  should  reply  that  the  chances  were  six  out  of  ten;  if  only  forty 
had  ‘‘struck  oil,”  we  would  consider  the  chances  four  out  of  ten;  if 
only  ten  wells,  we  would  say  one  chance  in  ten ; if  only  one  well  in  one 
hundred,  we  should  say  there  were  ninety-nine  chances  to  loose  to  one 
to  win.  When,  as  in  this  case,  not  a single  well  has  yet  struck  commer- 
cial oil,  there  is  no  basis  for  actual  figures,  unless  the  area  be  enlarged 
until  it  includes  some  area  of  producing  wells.  But  in  West  Tennessee 
so  few  wells  have,  up  to  the  present,  been  drilled,  the  fact  that  none 
of  them  have  “struck  oil”  is  itself  of  only  negative  value,  and  should 
not  weigh  against  the  possibility  of  future  success. 

With  our  present  knowledge  of  the  occurrence  of  oil  and  gas  in 
Louisiana  and  Texas,  it  would  seem;  (i)  that  oil  and  gas  probably 
exist  in  commercial  quantities  in  the  Tertiary  and  Cretaceous  rocks  of 
West  Tennessee;  (2)  that  such  pools,  if  they  exist,  are  probably  quite 
small;  (3)  that  wells  striking  oil  there  will  probably  be  small  produc- 
ers, as  compared  with  the  gushers  of  Texas  and  Louisiana,  but  of 
greater  length  of  life  than  those;  (4)  that  until  pools  have  actually 
been  located  and  defined  nine  out  of  ten  or  possibly  ninety-nine  out  of 
a hundred  wells  may  be  unproductive,  and  the  cost  of  their  sinking  of 
no  value  except  as  showing  the  lack  of  oil  and  gas,  though  their  rec- 
ords, if  carefully  kept,  may  have  some  value  in  interpreting  the  under- 
ground conditions,  particularly  after  oil  has  been  struck. 

On  the  whole,  therefore,  it  must  be  frankly  stated  that  at  the  pres- 
ent time,  the  striking  of  oil  in  WTst  Tennessee  is  a gamble  in  which  no 
one  should  invest  who  cannot  afford  to  sink  nine  wells  or  ninety-nine 
wells  and  lose  without  missing  the  money.  He  may  not  have  to  sink 
that  many  before  he  wins,  or  he  may  not  win  at  all,  even  though  he 
sink  ninety-nine  wells.  Of  course,  if  he  does  strike  oil,  he  may  be  able 
to  pay  for  the  ninety-nine  other  wells  and  still  make  money.  It  is  this 


46 


Oil  and  Gas  in  Tennessee. 


one  chance  that  makes  the  game  attractive  to  the  man  who  can  af- 
ford it. 

After  oil  has  once  been  struck  in  quantity,  the  problem  may  change, 
and  as  has  been  the  case  elsewhere,  a study  of  the  conditions  under 
which  the  oil  is  found  to  occur  will  generally  lead  to  other  successful 
wells  and  ultimately  to  a full  knowledge  of  the  field. 

In  conclusion,  the  writer  might  add  to  the  statement  of  Mr.  Munn, 
that  this  bulletin  is  only  a preliminary  overlook  of  the  field,  involving 
no  actual  field  surveys.  But  it  is  planned  to  follow  it  in  probably  one 
or  two  years  by  a more  complete  report,  dealing  with  the  oil  and  gas 
problem  in  this  State,  based  not  only  on  the  data  already  collected,  but 
on  much  additional  data  which  it  is  hoped  to  obtain,  and  giving  general 
conclusions  as  far  as  possible. 


BULLETIN  2-0 


f 


% 


“N/VEfis 


i'fv  w 


<-wk-  '\  \ 
■!"-i 

:'.V' 

ai', 


■t  "i 


y 


f.' 


i 


t 


. -j.  A. 


■■  \ 


Plate 


Lead  Mine  Bend  Zinc  Qnarry,  New  Prospect  Mine.  Fig.  2.  Lead  Mine  Bend  Zinc  Quarry,  New  Prospect  Mine. 


2-G 


STATE  OF  TENNESSEE— STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 

GEORGE  H.  ASHLEY,  State  Geologist 


ZINC  MINING  IN  TENNESSEE 


BY 

SAMUEL  W.  OSGOOD 

KNOXVILLE,  TENN. 


EXTRACT  (G)  FROM  BULLETIN  NO.  2,  “PRELIMINARY  PAPERS 
ON  THE  MINERAL  RESOURCES  OF  TENNESSEE.” 


NASHVILLE 

FOLK-KEELIN  PRINTING  COMPANY' 

1910 


CONTENTS 


Page 

General  description  of  the  district 5 

Character  of  ore 6 

Former  methods  of  working 7 

The  present  operations  in  the  district 8 

Successful  milling  of  Tennessee  zinc  ores  fully  proven 13 

The  smelting  of  Tennessee  zinc  ores  in  Tennessee 15 

Some  of  the  principal  articles  on  zinc  in  Tennessee 18 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


Page 

Plate  I,  Fig.  1.  Lead  Mine  Bend  Zinc  Quarry.  New  Prospect  Mine 1 

Fig.  2.  Lead  Mine  Bend  Zinc  Quarry.  New  Prospect  Mine 1 

Plate  II,  Fig.  1.  The  Holston  Mill  at  Flat  Creek 9 

Fig.  2.  The  Holston  Mine  Shaft 9 

Plate  III,  Fig.  1.  The  Grasselli  Chemical  Co.’s  Zinc  Quarry,  Newmarket, 

. Tenn 10 

Fig.  2.  The  Graselli  Chemical  Co.’s  Zinc  Quarry,  showing  car- 
bonate ore  digging 10 

Plate  IV,  Fig.  1.  Mossy  Creek  Zinc  Quarry,  at  Jefiferson  City,  Tenn.,  of  • 
the  Fades,  Mixter  & Heald  Zinc  Co.,  now  controlled 

by  the  Osgood  Exploration  Co 12 

Fig.  2.  The  Branner  Zinc  Mine  and  Carson-Newman  College 
Zinc  Mine  (looking  from  the  Mossy  Creek  Mine), 
controlled  by  the  Osgood  Exploration  Co.,  at  Jeffer- 
son City,  Tenn.-- 12 


ZINC  MINING  IN  TENNESSEE 


By  Samuel  W.  Osgood. 


GENERAL  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  DISTRICT. 

The  zinc  district  of  East  Tennessee  was  mapped  in  the  years  of  1896 
to  1901,  and  is  described  in  folios  issued  by  the  United  States  Geologi- 
cal Survey  at  that  time.  The  position  of  the  mines  and  mineral  belts 
here  described  is  indicated  on  the  map  accompanying  the  part  of  Bul- 
letin 2,  dealing  with  marble.  (Bulletin  2-D.)  The  maps  show  the 
district  in  general  to  consist  of  three  nearly  parallel  zinc  belts,  40  to  50 
miles  long,  and  about  20  miles  apart.  These  belts  are  each  only  a few 
hundred  feet  wide,  and  extend  in  a northeast-southwest  direction,  fol- 
lowing the  general  strike  of  the  Appalachian  system  of  folds  and 
faults. 

The  ores  are  contained  in  the  Knox  dolomite,  a formation  belonging, 
in  part,  to  the  Silurian  and  in  part  to  the  Cambrian  series.  In  places 
local  disturbances  have  given  rise  to  cross-fissure  zones  of  fracture. 
In  these  zones  are  the  richest  ore  bodies.  The  ores  are  sulphides  and 
they  occur  in  the  filling  of  the  fracture  zone  or  breccia,  combined  with 
calcite  and  dolomite  and  not  in  the  rock.  No  barytes  is  present  in 
these  ores.  Where  the  clay  and  sand  of  the  surface  is  20  to  30  feet 
thick,  carbonates  and  silicates  are  found  to  overlie  the  sulphide  ores. 

The  central  belt  occupies  the  valley  of  the  Holston  River,  and  is 
called  the  Holston  Valley  zinc  belt.  This  belt  has  ores  containing 
zinc  with  no  lead  and  less  than  0.5  per  cent  iron.  The  more  northerly 
ore  bodies,  near  the  Powell  River,  and  the  southerly  belt,  near  the 
French  Broad  River,  carry  both  iron  and  lead. 

The  ore  bodies  along  the  northerly  belt,  which  include  the  district  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  Powell  River,  the  Clinch  River,  and  between  these 
two  rivers,  near  the  city  of  New  Tazewell,  in  Claiborne  County,  and 
in  Union  County,  are  extremely  large.  The  ores  are  a compact 
“blende,”  or  what  is  called  zinc  sulphide,  being  mined  frequently  in 
huge  blocks  several  feet  thick,  assaying  45  to  50  per  cent  zinc.  This 
ore,  however,  is  extremely  difficult  to  mill,  but  makes  a good  smelting 
ore. 

As  is  shown  from  the  photographs  of  the  New  Prospect  Mine  (Plate 
I),  the  open  quarries,  where  this  ore  has  been  mined,  are  very  ex- 
tensive. 


6 


Zinc  Mining  in  Tennessee. 


Straight  Creek  Mine,  near  Tazewell,  and  other  mines  along  this 
same  belt  all  have  bodies  of  high-grade  zinc  “blende,”  which  is  of  the 
same  nature  as  the  above  ores,  carrying  a little  iron  in  the  form  of 
pyrite,  which,  added  to  its  complex  milling,  also  makes  it  difficult  for 
smelting  for  the  purpose  of  making  spelter  or  merchant  zinc.  How- 
ever, this  ore  could  be  smeltered  very  successfully  in  a furnace  for  the 
purpose  of  making  zinc  white  paint. 

The  southerly  belt  of  ore,  which  lies  near  the  French  Broad  River, 
and  which  has  been  opened  at  Leadvale,  near  White  Pine,  and  Dan- 
dr  idge,  in  Jefferson  County,  has  a complex  mixture  of  lead  and  zinc, 
which  is  combined  in  such  a fine  grained  intimate  mixture  as  to  make 
the  milling  of  it  impracticable,  but  which  ores  when  found  in  suf- 
ficiently large  bodies  would  make  excellent  ore  for  smelting  in  a zinc 
white  paint  furnace. 

Both  the  northerly  belt  and  the  southerly  belt  have  lead,  and  some 
iron  with  the  zinc  in  the  ore.  It  is  with  the  central  belt  that  this  article 
is  principally  concerned,  for  on  this  belt  are  the  most  extensive  opera- 
tions, owing  to  accessibility  to  the  railway,  and  to  the  simple  nature  of 
the  ores,  which  are  more  easily  treated.  The  Tennessee  Valley  ores, 
which  occur  near  Knoxville,  have  no  lead  nor  iron  in  them,  and  have* 
an  established  reputation  for  being  chemically  pure  for  this  reason. 

The  Holston  Valley  zinc  belt  is  about  40  miles  long,  in  a northeast- 
southwest  direction,  and  from  50  to  700  feet  wide.  Knoxville  is  about 
in  the  center  of  the  belt.  The  Southern  Railway’s  double-track  line 
between  Bristol  and  Chattanooga  traverses  almost  the  entire  length  of 
the  belt,  hauling  large  amounts  of  Tennessee  coal  from  near  Knoxville 
to  the  coast. 

CHARACTER  OF  ORE.  • 

Carbonate  ores  have  been  shipped  from  the  district  for  many  years. 
They  occur  in  a bed  of  red  and  yellow  clay  overlying  the  dolomite 
containing  the  yellowish  blende.  The  shipments  of  carbonates  have 
been  spasmodic,  and  the  future  of  the  district  will  no  doubt  depend 
largely  on  the  success  of  treating  the  sulphide  ores. 

The  East  Tennessee  zinc  ores,  while  remarkable  for  their  chemical 
purity  and  freedom  from  the  undesirable  iron  and  lead  minerals  usually 
found  in  zinc  ores,  have  never  until  recently  been  of  much  commercial 
importance,  owing  to  the  low  grade  of  the  ore  and  the  methods  of 
milling.  Actual  results  have  shown  that  the  cause  for  the  lack  of 
success  was  the  small  daily  capacity  of  the  plants,  the  hand-sorting  of 
the  ores  bringing  the  cost  per  fon  of  ore  treated  to  an  abnormally 
high  figure.  The  crude  method  of  building  the  mills  also  made  steady 


Zinc  Mining  in  Ticnnksskh. 


7 


(.laily  operation  over  long'  ])erio(ls  impossible  1)ecanse  of  frecpient  and 
costly  repairs. 

The  blende,  while  in  large  bodies  of  a brecciated  rock,  occurs  in 
bunches  or  small  seams  as  a filling  in  the  breccia,  of  the  fissure  zone. 
The  ore  has  in  the  past  always  been  hand-sorted  to  give  a mill  feed 
assaying  from  8 to  12  per  cent  zinc.  Recently,  however,  it  is  thought 
to  have  been  demonstrated  by  large  commercial  operations  that  the 
entire  brecciated  mass  can  be  mined  and  milled  on  a large  scale  in  a 
modern  concentrating  mill,  maintaining  a fair  grade  of  product. 

FORMER  METHODS  OF  WORKING. 

The  first  mining  and  milling  of  the  zinc  blende  ores  on  any  con- 
siderable scale  was  undertaken  by  the  Edes,  Mixter  and  Heald  Zinc 
Company,  in  1883,  at  Mossy  Creek,  Jefiferson  County.  This  first  mill 
was  erected  to  wash  the  dumps  of  blende  cobbed  from  the  carbonate 
ores,  and  was  so  successful  that  in  1885  an  80-ton  mill,  including 
crusher,  rolls  and  jigs,  was  erected.  This  mill  treated  hand-sorted  ore 
from  a large  quarry  for  several  years.  It  was  closed  in  the  panic  of 
1893,  but  was  reopened  by  the  John  Weir  Lead  & Zinc  Company  in 
1900,  and  operated  for  a few  months.  The  small  daily  capacity  and 
the  crude  equipment  brought  costs  per  ton  so  high  that  the  mill  was 
closed  after  a few  months. 

The  second  of  these  small  unsuitable  mills  was  erected  by  the  In- 
galls Zinc  Company,  about  ll4  miles  southeast  of  Newmarket,  in 
1898.  The  ore  was  quarried  from  near  the  surface.  Here,  again,  the 
ore  was  hand-sorted,  the  capacity  of  the  mill  being  small,  like  that  on 
Mossy  Creek.  The  ore  was  hand-sorted  to  about  a 12  ])er  cent  zinc 
before  milling,  and  a high-grade  concentrate  was  shipped,  but  the 
operating  costs  were  very  high  per  ton  of  ore  mined,  the  cause  being 
simply  the  inconvenient  methods  for  handling  too  small  a daily  tonnage. 

The  third  of  these  small  mills  was  built  by  the  Roseberry  Zinc 
Company,  about  Ij^  miles  west  of  Mascot,  in  1900.  This  mill  was  an 
advance  on  former  plants,  but  the  ore  was  still  hand-sorted  in  the 
quarry,  one  car  of  waste  being  secured  for  each  car  of  ore.  It  was 
one  of  the  inefficient,  old-style  Joplin  mills  of  small  capacity,  but  it 
shipped  many  carloads  of  high-grade  zinc  concentrates.  The  capacity 
was  low,  the  mill  inefficient,  and  poorly  built  for  continuous  operation  ; 
consequently  the  costs  again  were  too  high  for  commercial  economic 
results.  The  ore  was  mined  in  a quarry  at  first,  and  later  a shaft 
nearly  200  feet  deep  was  sunk,  and  mining  in  stopes  was  begun. 

The  fourth  of  these  small  mills  was  built  by  the  Holston  Zinc  Com- 


8 


Zinc  Mining  in  Tennessee. 


paiiy,  al)out  mile  west  of  Mascot,  in  1903,  and  this  was  another 
advance,  especially  in  the  development  of  a more  elaborate  jigging 
system.  This  mill  was,  however,  of  small  capacity,  and  the  ore  was  still 
hand-sorted  in  the  fpiarry.  In  1905  the  shaft  was  sunk  to  150  feet, 
and  underground  stope  mining  was  started  and  milling  was  done  with 
no  hand-sorting,  which  showed  another  advance.  At  this  time  daily 
capacity  of  the  mill  was  small,  the  operation  not  in  experienced  hands, 
and  the  costs  per  ton  relatively  high. 

The  Holston  Zinc  Company’s  mill,  shown  in  Plate  II,  Fig.  1,  was 
partially  re-equipped  in  1907  along  lines  suggested  by  A.  M.  Hewlett, 
the  President  of  the  company,  and  operated  under  the  writer’s  manage- 
ment. Mr.  Hewlett’s  untimely  death  in  1907  had  much  to  do  with 
the  Holston  Zinc  Company’s  failure  to  complete  the  re-equipment  of 
the  mill.  However,  the  plant  was  operated  in  its  incomplete  state  for 
several  months,  and  shipments  of  concentrates  were  made  on  a scale 
not  possible  before  that  time  in  the  East  Tennessee  zinc  districts. 
This  showed  at  once  the  correctness  of  Mr.  Hewlett’s  judgment  in 
demonstrating  on  a commercial  scale  that  all  it  required  to  make  a 
success  of  the  Tennessee  zinc,  ores  was  large  capacity  to  reduce  the 
‘‘per  ton”  cost,  a mill  elaborate  enough  to  obtain  the  zinc  in  the  ore 
and  of  a sufficiently  stable  construction  for  continuous  daily  operation. 
The  last  year’s  operations  on  the  Holston  zinc  belt  include,  besides 
those  of  the  Holston  Zinc  Company,  the  shipments  of  carbonate  ores 
and  prospecting  of  its  blende  ore  deposits  by  the  Newmarket  Zinc 
Company,  the  Grasselli  Chemical  Company,  the  Tennessee  Mineral 
Company,  and  the  Osgood  Exploration  Company. 

THE  PRESENT  OPERATIONS  IN  THE  DISTRICT. 

At  the  Holston  property  the  ore  is  mined  through  a shaft  (Plate  II, 
Eig.  2)  at  a depth  of  160  feet  in  large  stopes  50  to  75  feet  wide  and 
carried  to  a height  of  40  feet.  Another  level  has  been  started  above, 
and  drifts  have  been  started  to  allow  of  stoping  at  a considerable 
distance  from  the  shaft.  Mining  is  done  by  machine  drills,  operated 
by  compressed  air. 

In  this  mine  all  rock  is  taken  from  the  stopes  for  the  entire  width, 
no  hand-sorting  being  done.  All  ore  is  dumped  into  the  crushing  plant 
and  sent  from  there  to  the  mill.  The  mill  has  three  departments — a 
roughing  department,  from  which  a large  amount  of  waste  rock 
formerly  picked  out  by  hand  is  sent  to  the  tailings  dump,  and  both  a 
fine  and  coarse  finishing  department. 

The  Grasselli  Company,  whose  principal  office  is  at  Cleveland,  O., 


I 'I, AIK  II 


Fig.  1.  The  Holston  Mill  at  Flat  Creek. 


Fig.  2.  The  Holston  Mine  Shaft. 


Plate  111. 


Fig.  1.  The  Grasselli  Chemical  Company’s  Zinc  Quarry,  Newmarket,  Tenn. 


Fig.  2.  The  Grasselli  Chemical  Company’s  Zinc  Quarry,  Showing 
“Carbonate”  Ore  Diggings. 


Zinc  Mining  in  "J'knnksskk. 


]1 


has  taken  over  the  property  of  the  Newmarket  Zinc  Coin])any  ( Plate 
III,  h'ig-.  1 and  2),  and  has  shipped  some  95  carloads  of  carbonate  ores 
to  its  smelters,  under  the  able  management  of  Mr.  W.  A.  Underhill. 
This  ])roperty  has  now  been  operating-  over  a year,  and  is  one  of  the 
most  extensive  mining  operations  in  this  district.  They  mine  their 
ores  with  the  steam  shovel,  and  are  now  planning  an  extensive  enlarge- 
met  of  their  mill.  It  is  gratifying  to  have  such  well  known  zinc 
operators  taking  a hand  in  Tennessee  mining. 

The  Osgood  Exploration  Company,  of  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  has  taken 
over  a large  territory,  consisting  of  all  the  mines  of  the  old  Eades, 
]\Iixter  and  Heald  Zinc  Company,  and  some  other  properties,  including 
a lease  on  all  the  properties  of  the  Carson-Newman  College,  at  Jeffer- 
son City  (Plate  IV),  and  the  Holston  Mine,  at  Mascot,  Tenn.,  and  is 
now  developing  these  properties.  They  have  three  large  steam  drill 
rigs  at  work.  The  holes  are  6 inches  in  diameter,  and  are  anywhere 
from  75  to  300  feet  deep  (or  more,  if  necessary,  to  find  the  ore),  and 
while  from  3 to  7 holes  will  frequently  prospect  a piece  of  land  con- 
taining 40  acres,  three  times  this  number  are  frequently  drilled.  These 
holes  make  excellent  wells  for  watering  stock  when  no  zinc  is  found. 

The  Roseberry  Zinc  Company  started  operations  in  1900.  Ore  was 
quarried,  hand-picked  or  sorted,  and  sent  to  the  crude  Joplin  mill.  In 
1904  the  company  made  the  first  successful  attempt  to  develop  the 
Tennessee  ore  bodies  by  drilling,  as  had  been  done  in  Joplin.  The 
drill  disclosed  a large  ore  body,  which  was  opened  by  sinking  a shaft 
200  feet  deep.  The  ore  was  mined  in  large  stopes  with  machine  drills. 
The  ore  was  only  roughly  sorted  as  fed  to  the  mill.  This  property 
adjoins  that  of  the  Osgood  Exploration  Company,  and  has  recently 
been  taken  over  by  the  Grasselli  Chemical  Company,  who  expect  to 
erect  a large  mill  on  it. 

The  Tennessee  Mineral  Company  is  operating  their  mine  and  mill 
at  Newmarket,  making  regular  shipment  of  zinc  blende  concentrates, 
under  the  management  of  Mr.  Kenneth  R.  Ayer  and  N.  Caswell  tieine, 
President,  1 Liberty  St.,  New  York.  Mr.  John  Cox  is  the  Su])erin- 
tendent.  A quarry  or  open  pit  has  been  made,  165  feet  long,  and  40  to 
50  fet  wide.  The  ore  body  was  found  at  the  surface  and  over  the  ores 
it  has  been  opened  50  to  60  feet  dee]).  The  ore  body  is  nearly  horizontal, 
and  is  said  to  be  600  feet  wide.  The  ore  is  in  a brecciated  zone,  and 
several  seams  of  blende  of  a foot  to  several  feet  in  width  will  average 
high  in  zinc,  although  no  doubt  the  entire  ore  body  will  average  much 
lower,  probably  about  the  same  as  the  rest  of  these  ores  when  mined 
on  a large  scale. 

The  old  works  of  this  property  consist  of  an  open  pit  or  quarrv. 


Plate  IV. 


Fig.  2.  The  Branner  Zinc  Mine  and  Carson-Newman  College  Zinc  Mine  (looking  from  the  Mossy  Creek  Mine),  controlled 

by  the  Osgood  Exploration  Co.,  at  Jefferson  City,  Tenn. 


Zinc  Mining  in  Tennesskc. 


13 


where  the  blende  was  mined  for  treatment  in  a small  concentrator. 
The  ore  was  mined  and  sorted  in  the  ([iiarry  and  hanled  up  an  inclined 
track  by  a small  hoisting-  eng-ine.  It  was  dumped  upon  a platform  to 
be  again  hand-picked  and  then  fed  to  the  crusher.  There  were  two 
quarries,  80  feet  wide  by  100  feet  long,  and  about  5 feet  deep.  An 
old  mill  run  shows  that  500  tons  of  hand-sorted  ore  yielded  52  tons  of 
concentrates,  assaying  53  per  cent  zinc,  which  is  very  fair,  considering 
the  crude  equipment  of  the  mill.  The  new  mill  has  been  enlarged  and 
rebuilt,  and  an  aerial  wire-rope  tramway  built  for  the  efficient  handling 
of  the  ores  from  the  bottom  of  their  large  quarry  to  the  top  of  the  mill 
bins.  From  these  the  ore  runs  automatically  by  gravity  through  the 
mill,  where  the  zinc  concentrates  are  prepared  for  the  smelters.  On 
account  of  the  extreme  purity  of  these  ores,  they  bring  about  $2.00 
more  than  the  regular  Joplin  prices. 

The  Valley  Mine  is  the  best  looking  of  the  partially  opened,  but 
inoperative  mines  of  the  belt.  This  mine  is  at  Friends,  on  the  South- 
ern Railway,  14  miles  from  Knoxville.  The  ore  body  is  opened  by  an 
open  quarry  about  50  feet  long,  15  feet  wide,  and  10  feet  deep.  The 
quarry  is  near  Lost  Creek,  and  the  blende  appears  at  the  surface  of 
the  ground  where  the  creek  has  washed  away  the  soil.  The  ore  occurs 
in  a brecciated  fissure  zone,  and  is  in  appearance  identical  with  the 
Mascot  and  Newmarket  ores.  Carbonate  ores  have  been  shipped 
from  the  clays  of  the  subsoil  on  adjoining  properties,  which  seems  to 
indicate  a large  ore  body  on  this  property. 

The  Loves  Creek  Mine,  at  Loves  Creek,  5 miles  from  Knoxville, 
was  partially  explored  several  years  ago,  and  good  ore  was  found.  A 
50- foot  drill  hole  showed  ore  all  the  way  to  the  bottom.  There  is  a 
good  mill  site  with  ample  water  for  milling  and  good  surface  indica- 
tions. This  is  at  present  among  the  inoperative  properties,  but  the 
owners  expect  to  develop  it  into  a mine. 

Throughout  the  entire  length  of  the  zinc  range  from  Knoxville  to 
Jefferson  City,  wherever  a creek  has  washed  its  way  through  the  soil 
in  crossing  the  ore  zone  good  blende  may  be  seen  in  the  bed  of  the 
creek. 

SUCCESSFUL  milling  OF  TENNESSEE  ZINC  ORES  FULLY  PROVEN. 

To  Mr.  A.  M.  Hewlett,  the  former  President  of  the  Kewanee  Tube 
Company,  now  a part  of  the  National  Tube  Company,  belongs  the 
credit  of  first  solving  the  successful  methods  for  the  treatment  com- 
mercially of  the  East  Tennessee  zinc  ores.  It  cost  the  owners  of  tlie 
Holston  Mine  $150,000  to  solve  this  problem,  and  finally  they  evolved 
a mill  under  the  direction  of  the  Knoxville  firm  of  mining  engineers, 


14 


Zinc  Mining  in  Tennessee. 


Osgood,  Carter  & Company,  which  gave  commercial  recoveries  that 
for  years  the  lack  of  had  prevented  the  operation  of  Tennessee  zinc 
mines. 

I 

They  demonstrated  that  a 1,000-ton  mill  of  correct  construction 
would  produce  at  a cost  of  $20  per  ton,  40  tons  of  concentrates,  assay- 
ing 55  per  cent  zinc,  worth  $31  per  ton  gross  at  the  works,  and  that 
such  a plant,  in  a going  condition,  would  cost  $100,000,  additional  to 
the  cost  of  the  land.  These  figures  are  based  on  actual  results  of  opera- 
tion, conducted  on  the  largest  scale  ever  operated  in  this  district.  That 
this  district  can  furnish  ore  in  large  quantities  for  several  such  mills, 
for  years  of  continuous  operation,  is  recognized  by  those  familiar  with 
the  great  magnitude  of  the  ore  bodies. 

The  large  size  of  the  ore  bodies  gives  the  Tennessee  zinc  field  more 
of  the  aspect  of  a manufacturing  proposition  with  its  enormous  supply 
of  the  raw  material.  Now,  that  it  has  been  proven  possible  by  modern 
means  to  successfully  treat  these  ores,  it  remains  merely  to  provide 
facilities,  such  as  mills,  steam  shovels,  crushers,  etc.  The  range  of 
zinc  ore-bearing  land  comprises  a strip  a few  hundred  feet  wide,  nearly 
paralleling  the  main  line  of  the  Southern  Railway  that  runs  between 
Chattanooga  and  Bristol  for  a distance  of  25  to  30  miles.  This  strip 
containing  the  ore  bodies,  varies  from  6 to  50  feet  wide,  as  is  shown  to 
be  the  case  where  it  has  been  opened  in  a number  of  places  for  20  miles 
in  length,  by  a large  number  of  drill  holes,  shafts  with  underground 
workings,  as  stopes  and  rooms  and  large  open-surface  quarries.  These 
quarries  are  30  to  60  feet  deep,  30  to  100  feet  wide,  and  100  to  300  feet 
in  length,  all  in  ore.  These  ore  bodies  occur  near  the  surface  of  the 
ground,  and  can  be  mined  in  large  open  quarries  by  steam  shovels, 
after  the  manner  of  the  Mesabi  Range  iron  ores,  with  a simplicity  that 
will  make  available  the  local  supply  of  Southern  labor,  that  will  give 
extraordinary  low  costs  of  mining,  comparing  favorable  with  Mesabi 
Range  costs.  On  the  basis  of  1,000  tons  per  day,  it  is  estimated  that 
the  costs  of  mining  and  transportating  to  the  mill  will  be  ntar  20  cents 
per  ton  of  ore,  which  will  be  recognized  as  being  far  below  the  costs 
possible  in  the  Missouri  or  Wisconsin,  or  other  zinc  mines. 

The  average  grade  of  this  Tennessee  zinc  ore,  especially  that  in  the 
Holston  River  range,  to  which  this  refers,  can  be  called  a 60  per  cent 
blende  or  ‘‘jack,”  or  zinc  ore  proposition,  meaning  an  ore  which  assays 
4 per  cent  metallic  ziilc,  and  which  in  milling  with  a 60  per  cent  saving, 
will  mill  out  as  a 4 per  cent  ore;  meaning  that  for  every  100  tons  of 
ore  treated,  a yield  of  4 tons  of  concentrates  will  be  obtained.  These 
average  figures  of  grade  and  milling  results  are  based  on  the  actual 
performance  of  practical  large  scale  operations,  and  are  not  estimates 


Zinc  Mininc  in  'Picnnksski*:. 


LS 


loosely  made,  but  closely  worked  out  results  of  such  o])eratious  on  a 
scale  of  120  tons  per  day  of  this  ore. 

In  the  Joplin  district  of  Missouri,  3 per  cent  “sheet  ground”  is  con- 
sidered to  be  a good  paying  proposition,  worked  on  a scale  of  over  400 
tons  per  day,  and  the  ore  bodies  are  only  from  3 to  60  feet  thick. 
Most  of  the  “sheet  ground”  averages  much  less  than  3 per  cent,  and 
runs  as  low  as  1.35  per  cent,  are  worked  profitably  from  a 12-foot 
thick  ore  body,  and  milled  at  the  rate  of  600  tons  per  day,  whereas,  as 
above,  East  Tennessee  ore  is  in  large  bodies  and  of  a higher  average 
grade  for  the  large  area. 

At  Aurora,  Mo.,  Osgood,  Carter  & Company  recently  inspected  a 
property  operated  by  the  Federal  Lead  Company,  where  they  are  mill- 
ing a 2.63  per  cent  zinc  ore  at  profit.  This  is  about  30  miles  from 
Joplin,  and  shows  what  can  be  done  with  lower  grades  and  smaller 
bodies  of  zinc  ores  than  are  available  in  Eastern  Tennessee. 

In  the  Wisconsin  zinc  district,  where  Osgood,  Carter  & Company 
formerly  operated  large  zinc  mines  and  mills,  the  ore  bodies  are 
smaller,  and  the  ores  are  higher  grade.  The  richness  of  the  ore  bodies 
compensates  to  some  extent,  on  an  average,  the  low  costs  of  mining 
Tennessee  large  ore  deposits.  For  instance,  the  Wisconsin  zinc  ore 
body  may  average  15  per  cent  zinc,  the  ore  may  be  only  1 foot  thick, 
whereas  a Tennessee  ore  body  of  4 per  cent  grade  may  be  50  feet  thick. 

The  ore  from  all  of  the  above  districts,  excepting  the  Tennessee 
district,  contains  iron  and  lead  as  well  as  zinc.  Shipments  of  carloads 
of  30  tons  each  in  large  quantities  of  Tennessee  zinc  concentrates  show 
a record  of  0.5  per  cent  to  1.5  per  cent  iron,  ‘and  no  lead,  and  such 
concentrates  are  in  great  demand  for  especially  pure  grade  of  spelter 
or  metallic  zinc. 


THE  SMELTING  OF  TENNP:SSEE  ZINC  ORES  IN  TENNESSEE. 

The  smelting  of  Tennessee  zinc  ores  in  Tennessee  is  inviting  com- 
mercially, as  is  shown  by  the  results  of  operation  of  the-  small  smelter 
at  Clinton,  operated  by  the  Fades,  Mixter  & Healds  Company.  Coal 
supplies  in  great  abundance  are  procurable  from  many  mines  within 
40  miles,  having  a railway  freight  rate  of  75  cents,  less  than  the  85 
cent  rate  from  the  Joplin  mines  to  the  Kansas  gas  belt  zinc  smelters. 
The  freight  rates  on  the  finished  slabs  of  zinc  also  is  less  from  Ten- 
nessee to  New  York  and  the  Atlantic  coast  seaboard  points  of  con- 
sumption than  from  the  Western  smelters.  The  market  for  sulphuric 
acid,  the  chief  by-product  of  a zinc  smelter,  is  close  to  Clinton,  large 
amounts  being  userl  by  the  southern  fertilizer  works  in  Middle  Ten- 


16 


Zinc  Mining  in  Tennessee. 


nessee.  The  Tennessee  Copper  Company,  only  in  March  last,  closed 
a large  contract  with  the  fertilizer  combination  for  all  the  sulphuric 
acid  it  could  produce,  which  combine  also  uses  large  quantities  of 
acid  that  are  now  shi])ped  in  from  the  northern  smelting  points  in 
Illinois,  Ohio  and  Kansas. 

The  grade  of  spelter  or  metallic  zinc  made  from  Tennessee  ores  is 
unusually  pure,  and  is  said  to  have  always  brought  at  least  2 cents  per 
pound  more  than  .the  standard  market  price  for  other  spelters,  such  as 
the  western  brands.  The  following  chemical  analysis  of  spelter  that 
was  made  at  the  Clinton  smelter  (closed  during  the  panic  of  1893  and 
never  reopened)  shows  an  exceptional  high  grade. 


(1)  Analysis  made  at  Boston  by  State  Assayer  S.  P.  Sharpless: 


Zinc 

Lead 

Iron 


Per  Cent. 
. ..  99.723 
. . . 0.238 

. . . 0.039 


Sample  is  free  from  arsenic,  antimony,  manganese  and  other  im- 
purities. 


(2)  Analysis  by  Ledoux  & Rickets,  of  New  York,  in  duplicates: 

Per  Cent. 

Zinc  99.988 

Iron  0.017 

100.000 

Sample  free  from  lead,  copper,  cadmium,  arsenic,  antimony,  sul- 
phur, etc. 


Comparative  figures  will  show  the  profits  of  zinc  smelting  in  Tern 
nessee  to  be  proportionately  greater  than  is  now  being  made  in  the 
Kansas  smelters  close  to  the  Joplin,  or  other  Missouri  zinc  fields. 

The  net  profits  of  smelting  40  tons  of  Tennessee  concentrates  daily 
amounts  to  $540,  and  the  installation  of  a plant  of  this  capacity  would 
cost  about  $100,000. 

East  Tennessee  as  a field  of  investment  in  the  zinc  industry  is  thus 
shown  to  be  one  of  great  possibilities.  The  chief  features  of  the  in- 
viting outlook  for  capital  is  the  size  of  the  ore  bodies  and  the  consequent 
assurance  of  a supply  of  raw  material  to  last  for  years. 


Zinc  Mining  in  Tennesske. 


17 


TAHEE  OF  CXIMPARATIVE  SMELTING  PROFITS. 


Tennesskk  Zinc  Smelting 


Joplin  Smelters  Practice 
with  95'>  furnace  efficiency  ! 

LB. 

1 ton  of  ore  assaying  60?^ 
zinc  contains  metallic 
zinc  or  spelteramount- 
ing 1,200 

Furnace  efficiency  (sav- 
ing) 955t,  or  amounting 
to  salable  slabs  of  zinc  1,140 

Value  at  New  York  with 


t 5-ct.  spelter S57  00 

Cost  of  ore S40  00 

Cost  of  smelting  and 
freight --$11  00 


$51  00 

Net  profits  from  zinc..-$  6 00 
Profits  from  acids  at 


least .$  6 00 

Total  net  smelting  prof  • 
its,  per  ton $12  00 


with  90^  furnace  efficiency 

LB. 

1 ton  of  ore  assaying  55^ 
zinc  contains  metallic 
zinc  or  spelter  amount- 
ing   1,100 

Furnace  efficiency  (sav- 
ing! 90i,  or  amounting 
to  salable  slabs  of  zinc  990 

Value  at  New  York  with 


5-ct.  spelter $49  50 

Cost  of  ore -$31  00 

Cost  of  smelting  and 
freight $11  00 


Net  profits  from  zinc..-$  7 50 
Profits  from  acids  at 


least $ 6 00 

Total  net  smelting  prof- 
its, per  ton $13  50 


with  95^  furnace  efficiency 

LB. 

Same — 1,100 


Furnace  efficiency  95‘ji, 
gives  salable  spelter_.  1,045 

Value  at  New  York  with 


with  5 ct.  spelter $52  25 

Same  costs  $42  00 


Net  profits  from  zinc  .—$10  25 
Profits  from  acids  at 


least  $ 6 00 

Total  net  smelting  prof- 
its, per  ton $16  25 


Some  of  ttic  Principal  Articles  on  Zinc  in  Tennessee. 


BREWER  (WM.  M.) — Mineral  resources  along  the  line  of  the  East 
Tennessee- Virginia  and  Georgia  division  of  the  Southern  Railway. 
Eng.  and  Mg.  Jour.,  vol.  Ixi,  pp.  65-66. 

CLARKE  (W.  C.) — ^Zinc  in  Eastern  Tennessee,  Mines  and  Minerals, 
vol.  27,  No.  12,  p.  395;  also  zinc  belt  of  Claiborne  and  Union  coun- 
ties, Tennessee,  Mines  & Minerals,  vol.  27,  No.  12,  p.  567. 

DEMARET  (LEON) — I-^es  peinciapux  giseinents  de  minerals  de  zinc 
des  Estates-Unis  d’Amerique.  Revue  Universelle  des  Alines  (Leige 
& Paris),  4e,  ser.  t.  6.  pp.  221-256. 

GORDON  (CHAS.  H.) — Zinc  deposit  of  Tennessee,  Appalachian 
Trade  Journal,  July,  1909,  p.  7, 

INGALLS  (W.  R.) — Production  and  properties  of  zinc.  New  York, 
1902,  pp.  197-203. 

KEITH  (ARTHUR) — Recent  zinc  mining  in  East  Tennessee,  U.  S. 
Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  No.  225,  pp.  208-213;  also  Greeneville  folio.  No. 
118;  Maynardville  folio.  No.  75,  and  Morristown  folio.  No.  27. 

KILLEBREW  (J.  B.) — Resources  of  Tennessee,  1192  pp.  1874. 

SAFFORD  (J.  AI.) — Geology  of  Tennessee,  550  pp.  Nashville,  1869. 

SHIFLETT  (R.  A.) — Fourteenth,  15th,  16th,  17th  and  18th  annual 
reports  of  the  Mining  Department  of  Tennessee. 

SOUTHERN  RAILAVAY — Southern  Railway  territory.  Southern 
Field,  vol.  10,  No.  2 ; also  the  Nashville  division.  Southern  Field, 
vol.  11,  No.  3. 

WATSON  (T.  L.) — Lead  and  zinc  deposits  of  the  Virginia-Tennessee 
region.  Am.  Inst.  Alin.  Eng.,  Trans.,  vol.  36,  pp.  681-737. 


r 


'•  . if 


»• 

■i' 


-ir  V'" 


) * 


|r 

I' 


\ 

> . 


mmmmmmmi 


